CURRENT STATUS ON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF CORAL REEFS AROUND WEST COAST OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA USING CORAL VIDEO TRANSECT TECHNIQUE
|
|
- Hilary Francis
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Journal of Sustainability Science and Management Special Issue Number 1: The International Seminar on the Straits of Malacca ISSN: Penerbit UMT CURRENT STATUS ON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF CORAL REEFS AROUND WEST COAST OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA USING CORAL VIDEO TRANSECT TECHNIQUE MOHD SAFUAN* 1, HIN BOO WEE 1, YUSOF SHUAIB IBRAHIM 2, IZWANDY IDRIS 2 AND ZAINUDIN BACHOK 2 1 Institute of Oceanography and Environment, 2 School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: mscd87@gmail.com Abstract: Underwater video techniques are more frequently being used in marine ecology studies. A technique called Coral Video Transect (CVT) was used to quantify percentage cover of benthic organisms within Sembilan Island Archipelago and Jarak Island, Malaysia in determining the coral community structure of the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The survey was conducted in shallow water reef with a mean depth of 10.4±1.4 m deep. A total of 22 identified coral genera from 11 families were identified. A higher number of coral genera were found within Sembilan Island Archipelago (20 coral genera) as compared to Jarak Island (11 coral genera). The entire reefs were in poor condition with mean total percentage coral cover ranging from 2.63%-23.84%. The reefs were dominated by massive and encrusting coral with decreasing order of percentage cover as followed; Porites>Tubastrea>Diploastrea>Echinophyllia. The use of CVT technique to describe the reef status was recommended as it can provide a permanent record for subsequent studies and for future comparison later on. The data presented might be useful for resources sustainability or coral reef management in Malaysia. Keywords: Coral reef, community structure, Sembilan Island, Jarak Island, coral video transect. Introduction Malaysia is one of the countries with a vast diversity of coral reef covering approximately 4000km 2 areas. Most of the reefs in Malaysia is a fringing reef and can be found along the mainland or around the islands. A study by Harborne et al. (2000) found a total of 323 species of coral within the Peninsular Malaysia which comprising approximately 80% of the number reported from the Coral Triangle. Assessment on reef health status found that most of the Malaysian coral reefs were in a fair condition (Harborne et al., 2000; Toda et al., 2007; Reef Check, 2014) using the criteria of the ASEAN-Australia Living Coastal Resources project by Chou et al. (1994). However, within the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, some of the reefs were in a low coral cover and in a poor condition due to strong current and high sedimentation (Toda et al., 2007; Praveena et al., 2012). This area was also being heavily exploited by shipping activities due to its function as important shipping route linking the Indian Ocean to South China Sea and Pacific Ocean (Thia-Eng et al., 2000; Qu & Meng, 2012). Nevertheless, there are still limited studies on the coral reef communities in the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia such as Aileen et al. (2008) and Toda et al. (2007) but more studies were focusing on corals at other side of Malaysia (Harborne et al., 2000; Affendi et al., 2005; Waheed & Hoeksema, 2014; Safuan et al., 2015; Huang et al., 2015). In Malaysia, coral reef surveys were conducted using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method (English et al., 1994) or the Point Intercept Transect (PIT) used in a rapid Reef check survey to quantify benthic cover in coral reef area. However, both diver based method depends largely on diver interpretation, hence,
2 Mohd Safuan et al. 108 accuracy of the data rest completely on the diver s expertise and experience (Liew et al. 2012). Recently, underwater video techniques are increasingly popular in coral monitoring program worldwide (Abdo et al., 2004; Brown et al., 2004; Houk & Woesik, 2006). A method called the Coral Video Transect (CVT) technique was adopted in Malaysia by Liew et al. (2012) and further being optimized by Safuan et al. (2015) to fit the reef system in Malaysia. This technique can provides a permanent record and greatly reduced field expense and time compared to standard visual transect methods. Previous study by Safuan et al. (2015) focused on coral reef on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. This present study however is a first attempt using CVT method to survey coral reef in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The aims of the study are 1) to evaluate the current coral condition and 2) to determine coral community structure in Sembilan Archipelago and Pulau Jarak. The findings could add to the current knowledge of the coral reef in Malaysia; specifically provide a general view on reef status and coral community structure at the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Methodology Sampling Area Sampling was carried from 27 to 29 January 2015 at Sembilan Archipelago and Pulau Jarak located approximately at the central of Malacca strait (Figure 1). Sembilan Archipelago consist of a cluster of nine island namely Pulau Tukun Perak, Pulau Agas, Pulau Nipis, Pulau Payong, Pulau Rumbia, Batu Puteh, Pulau Lalang, Pulau Saga and Pulau Buluh. Meanwhile, Pulau Jarak is a small island located near the Malaysia-Indonesia border line. A total of nine survey stations were selected from Sembilan Archipelago and Pulau Jarak. In each survey station, a 100 m transect tape was overlay by following the reef contour and parallel with the coastline. A total of seven transects were survey during the sampling with a mean depth of 10.4±1.4 m deep. Details for all survey stations were listed in Table 1. Figure 1: The Strait of Malacca is located in the middle of the Peninsular Malaysia and Indonesia. The survey stations (Sembilan and Jarak Island) are located at the centre of Malacca Strait as indicated in the square box.
