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1 Titelmasterformat durch About atomic (optical) clocks Klicken bearbeiten Christian Lisdat Goslar
2 Gesetz über die Einheiten im Messwesen und die Zeitbestimmung Why clocks? 6 Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (2) Die Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt hat 2. die gesetzliche Zeit darzustellen und zu verbreiten, (3) Die Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt hat ferner 1. das Messwesen wissenschaftlich zu bearbeiten, insbesondere Forschung und Entwicklung auf dem Gebiet des Messwesens zu betreiben, 2
3 James Clerk Maxwell, 1870: a clock? What is energy If, then, we wish to obtain standards of length, time, and mass which shall be absolutely permanent, we must seek them not in the dimensions, or the motion, or the mass of our planet, but in the wavelength, the period of vibration, and the absolute mass of these imperishable and unalterable and perfectly similar molecules. E 2 ν 0 = (E 2 E 1 ) / h h: Planck s constant E 1 1 s = n 1/ν 0 3
4 De:nition of the SI-second a clock? What is atom: 133 Cs transition: F = 3 F = 4 ground state n = Oscillator Atom Detector feedback / servo Q: Is this a clock? 4
5 De:nition of the SI-second a clock? What is 24 years of nearly contiunous operation atom: 133 Cs transition: F = 3 F = 4 ground state n =
6 De:nition of the SI-second a clock? What is Operating for 94.5% of 2010 actually, the one in the back Q: Why not a molecule? 6
7 ν 0 E 2 How does it work? signal (arb. units) 1/ t frequency ν ν 0 (Hz) E 1 ν 0 = (E 2 E 1 ) / h Linewidth limited by interaction time t Oscillator Atom Detector feedback / servo ν(t) = ν 0 + ε(t) ε(t): noise and systematic offsets 7
8 Rabi & Ramsey spectroscopy How does it work? pulse: free evolution: 8
9 Rabi & Ramsey spectroscopy How does it work? Rabi: Ramsey: 9
10 Rabi & Ramsey spectroscopy How does it work? Q: Which one to use? 10 Hagemann et al. arxiv: ; Wynands & Weyers: Metrologia 42, S64 (2005)
11 ν(t) = ν 0 + ε(t) ε(t): noise and systematic offsets Perform mance good clock: small uncertainty high stability small uncertainty low stability high stability low uncertainty Allan Variance: 11
12 Allan Variance: Perform mance does averaging help? how much does it help? how long does it help? what noise do I have? never for all your data! 12
13 Fundamental noise limit Perform mance coherently driven two-level system: Rabi Lopping superposition states Quantum projection noise T C : cycle time : particle number : linewidth : averaging time 13 Itano et al., PRA 47, 3554 (1993)
14 Quantum projection noise Optical Clocks Cs atomic fountain: Optical clocks: increase ν 0 by 10 4 Other noise sources? Dick effect! 14
15 Dick effect Interm mezzo laser frequency interrogation with long dead time 15
16 Dick effect Interm mezzo laser frequency interrogation with short dead time 16
17 Accuracy & Systematic effects Optical Clocks Q: Who is the great show stopper in spectroscopy? 17
18 Accuracy & Systematic effects Optical Clocks Zeeman effect: Independent of the clock transition frequency Spectral purity, leakage,...: Independent of the clock transition frequency Cold collisions: Independent of the clock transition frequency Neighbouring transitions: Independent of the clock transition frequency Blackbody radiation shift: differential in fountains Cs: ; Sr ~ ; Yb + : at optical frequencies all these effects are controllable at and better! potential gain 10 4 potential gain 10 4 potential gain 10 4 potential gain 10 4 potential gain 10 2 Doppler effect: Proportional to the clock frequency potential gain 10 0!!! 18
19 are great but: Optical Clocks ultrastable cavity laser AOM frequency comb feedback counter microwave counter e g atomic reference counting optical frequencies electronics up to 100 GHz Doppler effect large factor is missing laser oscillators of sub-hertz linewidth ν 19 Hänsch, Hall Nobel prize 2005
20 Dopple er effect travelling light wave ν L Doppler shift: experimental tricks: atom; v = 100 m/s velocity light beam cold atoms 1 cm/s fountains standing waves in cavities reduction by 10 9 ; for still factor 100 missing! 20 Wynands & Weyers: Metrologia 42, S64 (2005)
21 Harmonic Trap E Dopple er effect strong con:nement ladder operators red sideband blue sideband carrier red sideband blue sideband 21
22 Harmonic Trap Dopple er effect Lamb-Dicke Parameter recoil energy E rec E 22
23 Harmonic Trap Dopple er effect E rec Lamb-Dicke no linear Parameter Doppler effect at all! recoil energy but identical trapping potentials required need them anyway E 23
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