Microwave and optical spectroscopy in r.f. traps Application to atomic clocks
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1 Microwave and optical spectroscopy in r.f. traps Application to atomic clocks
2 Microwave spectroscopy for hyperfine structure t measurements Energy of a hyperfine state Hyperfine coupling constants: A: magnetic dipole interaction B: Electric quadrupole interaction
3 Features of microwave spectroscopy: No first order Doppler effect because of Dicke effect (ion oscillation amplitude < wavelength of radiation) Stable and accurate radiation sources available State preparation by laser or spectral lamp Resonance detection by flourescence light
4 Example I: Eu+ Optical spectrum of stable Eu+ isotopes 151, 153
5 Induced hyperfine transitions with Zeeman splitting Uncertainty of resonances: 20 Hz in 10 GHz
6 Results for Eu isotopes I A [MHz] B [khz] First step towards systematic study of Bohr-Weisskopf effect (distribution ib ti of magnetization over nuclear volume) Need to measure nuclear g factors
7 Example II: Hg+ Level diagram of Hg+ isotopes Optical spectrum of 199 Hg+ and 202Hg+ Optical pumping of one ground state hyperfine level of 199Hg+ by accidental coincidence of 202Hg+ line with one hyperfine component Microwave transition between 199Hg+ hyperfine levels monitored by change in fluorescence intensity
8 Major, Werth (1973)
9 Principle of Atomic Clocks BW: 1 Hz Time: 4 s 1.5 Hz (FWHM) Δν (Hz) Atome, Moleküle oder Ionen ν out Oszillator ν ν 0 Regelungselektronik Detektor S ν 0 ν absorption signal Absorptionssignal Fehlersignal ds dν ν 0 ν Accuracy: How accurately agrees ν out with ν 0? Stability: To what extent fluctuates ν out around ν 0?
10 Linear ion trap at JPL for microwave frequency standard
11 40.9 GHz hyperfine transition in 199 Hg + Ramsey fringes with h111 11,1 s interrogation i time J. Tjoelker et al., JPL
12 199 Hg + microwave clock Uncertainty and stability J. Tjoelker et al., Proc Frequ. Contr. Symp
13 199 Hg + hyperfine frequency shifts g ype e eque cy s ts with He buffer gas pressure
14 Frequency stability of 199 Hg + microwave standard H-maser as reference Red line: H-maser drift J. Tjoelker et al, Prov Frrqu. Contr. Symp.
15 Optical spectroscopy High resolution requires: Cooling into Dicke regime Long lived metastable states Lasers of high spectral purity Optical clocks: Laser stabilization on narrow transition to long lived metastable state, Measurement of laser frequency
16 Required level diagram Requirement to level scheme: Fast E1 cooling transition Narrow clock transition P D Cooling transition S Clock transition Candidate ions: Hg +, Yb +, Sr +, Ca +, In +
17 State detection using electron shelving detection Clock transition observe quantum jumps online scence intensity fluores time (s)
18 Example: 199 Hg+
19 Linear ion trap at NIST for Hg + optical clock
20 Quantum-jump absorbtion spectra of the 2 S 1/2 (F=0) - 2 D 5/2 (F=2) transition in 199 Hg + J. Bergquist et al. (2002)
21 Work at NRC Canada: single Sr+ optical clock
22 Sources of uncertainty t in single ion Sr+ clock
23 Measured stability of a single Hg + optical standard Cs standard (solid line) for comparison S. Diddams et al., Science 293, 825 (2001)
24 Frequency stability of Hg + optical standard vs. Ca standard (K.R. Vogel et al., Opt. Lett. 26,102 (2001)) σ(τ) = τ -1/2
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27 Measuring the frequency of optical transitions Frequency comb technique Hänsch, Hall: Nobelprize 2005 Femtosecond Laser into photonic fiber
28 Output of optical fiber: Discrete wavelength pulses at interval of laser repetition frequency
29 The frequency of the 88 Sr + S-D transition measured in two different traps (NPL, 2003) Systematic frequency shifts [Hz]
30 Potential future nuclear clock with 229Th
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33 Experiment at PTB Braunschweig
34
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36 Search for variation of the finestructure constant α in time by clock comparison
37 Summary Ion trap frequency standards operate in the microwave domain and optical domain Stabilities below the level have been reached in both cases Optical frequency measurements have reached high precision Further progress is expected with potential nuclear clock
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