3 CURRENT STATUS ON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF CORAL REEFS 109 Table 1: Date of sampling, location and position of survey stations as well as survey s depth selected from Sembilan Archipelago and Pulau Jarak Survey Station (ST) 1 27 Jan 15 Date Island Island Position Depth of Transect (m) Pulau Rumbia N E Jan 15 Pulau Saga N E Jan 15 Sembilan Pulau Nipis N E Jan 15 Archipelago Pulau Rumbia N E Jan 15 Pulau Lalang N E Jan 15 Pulau Buloh N E Jan 15 Pulau Jarak N E Pulau Jarak 8 29 Jan 15 Pulau Jarak N E Jan 15 Pulau Jarak N E Coral Video Transect (CVT) Technique The CVT technique was conducted using an underwater camera (Panasonic LUMIX FT4 enclosed with LUMIX 40 m Marine Case). Video was recorded along the transect length by pointing down the lens at the vertical elevation of 0.5 m from the substrate (Safuan et al., 2015). A reference bar attached to the underwater video housing was used to maintain the vertical elevation during video recording to minimize parallax error and to keep it in focus. Diver swam slowly at a speed of 5 m per minutes along the transect line during video recording. The videos were recorded along100 m transect as outlined by Liew et al. (2012). A 100 m measuring tape was divided into 4 x 20 m segments (replicates) with 5 m intervals used to guide the recording. In addition, corals nearby the survey transects were photographed to provide a general view of corals present in the survey area. Some complex forms of coral corallites and polyps were captured in close-up setting to facilitate identification. Video Processing and Image Analysis Percentage cover of coral was estimated using point counting technique, an image-based method for identifying substrate types beneath random points from the videos or photos (Pante & Dustan, 2012). In this study, Coral Point Count with Excel Extension (CPCe) software was used to quantify benthic cover in coral reef (Kohler & Gills, 2006). All the videos taken were extracted into frames and transferred into CPCe software for further analysis as outlined by Safuan et al. (2015). A total of 50 frames were extracted and analyzed with 50 points per frames. High number of frames and points were used during analysis to characterize reefs with lower cover and more homogeneously distributed colony (Pante & Dustan, 2012) as compared to Brown et al. (2004), Abdo et al. (2006) and Houk & Woesik (2006). In total, 90,000 points were analyzed using the CPCe software. Data Analysis All the corals images were identified up to genus level following Veron (1986, 2000) and cluster according to coral families. The results obtained from the image analysis were summarized as percentage cover of three categories: Coral ( C live coral cover), Dead Coral (DC) and Other Invertebrates (OT). All Scleractinian corals were included in the live coral cover (C). In additional, DC includes dead coral with or without algae cover. Other Invertebrates (OT) consisted of solitary and slow moving invertebrates such as soft coral, sponges, sea urchin and zooanthids. The coral condition was indicated by percentage of live coral following Chou et al. (1994). This was categorized as excellent (>75%), good
4 Mohd Safuan et al. 110 (51%-75%), fair (26%-50%) and poor (<25%) conditions. Survey transects with a similar coral community were grouped together by using cluster analysis (Bray & Curtis, 1957). Then, interaction resulting from the cluster analysis was graphically described using the MDS ordination. Analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) was also conducted to find any significant difference (p< 0.05) among the survey transects. All the percentage data were transformed into log 10 (x+1) prior to statistical test. Highest percentage cover of coral genera represents dominant coral that form the community structure in the survey area. Result and Discussion Distribution of Coral in Sembilan and Jarak Island Based on photographs taken in all survey transects, 11 families of coral comprising of 22 identified coral genera were found within the survey transects. This constitutes 68.75% of the total recorded coral genera (32 coral genera) within the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia as outlined by Affendi and Faedzul (2011). The corals are from the Acroporidae, Caryophyllidae, Dendrophyllidae, Faviidae, Fungiidae, Merulinidae, Mussidae, Pectinidae, Pocilloporidae, Poritidae and Siderastreidae families. Table 2 shows that more coral genera were present in Sembilan Archipelago (20 genera) compared to Pulau Jarak (11 genera). Some families, such as from families Caryophyllidae and Merulinidae, were