INTERNATIONAL AIRWAYS VOLCANO WATCH OPERATIONS GROUP (IAVWOPSG)
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1 IAVWOPSG/6-IP/8 30/8/11 INTERNATIONAL AIRWAYS VOLCANO WATCH OPERATIONS GROUP (IAVWOPSG) SIXTH MEETING Dakar, Senegal, 19 to 23 September 2011 Agenda Item 6: Development of the IAVW 6.1: Improvement of tools for detecting and forecasting volcanic ash INFRASOUND OBSERVATIONS BY JMA USING LOW-FREQUENCY MICROPHONES (Presented by Japan) SUMMARY The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) has utilized infrasound observation for early detection of eruptions. This paper introduces some case studies of infrasound observations by low-frequency microphones and a discussion on needs and ways to establish a real-time significant ' eruption notification system, with a relation of Conclusion 5/14 Use of infrasound data in support of the VAAC. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 IAVWOPSG/5 (March 2010 in Lima) noted the feasibility of low-frequency acoustic waves as an early detection and notification system for significant eruptions, and formulated the following conclusion: Conclusion 5/14 Use of infrasound data in support of the VAACs That an ad hoc working group consisting of the IAVWOPSG Members of Australia, Canada (Rapporteur), France, Japan and New Zealand: a) examine the development and testing of a prototype, real-time significant eruption notification system for the VAACs; b) pursue the collaborative work between VAACs and CTBTO; and c) report back to the IAVWOPSG/6 Meeting. (10 pages) IAVWOPSG.6.IP en.docx
2 IAVWOPSG/6-IP/ As a result of Conclusion 5/14, WP/16 Use of infrasound data in support of the VAACs has been submitted to the group. It reports progress on seeking to extend the eruption signal classification to other events of interest with the aim of fulfilling the IAVWOPSG/5 objective of identifying significant eruptions. 1.3 However, in Japan, where a lot of active volcanoes are located in a small archipelago, it may be more difficult to identify which volcano causes significant eruptions among various signals of infrasound data observed at remote places. 1.4 In this regard, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), which is responsible for monitoring activity of domestic volcanoes, has conducted infrasound observations near each volcano using simple and less expensive low-frequency microphone instruments since This paper introduces some results of JMA s infrasound observation for monitoring volcano eruptions at Sakurajima, Kirishima, Asamayama and Tokachidake, and discusses the feasibility of early detection of eruptions and estimation of the eruption source parameters (ESP). 2. DISCUSSION 2.1 Among various kinds of methods for observing volcanoes, infrasound observation is the most effective and convenient way to detect eruption of volcanoes. Therefore, JMA has conducted infrasound observation by using low-frequency microphones for highly active volcanoes in Japan. They are usually installed near each volcano (up to several kilometres from each crater) and their data are transmitted to responsible volcanic observations and information centres (VOIC). 2.2 They are installed near each volcano, and can easily discriminate signals of eruptions from other signals caused by other sources. They are also a simpler and less expensive system compared with CTBTO s infrasound stations. 2.3 Appendix A shows some examples of infrasound observation data by low-frequency microphones. They can well illustrate shock waves accompanied with volcanic eruptions and are easily discriminated from wave form records which are caused by other sources. 2.4 Appendix B introduces several case studies on relations between plume heights, amount of ash-fall/deposits and infrasound amplitudes recorded by low-frequency microphones. Unfortunately, no strong correlation between infrasound amplitude and plume heights and/or total amount of ashfall/deposits is recognizable. 2.5 Considering these studies, in addition to infrasound observations for detection of eruptions, visual observations and/or remote sensing observations (Radar, Lider and satellites) are recommended for estimation of EPS (plume height, mass of ash). A combination of infrasound observation as early detection of eruption and viewing/remote sensing observation as early estimation of EPS will be an effective real-time significant eruption notification system for supporting quick dissemination of VAA. 2.6 In JMA, once microphones around the volcano detect signal an eruption, observers in responsible VOIC measure height of (ash) plume visually and measure the amplitude of each microphone. Then VOIC sends an Observation Report on Eruption to other VOICs and VAAC Tokyo.
3 - 3 - IAVWOPSG/6-IP/8 2.7 An Observation Report on Eruption consists of following items: a) name of volcano; b) date and time of observation; c) phenomenon (eruption/explosion); d) height of ash/no-ash plume e) extending direction; f) estimated amount of plume g) name of crater (if it has more than one crater) h) amplitude of infrasound at each point; i) audible or not; j) felt by human of not; k) existence of ejecta; and l) total number of reports in the year. 2.8 When VAAC Tokyo receives a report, it reads each term in the report and composes corresponding VAA automatically. An operator in VAAC Tokyo checks the contents of the VAA and issues it. This organized data flow enables VAAC Tokyo to disseminate VAA quickly for domestic volcanoes. For timely dissemination of VAA, such rapid information relay from volcano observation to VAACs is quite effective. 3. ACTION BY THE IAVWOPSG 3.1 The group is invited to note the contents of this information paper.
