Remains or traces of prehistoric life
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1 Fossils: evidence of past life Remains or traces of prehistoric life
2 Petrified Cavities and pores are filled with precipitated p mineral matter
3 Petrified Formed by replacement Cell material is removed and replaced with mineral matter
4 Mold Shell or other structure is buried and then dissolved by underground water Shape is preserved in the surrounding sediment html
5 Hollow space of a mold is filled with mineral matter Cast
6 Organic matter becomes a thin residue of carbon. This is a compression of the original organism Carbonization
7 Impression Replica of the fossil's surface preserved in fine-grained sediment
8 Preservation in amber Hardened resin of ancient trees surrounds an organism
9 Indirect Evidence Includes Tracks Burrows Coprolites fossil dung and stomach contents Gastroliths stomach stones used to grind food by some stomach stones used to grind food by some extinct reptiles
10 Dinosaur footprint in fine-grained limestone near Tuba City, Arizona. Tracks
11 Types of fossils Petrified Formed by replacement Mold Cast Carbonization Impression Preservation in amber Indirect evidence
12 Conditions favoring preservation Rapid burial Possession of hard parts
13 Fossils and correlation Pi Principle i of ffaunal succession Index fossils
14 Principle of faunal succession Proposed by William Smith late 1700s Fossil organisms succeed one another in a definite and determinable order, therefore any geologic time interval can be recognized by its fossil content
15 Archean through Devonian
16 Carboniferous through Quaternary
17 Cambrian Marine Life
18 Trilobite
19 Ordovician Invertebrates
20 Crinoid 380 ma
21 Ordovician sea floor
22 Silurian reef Silurian Reef
23 Silurian Landscape
24 Devonian Sea
25 Mid Paleozoic
26 Late Paleozoic
27 Carboniferous Fern Forests
28 Permian Sea
29 Permian Reptiles
30 Permian Extinction Link to hypotheses of the Permian Extinction p _ extinction 80-95% of marine species died out 70%+ of terrestrial t vertebrates t Largest extinction episode in geologic og record
31 Geologic time scale Divides geologic history into units Originally created using changes in organisms representing that time interval
32 Subdivisions Eons Eras Periods Epochs
33 Eon Greatest expanse of time: 4 eons Phanerozoic oc ("visible sbe life") the most recent eon: started 543 Ma Proterozoic: Ma Archean: Ma Hadean oldest eon Ma
34 Eras of the Phanerozoic eon Cenozoic ("recent life"): 65 Ma now Mesozoic ("middle life"): Ma Paleozoic ("ancient life"): Ma
35 Geologic Time Scale
36 Mesozoic
37 Mesozoic
38 Mesozoic
39 Mesozoic
40 Archeopteryx
41 Mesozoic Mammal Eomaia
42 Mesozoic Mammal Repenomamus
43 Jurassic
44 Cretaceous
45 Mesozoic Sea
46 Mesozoic sea
47 Cretaceous Extinction Perhaps 60% of species died Result of radical change in environment Perhaps Earth encountered a large meteorite 10 km in diameter 90,000 km/hr Equivalent to 100 megatons of TNT exploding
48 Cenozoic mammals
49 Cenozoic
50 Cenozoic
51 Cenozoic
52 Relative dating Placing rocks and events in proper sequence of formation Deciphering Earth s history from clues in the rocks
53 Lateral Continuity
54 Principle of Original Horizontality Sediment is deposited horizontally
55 Pi Principle i of fsuperposition Oldest rock A Younger rocks above Ei is the youngest
56 Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships Younger feature cuts through an older feature Something must exist first to be cut by another thing The things cutting may be things, such as igneous intrusions i Or they may be events, like fault breaks, folding, or erosion periods
57 Cross-cutting relationships
58 Folding occurred after deposition
59 Unconformities A break in the rock record Three types of unconformities Angular unconformity Disconformity strata on either side are parallel Nonconformity
60 Angular Unconformity Tilted rocks are overlain by flat-lying rocks Remember the principle of original horizontality?
61 Formation of an angular unconformity
62 Simple angular unconformity
63 Folding, erosion, deposition, folding
64 Nonconformity Metamorphic or igneous rocks below Younger sedimentary rocks above
65 Nonconformity
66 Disconformity Gap in sedimentation that may have erosion also Represents an interval in geologic time without rock deposited Most difficult of the three unconformities to detect Strata on either side are parallel
67 Several unconformities are present in the Grand Canyon
68 Principles of Relative Dating Original Horizontality and Lateral Continuity Superposition of sedimentary layers Faunal Sucession Inclusions Crosscutting Relationships Unconformities
69 Leaves of History /en/geopark/index.html zone/usa/nevada/las-vegas/tourism/grand- vegas/tourism/grand canyon-tour-company/ The strata of the Grand Canyon has unconformity (missing interval), which is the age of the strata of the Northern Pennines of fengland: determined by faunal correlation
70 Absolute Geologic Time Radiometric Dating Igneous rocks contain potassium, uranium thorium and rubidium that are radioactive Careful measurement of ratios of these and their daughter products, or of the isotopes of them that are not radioactive can be used to calculate absolute ages
71 Absolute Ages Only possible for igneous rocks Need to have crosscutting relationships Can bracket age of sediments, geologic events like faulting, folding, erosion
72 Importance of radiometric dating Confirms the idea that geologic time is immense Rocks from several localities have been dated at more than 3 billion years Radiometric i dating is a complex procedure that requires precise measurement
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