not found at Pulau Jarak. None of the coral from family Pocilloporidae was found in Sembilan Archipelago. Only small colonies of Pocillipora sp. were found in Pulau Jarak. Among all the corals present, coral from genus Diploastrea can be found in in majority of the survey transects in a massive-encrusting form at ST1-ST6 and ST8 with a percentage cover ranged from 0.4%-2.62%. Azooxanthellae coral, Tubastrea was found in most of the survey stations (except for ST1, ST7 and ST8) with a percentage cover ranging from 0.19% 10.41%. As for mushroom corals (family Fungiidae), our recent findings found only four individuals, at ST1,ST4 and ST7. This is an interesting findings becasue previous study by Aileen et al. (2008) found none of them in Pulau Jarak. Meanwhile, previous study conducted at the nearby Pangkor Island found only 10 coral genera (Toda et al., 2007), lower than our finding. Pangkor Island has been heavily impacted by the anthropogenic pressure than Sembilan Archipelago and Pulau Jarak. This is probably due to high human population with tourism as a major economic activities in the island and becoming threats to coral reef in the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Praveena et al., 2012). Out of 22 coral genera,19 coral genera were recorded by CVT technique in all survey stations. This shows that the CVT technique is reliable for coral reef survey. The ability to determine the number of genera or species, as shown by this technique, is important for the selection of coral survey method (Leujak & Ormond, 2007). The video recorded by using CVT technique incorporates large spatial area (20 m 2 area covered by video recording) consequently capture higher benthic variation within the reef (Safuan et al., 2015). Unrecorded coral from the videos was from the genus Heterosammia, Goniastrea and Pachyseris. However, the unrecorded genera using CVT technique were found far away from the line transect. Other advantages of using this technique is, it usefulness in variety of diving conditions including low visibility (Abdo et al., 2004; Hill & Wilkinson, 2004) and strong current areas (Lam et al., 2006). Therefore, it can be used as an alternative method to survey coral reef within the Strait of Malacca with its limited visibility and having a strong current area. Additionally, this technique also remains as simple and cost-effective method (Leujak & Ormond, 2007; Safuan et al., 2015).
5 CURRENT STATUS ON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF CORAL REEFS 111 Table 2: The list of coral genera photographed around Sembilan and Jarak Island Family Genera Code Sembilan Island Jarak Island Acroporidae Acropora ACP X - Montipora MON X X Caryophyllidae Heteropsammia HETERO X - Dendrophyllidae Tubastrea TUBA X X Turbinaria TURBI X - Cyphastrea CYPHA X Diploastrea DIPLO X X Favia FAV X - Faviidae Favites FAVI X X Goniastrea GON X - Leptastrea LEPTA X X Platygyra PLATY X - Fungiidae Fungia FUN X X Merulinidae Hydnophora HYDNO X - Mussidae Symphyllia SYMP X X Pectinidae Echinophyllia ECHIP X - Pocilloporidae Pocillopora POCL X Poritidae Goniopora GONIO X - Porites PORI X X Pachyseris PACHY - X Siderastreidae Pavona PAV X X Psammocora PSAM X - Coral Reef Condition Figure 2 showed mean percentage cover of coral (C), dead coral (DC) and other invertebrates (OT) in all survey transects. Highest coral cover was estimated at ST5 with a mean value of 23.84±9.95%. Lowest coral cover was found in ST4 (2.63±3.42%). The percentage cover of DC ranged from 0.78% 41.44%. Highest DC was estimated in ST9 (41.44±6.56%) in the form of coral rubble. Meanwhile, OT exhibit percentage cover ranged from 8.12% 38.78%. ST7 was dominated by OT with a mean value of 38.78±13.96% with a dense mat of anemones can be found extensively in the area. Live coral cover (C) within all the study sites ranges from 2.63% 23.84% which indicate that the survey areas were in a poor conditions as outlined by Chou et al. (1994). Sedimentation and high turbidity are the possible causes to low coverage of coral within the area. Long- lasting stress from sedimentation may resulting in mass coral mortality, changes in community structure and major decreases in density, diversity and coral cover of entire reef systems (Erftemeijer et al., 2012). Turbidity and sedimentation also reduce the recruitment, survival and settlement of coral larvae (Erftemeijer et al., 2012). Additionally, low coverage of hard substrate to promote coral recruitment also contributing to the poor reef condition. Trash, discarded fishing lines and nets were found in some of the survey transects can threatened the reef. This is not suprising since previous studies also outlined that sedimentation caused the