4 IVAWOPSG/6-IP/8 Appendix A APPENDIX A EXAMPLES OF INFRASOUND DATA 1. EXAMPLE OF INFRASOUND DATA CAUSED BY AN ERUPTION 1.1 JMA started infrasound observation for detecting volcanic eruption in The microphones used for this purpose are designed to detect eruptions occurring in near places. They are sensitive to 1-10 Hz wave. Figure 1 shows an example of waveform of Sakurajima eruption on 24 December Compared with seismic waveform (upper) infrasound microphone (lower) well recorded shock wave accompanied with explosive eruption. Explosion earthquake 99y12m24d 05h54m E-UD ^-5 m/s E-MIC 114Pa 5sec Figure 1. An example of seismic (upper) and infrasound (lower) data of Sakurajima eruption 2. EXAMPLE OF INFRASOUND DATA CAUSED BY OTHER SOURCES 2.1 Figures 2 and 3 show other records which did not correspond with volcanic eruptions. They have different shapes from those of volcanic eruptions. Figure 2. An example of seismic (upper) and infrasound (lower) data of blasting work
5 IAVWOPSG/6-IP/8 Appendix A A-2 Figure 3. An example of seismic (upper) and infrasound (lower) data of airplane noise
6 IVAWOPSG/6-IP/8 Appendix B APPENDIX B EXAMPLES OF INFRASOUND OBSERVATIONS FOR VOLCANOES IN JAPAN 1. CASE 1: ERUPTIONS OF SAKURAJIMA VOLCANO SINCE Sakurajima (31.59N, E, 1117m) is one of the most active volcanoes located at the south of Kyushu Island, western part of Japan (Figure 4). It has been continuously erupting since 2009 and VAAC Tokyo issued 1795 VAAs from 2009 until May Figure 4. Sakurajima volcano and its location 1.2 Infrasound observation for Sakurajima is conducted by using low-frequency microphones. They are situated at 5 points around the volcano, named Yokoyama (4km W of the main crater), Higashi- Korimoto (9km WSW), Seto (4km ESE), Amidagawa (2km NNE) and Komen (3km NE). 1.3 Each microphone is covered by a cylindrical case with a diameter of 20cm and a length of 50cm (Figure 5). The open end of the case is set toward the ground to avoid rainfall and other obstructs. Observed data are transmitted to the Kagoshima Local Observatory (KLO) of JMA. 1.4 Figure 6 shows relations between observed (viewed) plume height and infrasound amplitude at each observation point on each eruption since No significant correlation between them is recognizable. Figure 5. Low-frequency microphone
7 IAVWOPSG/6-IP/8 Appendix B B-2 Figure 6. Relation between plume height (m) and infrasound amplitude (Pa) at each site around Sakurajima 1.5 Figure 7 shows relations between plume height and proportion of infrasound amplitudes at Seto vs Yokoyama sites. The larger the ratio of proportion is, the smaller the maximum height of ash plume seems to be low. Although the reason of this relation is uncertain, it may be possible to estimate maximum height of ash by using this ratio, especially when visible observation is not available due to cloudy weather. Seto/Yokoyama Figure 7. Relation between plume height (m) and proportion of amplitudes at Seto and Yokoyama sites
8 B-3 IAVWOPSG/6-IP/8 Appendix B 2. CASE 2: ERUPTIONS OF KIRISHIMA VOLCANOES SINCE Kirishima (31.93N, E 1700m) is a large group of more than 20 Quaternary volcanoes located southern part of Kyushu Island (Figure 8). Small to moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded since 8 th centuries. Since January 2011, a series of small eruptions have occurred at Shinmoe-dake summit (1421m). Figure 8. Kirishima volcanoes and their location 2.2 Figure 9 shows relations between plume height and infrasound amplitudes at Yunono site (3km SW of the Shinmoe-dake crater). Red squares indicate maximum height of ash plumes, while blue diamonds represent observable height of plumes (obscured by stratus clouds). No strong correlation of infrasound amplitudes with plume heights is recognizable. Figure 9. Relation between plume height (m) and infrasound amplitudes (Pa) at Yunono site
9 IAVWOPSG/6-IP/8 Appendix B B-4 3. CASE 3: ERUPTIONS OF ASAMAYAMA VOLCANO Asamayama (36.41N, E, 2568m) is an active volcano located in the middle of Honshu Island, central part of Japan (Figure 10). It has made large eruptions causing so many causalities. One of the biggest eruption occurred in 1783, killing about 1,500 people. Figure 10. Asamayama volcano and its location 3.2 Figure 11 shows relations between plume height and infrasound amplitude around Asamayama from 1947 to Infrasound data in 2004 were recorded by a low-frequency microphone situated at Oiwake site (7km SSE of the crater), while they were observed by barometers at Oiwake and Karuizawa site (9km SE) before No strong correlation of plume heights with infrasound amplitudes at any sites is recognizable. Figure 11. Relations between plume height (m) and infrasound amplitudes (Pa) at each site around Asamayama volcano
10 B-5 IAVWOPSG/6-IP/8 Appendix B 4. CASE 4: ERUPTIONS OF TOKACHIDAKE VOLCANO Tokachidake (43.42N E, 2077m) is an active volcano located in the south of Hokkaido Island, northern part of Japan (Figure 12). In the 100 years, two large eruptions were recorded in 1926 and Figure 12. Tokachidake volcano and its position 4.2 During , a series of small eruptions were occurred at Tokachidake and a microphone observed signals raised by these eruptions. Unfortunately, they occurred in winter season and plume heights could not be measured by human eyes. Instead of that, total amount of ash fall and deposits were recorded. 4.3 Figure 13 shows relations between total amount of ash-fall (blue diamond), deposits (red square) and infrasound amplitudes at Bogakudai site (3km NE of the new crater) on eruptions. No strong correlation of infrasound amplitudes with total amount of ash-fall or deposits is recognizable. Figure 13. Relations between total amount of ash-fall (blue: 10 3 m 3 ), deposits (red: m 3 ) and infrasound amplitude (Pa) at a site around Tokachidake volcano END
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