6 Mohd Safuan et al. 112 reefs in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia were in a state of poor and fair conditions (Toda et al., 2007; Praveena et al., 2012). Several survey stations in this study (ST2, ST3, ST4 and ST6) were relatively similar with the survey sites by Reef Check (2014). Recent survey by Reef Check (2014) in Sembilan Archipelago indicates that 50% of their survey sites were in fair condition and 38% was in poor conditions. Surveys conducted by them were carried out at two depth contours (3-6 m and 6-12 m depth) as compared to our study (10.4±1.4 m). Technical and time constraints restricted the survey only a certain depth. Nevertheless, higher coral cover as reported by Reef Check (2014) might be estimated from shallower contour (3-6 m) compared to much deeper transect employed by present study. Moreover, data from Reef Check (2014) will be based on PIT method which different from this study probably has a tendency toward overestimation of percentage coral cover, although in actual, the coverage is not extensive (Lam et al., 2006). Besides, this study had observed 10,000 points per transect, as compared to PIT method (160 points per transect). Lesser number of points observed can lead to misinterpretation of coral cover (Brown et al., 2004). Apart from that, survey method emplyed by Reef Check only identifies Scleractinian corals as Hard Coral (Facon et al., 2016) to accomodate non-scientist to contribute. On the other hand, data collected through CVT technique enables the analysis to be done ex-situ by the person who have knowledge in benthic taxonomy. Coral Community Structure To understand the coral community structures around West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, all study sites were divided into four groups at 60% similarity level using cluster analysis (Figure 3), whilst the MDS plot illustrated similarity interactions in Figure 4. Group A consists of ST2 and ST5. Group B consists of four survey stations from ST6-ST9. Group C only contains one survey station (ST1). The remaining survey transects (ST3, ST4) were clustered in Group D. Higher number of coral genera was recorded from Group D (11 genera), followed by Group C with nine corals genera. Both Group A and C recorded seven genera per group. Analysis of Similarities (ANOSIM) indicated significant different in the percentage coral cover between the survey stations (Global R= 0.351, p < 0.001). The results from MDS plot were compared with the pairwise test by the ANOSIM. In group A, no significant was found between ST2 and ST5 (R = 0.01, p = 0.457). No significant different was found in all survey stations within Group B (R value between , ρ in each case > 0.057). In the group C, pairwise comparison shows that ST1 was significantly different from ST2, ST5, ST6, ST7 and ST9 (R value between and 0.917, ρ in each case = 0.029) but Figure 2: Mean percentage cover of C (Live Coral), DC (Dead Coral) and OT (Other Invertebrates) in all survey stations. Values are mean±sd
7 CURRENT STATUS ON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF CORAL REEFS 113 no clear different was found between ST1 with ST3, ST4 and ST8 (R value between , p in each case > 0.057). Group D shows no significant different between ST3 and ST4 (R = , p = 1.000). Coral community structure was determined from the dominant coral present in each group as shown in Figure 6. Four types of corals were found to be dominating the study areas namely the hermatypic (Diploastrea, Echninophyllia and Porites) and ahermatypic (Tubastrea) coral. Group A was dominated by Diploastrea. Group B was dominated by massive Porites. Group C was dominated by Echinopyllia and Diploastrea. Meanwhile, Group D was dominated by Porites, Tubastrea and Diploastrea corals. Present findings indicated that the coral community structure in West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia was formed by Porites, Tubastrea, Diploastrea and Echninophyllia coral. Porites was the most dominant coral in the study area with a percentage cover ranging from 7.23%-18.38%. This was followed by Tubastrea coral with a percentage cover ranging from 0.015%-10.41%. Meanwhile, both Diploastrea and Echninophyllia only cover less than 3%. Figure 3: Cluster analysis of all survey transects with four groups (group A, B, C and D) were clustered at 60% similarity of coral community structure Figure 4: Graphical illustration of four groups of survey transect with respect of 60% similarity derived from cluster analysis
8 Mohd Safuan et al. 114 Massive corals are more stress tolerant to natural and anthropogenic stress (Meij et al., 2010). Many poritids coral are tolerant to sedimentation (Stafford-Smith, 1993). Porites dominating the coral community structure in west coast of Peninsular Malaysia as it has the ability to tolerate high sedimentation in the area (Toda et al., 2007). Corals such as Porites, Diploastrea and Echninophyllia can be found in massive and encrusting growth form. Hemispherical and columnar species (such as Porites sp.) can efficiently remove accumulate sediment (Stafford-Smith, 1993). Turbidity and sedimentation can significantly affect the coral growth form (Erftemeijer et al., 2012). Acropora and Montipora dominating the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Toda et al., 2007) as compared to the west coast area. High sedimentation and turbidity are likely to restrict the growth of Acropora and Montipora in the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The hydrodynamic factors also contribute the formation of coral reef (Sheppard et al., 2009). Strong current can influenced the growth of the corals, hence, massive-encrusting form is much suitable to survive in this environment. Besides that, azooxanthellae coral called Tubastrea has the ability to adapt with the low light condition as high sedimentation can reduce the sunlight penetration. This ahermatypic coral depends entirely on zooplankton captured by their tentacles as a food source instead of taking food derived from symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) like common hermatypic corals do (Sheppard et al., 2009). This types of adaptation give the Tubastrea to survive in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Conclusion This study has provided current condition and coral community structure formed at the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Poor reef condition recorded in the present study probably caused by anthropogenic stressor such as sedimentation that limit the growth of the corals. Masive-encrsuting and ahermatypic coral has the ability to adapt and survive in high sedimentation area, hence, able to dominating the reefs in the study areas. Apart from that, this study has shown the CVT technique is suitable for coral reef assessment as it can provides a permanent record for subsequent studies and flexible to conduct in the variety of reef conditions. Therefore, it will be useful as a research tool for long-term and continuous analysis of coral reef benthic cover around Malaysia s water. Acknowledgements The author would like to thank all participants in Malacca Strait Expedition 2015, Institute of Oceanography and Environment and Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. References Abdo, D., Burgess, S., Coleman, G., & Osborne, K. (2004). Surveys of Benthic Reef Communities Using Underwater Video. Austalian Institute of Marine Science. 61pp. Affendi, Y. A., & Faedzul, R. R. (2011). Current Knowledge on Coral Diversity of Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysia Marine Biodiversity: Inventory and Current Status. Department of Marine Park. Putrajaya, Malaysia pp. Affendi, Y. A., Tajuddin, B. H., Lee, L. Y., Kee, A. A. A., & Yusuf, Y. (2005). Scleractinian Coral Diversity of Kg Kekek, Pulau Tioman Marine Park. Natural Resource Utilisation and Environmental Preservation: Issues and Challenges. Proceedings of Second Regional Symposium on Environment and Natural Resources, 2: Aileen, T. S. H., Ismail, I. A., & Yasin, Z. (2008). Diversity of Family Fungiidae in Malaysia Waters. The Nagisa Westpac Congress, 15-24pp. Bray, J. R., & J. T. Curtis. (1957). An Ordination of the Upland Forest Communities of Southern Wisconsin. Ecology, 27: Brown, E., Cox, E., Jokiel, P., Rodgers, K., Smith, W., Tissot, B., & Coles, S. L.,
9 CURRENT STATUS ON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF CORAL REEFS 115 Figure 5: Mean percentage cover of coral genera estimated in all surveys stations and were clustered at 60% similarities forming four different group with similar coral community structure. Values are mean±sd (2004). Development of Benthic Sampling Methods for the Coral Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program (CRAMP) in Hawai i. Pacific Science, 58: Chou, L. M., Wilkinson, C. R., Licuanan, W. R. Y., Alino, P., Cheshire, A. C., Loo, M. G. K., Tanjaitrong, S.,Sudara, A, Ridzwan, A. R., & Soekarno. (1994). Status of Coral Reefs in the ASEAN Region. Proceedings of the Third ASEAN-Australia Symposium on Living Coastal Resources. Australian Institute of Marine Science. Erftemeijer, P. L. A., Riegl, B., Hoeksema, B. W., & Todd, P.A. (2012). Environmental Impacts of Dredging and other Sediment
10 Mohd Safuan et al. 116 Disturbances on Corals: A Review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64: English, S., Wilkinson, C., & Baker, V. (1994). Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources. Australian Institute of Marine Science, 34-49pp. Facon, M., Pinault, M., Obura, D., Pioch, S., Bigot K. L., Garnier, R., & Quod, J. P. (2016). A Comparative Study of the Accuracy and Effectiveness of Line and Point Intercept Transect methods for Coral Reef Monitoring in the Southwestern Indian Ocean Islands. Ecological Indicator, 60: Harborne, A., Fenner, D., Barnes, A., Beger, M., Harding, S., & Roxburgh, T. (2000). Status Report on the Coral Reefs of the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Coral Cay Conservation, Marine Park Section Department of Fisheries Malaysia and UNDP-GEF. 88pp. Hill, J., & Wilkinson, C. (2004). Methods for Ecological Monitoring of Coral Reefs. Australian Institute of Marine Science. 117p. Houk, P., & Woesik, R. V. (2006). Coral Reef Benthic Video Surveys Facilitate Longterm Monitoring in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands: Toward an Optimal Sampling Strategy. Pacific Science, 60(2): Huang, D., Licuanan, W. Y., Hoeksema, B. W., Chen, C. A., Ang, P. O., Huang, H., Lane, D. J. W., Vo, S. T., Waheed, Z., Affendi, Y. A., Yeemin, T., & Chou, L. M. (2015). Extraordinary Diversity of Coral Reef in the South China Sea. Marine Biodiversity, 45: Kohler, K. E., & Gill, S. M. (2006). Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe): A Visual Basic Program for the Determination of Coral and Substrate Coverage Using Random Point Count Methodology. Computers and Geosciences, 32: Lam, K., Shin, P. K. S., Bradbeer, R., Randall, D., Ku, K. K. K., Hodgson, P., & Cheung, S. G. (2006). A Comparison of Video and Point Intercept Transect Methods for Monitoring Subtropical Coral Communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 333: Leujak, W., & Ormond, R. F. G. (2007). Comparative Accuracy and Efficiency of Six Coral Community Survey Methods. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 351: Liew, H. C., Hii, Y. S., Bachok, Z., Ibrahim, K., Wagiman, S., Chan, A. A., & Said, A. (2012). A Guide to Collecting Digital Videos for Coral Reef Surveys and Monitoring Purposes. Department of Marine Parks Malaysia. 28pp. Meij var der, S. E. T., & Suharsona, Hoeksema, B. W. (2010). Long-term Changes in Coral Assemblages under Natural and Anthropogenic Stress in Jakarta Bay ( ). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60: Pante, E., & Dustan, P. (2012). Getting to the Point: Accuracy of Point Count in Monitoring Ecosystem Change. Journal of Marine Biology, 2012: 7. Praveena, S. M., Siraj, S. S., & Aris, A. Z. (2012). Coral Reefs Studies and Threats in Malaysia: A Mini Review. Review Environment Science Biotechnology, 11: Qu, X., & Meng, Q. (2012). The Economic Importance of the Straits of Malacca and Singapore: an Extreme-scenario Analysis. Transportation Research Part E, 48: Reef Check Malaysia. (2014). Status of Coral Reefs in Malaysia. Reef Check Malaysia. 72pp. Safuan, M., Boo, W. H., Siang, H. Y., Chark, L. H., & Bachok, Z. (2015) Optimization of Coral Video Transect Technique for Coral Reef Survey: Comparison with Intercept
11 CURRENT STATUS ON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF CORAL REEFS 117 Transect Technique. Open Journal of Marine Science, 5: Sheppard, C. R. C., Davy, S. K., & Pilling, G. M. (2009). The Biology of Coral Reef. New York: Oxford University Press. 339pp. Stafford-Smith, M. G. (1993). Sedimentrejection Efficiency of 22 Species of Australian Scleractinian Corals. Marine Biology, 115: Thia-Eng, C., Gorre, I. R. L., Ross, S. A., Bernad, S. R., Gervacio, B., & Ebarvia, M. C. (2000). The Malacca Straits. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 41: Toda, T., Okashita, T., Maekawa, T., Alfian, B. A. A. K., Rajuddin, M. K. M., Nakajima, R., & Chen, W. (2007). Community Structures of Coral Reefs around Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Oceanography, 63: Waheed, Z., & Hoeksema, B. W. (2014). Diversity Pattern of Scleractinian Corals at Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, in Relation to Exposure and Depth. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 62: Veron, J. E. N. (1986). Corals of Australia and the Indo Pacific. Townville, Australia: Australian Institute of Marine Science. 644p. Veron, J. E. N. (2000). Corals of the World. Volume 1-3. Townville, Australia: Australian Institute of Marine Science. 1382p.
Diversity and Distribution of Coral Lifeforms in Tioman Island
Transactions on Science and Technology, 3(2-2), 367-373, 2016 ISSN: 2289-8786 Diversity and Distribution of Coral Lifeforms in Tioman Island Kharina Kamarumtham*, Zuhairi Ahmad, Nor Hidayah Halid, Shahbudin
More informationStatus of Coral Reefs in East Asian Seas Region: Edited by KIMURA Tadashi, TUN Karenne and CHOU Loke Ming
Status of Coral Reefs in East Asian Seas Region: 2018 Edited by KIMURA Tadashi, TUN Karenne and CHOU Loke Ming Front Cover: Shallow coral reef in Sekisei Lagoon, Okinawa, Japan ( C Tadashi Kimura, 2017
More informationCorals of Rottnest Island
Corals of Rottnest Island MScience Pty Ltd June 2012 Volume 1, Issue 1 MARINE RESEARCH Produced with the Assistance of the Rottnest Island Authority Cover picture courtesy of H. Shortland Jones * Several
More informationMarcos A M Pereira 1 & Eduardo J S Videira 2. Maputo, October Association for Coastal and Marine Research (AICM), Maputo Mozambique
RAPID ASSESSMENT OF THE CORALLINE AND ICHTHYOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES OF THE CORAL REEFS OF THE PRIMEIRAS AND SEGUNDAS ARCHIPELAGO (NAMPULA AND ZAMBEZIA PROVINCES) Marcos A M Pereira 1 & Eduardo J S Videira
More informationAN INVENTORY OF ZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIAN CORALS IN SINGAPORE, INCLUDING 33 NEW RECORDS
THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2009 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY Supplement No. 22: 69 80 Date of Publication: 30 Dec.2009 National University of Singapore AN INVENTORY OF ZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIAN
More informationStatus of Exposed Coral Reef and Threatened Mollusk Associates in Pag-asa Island, Kalayaan Island Group, Philippines Jeric B.
Status of Exposed Coral Reef and Threatened Mollusk Associates in Pag-asa Island, Kalayaan Island Group, Philippines Jeric B. Gozalez MS Marine Biology CFAS-WPU Introduction Introduction Kalayaan Island
More informationJournal of Coastal Development ISSN : NATURAL CORAL COLONIZATION OF A MARINA SEAWALL IN SINGAPORE
Original Paper NATURAL CORAL COLONIZATION OF A MARINA SEAWALL IN SINGAPORE Chou Loke Ming, NG Chin Soon Lionel, Chan Sek Meng Jeremy, and Seow Liyun Angie Department of Biological Sciences, National University
More informationMiocene coral reef ecosystems in South East Asia
Miocene coral reef ecosystems in South East Asia Nadia Santodomingo Palaeontology Department Supervisors: Dr. Ken Johnson (NHM) Dr. Lucas J. Lourens (UU) Contents Objectives Fossil Data baseline NTA-2:
More informationSignificant Ecological Marine Area Assessment Sheet
Significant Ecological arine Area Assessment Sheet Name: Eastern Bay of Island Biogenic Soft Sediment Complex Summary: The semi-sheltered areas between the central islands of the Eastern Bay of Islands
More informationAspects of Pacific Coral Reefs
Aspects of Pacific Coral Reefs John W. WELLS Department of Geology, Cornell University Introduction Coral reefs are the only major earth features determined by the complexly integrated operation of both
More informationPreservation Project of Coral and Seagrass for Sustainable Oil Field Development
Preservation Project of Coral and Seagrass for Sustainable Oil Field Development Tariq Al Kindi HSE Department, Abu Dhabi Oil Co., Ltd. Takao Sumihiro Technical Department, Abu Dhabi Oil Co., Ltd. Abstract
More informationComposition of Juvenile Corals in Different Morphotypes of Substrate at Karimunjawa Archipelago, Indonesia
ISSN 0853-7291 Composition of Juvenile Corals in Different Morphotypes of Substrate at Karimunjawa Archipelago, Indonesia Munasik* 1, Diah Permata W 1, Retno Hartati 1, Rudhi Pribadi 1 and Yoko Nozawa
More informationEdwin A. Hernández-Delgado*
Long-term Coral Reef Ecological Change Monitoring Program of the Luis Peña Channel Marine Fishery Reserve, Culebra Island, Puerto Rico: I. Status of the coral reef epibenthic communities (1997-2002). Edwin
More informationWhat creates a coral reef? Why are corals able to form huge reefs?
Marine ecosystems 5: Coral Reefs Unique features The foundation of the ecosystem is produced by living things Reef-building corals Similarities with tropical rain forests Richness and complexity 3-dimensional
More informationCoral Disease and Community Structure throughout the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Kailey Pascoe
Coral Disease and Community Structure throughout the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Kailey Pascoe Marine Science Department University of Hawai i at Hilo Advisors Dr. Steven Colbert Marine Science Department
More information"The Relationship Between Seagrass Cover and Species- richness of Invertebrates"
"The Relationship Between Seagrass Cover and Species- richness of Invertebrates" SCIE 2204: Marine Systems The Cottesloe Marine Ecosystem Research Project 2014 By Baronie Shaw, K., Bortoloso, T., Cargill,
More informationDocument kindly provided by and reproduced with permission from
Document kindly provided by and reproduced with permission from INTRODUCTION The aim of the substrate survey is to collect information on the percentage cover of the major benthic organisms and substrate
More informationSession 2: Reports from ICRI bodies GCRMN updates
Session 2: Reports from ICRI bodies GCRMN updates Tadashi Kimura Japan Wildlife Research Center 29 th ICRI General Meeting 20 st -23 rd October 2014, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology GCRMN SOUTH
More informationThe Effects of the 2004 Tsunami on the Seaweed and Seagrass Community at. Talibong Island and Nearby Trang province, Thailand
The Effects of the 2004 Tsunami on the Seaweed and Seagrass Community at Talibong Island and Nearby Trang province, Thailand Anchana Prathep 1 *, Piyalarp Tantiprapas 2, Bongkot Wichachucherd 1 Ajchara
More informationThese unique systems are considered the most productive communities in the seas and
1 Introduction 1.1 Coral reefs Planet Earth is often called the ocean planet as more than 70 percent of earth s surface is covered with seawater. About half the world s coastlines are in the tropics and
More informationCoral Reefs. Reef Corals
Coral Reefs Highly diverse rivals tropical rain forest Biogenic habitat habitat made by living organisms Are found in areas of warm clear water that is also typically nutrient poor Are increasingly threatened
More informationAssessing, Monitoring, and Defending Coral Reefs with GIS
Assessing, Monitoring, and Defending Coral Reefs with GIS Dr. Rich Snow and Dr. Mary Snow Applied Aviation Sciences Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Daytona Beach, Florida It is estimated that 60%
More informationReef Corals. Coral Reefs. Coral Nutrition. Zooxanthallae
Coral Reefs Highly diverse rivals tropical rain forest Biogenic habitat habitat made by living organisms Are found in areas of warm clear water that is also typically nutrient poor Are increasingly threatened
More informationChapter 32. Australia & New Zealand
Chapter 32 Australia & New Zealand Lesson 1: Physical Geography of Australia & New Zealand Landforms Australia lies between the Pacific and Indian Oceans in the Southern Hemisphere. Although an island,
More informationRelatively little hard substrate occurs naturally in the
CHAPTER FIVE Rock Habitats Relatively little hard substrate occurs naturally in the estuary, owing mainly to the vast quantities of fine sediment that have been deposited by the rivers. Rock habitat is
More informationWhat Are Coral Reefs?
ELA.08.CR.1.9.132 C1 T9 Sample Item Id: ELA.08.CR.1.9.132 Grade/Model: 08 / 1b Claim: 1: Students can read closely and analytically to comprehend a range of increasingly complex literary and informational
More informationJay Dimond NRS /30/04
Mapping and Prediction of Coral Bleaching Using GIS Corals on coral reefs bleach when they lose their complement of intracellular symbiotic algae known as zooxanthellae. Coral color varies widely, but
More informationChapter 32. Australia & New Zealand
Chapter 32 Australia & New Zealand Lesson 1: Physical Geography of Australia & New Zealand Landforms Australia lies between the Pacific and Indian Oceans in the Southern Hemisphere. Although an island,
More informationEffects of coral bleaching and recovery potential of coral reefs at Mu Koh Surin, the Andaman Sea
Effects of coral bleaching and recovery potential of coral reefs at Mu Koh Surin, the Andaman Sea Mathinee Yucharoen, Thamasak Yeemin Marine Biodiversity Research Group, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng
More informationATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 555 ISSUED BY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 555 The Impacts of Coral Bleaching in Rodrigues, western Indian Ocean BY EMIly r. Hardman, nathalie S. Stampfli, lucy Hunt, sydney Perrine, anna Perry, and j.s. jovani Raffin
More informationAn international research expedition assess the biodiversity and health of New Caledonia coral reefs
Nouméa, 28.11.2013. An international research expedition assess the biodiversity and health of New Caledonia coral reefs A research mission on coral reefs in New Caledonia conducted in association with
More informationUnit 4 - Water. Earth s Interior. Earth s Interior. Continental Drift. Continental Drift. Continental Drift. Crust. Mantle. Core.
Unit 4 - Water How did the oceans form? What special adaptations do saltwater organisms have? Where does our water come from? How do humans affect the Earth s water? Crust Rigid outer shell of Earth Oceanic
More information5-31. Cambodia. Vietnam. South China S ea. Malaysia. Kuala L umpur. Singapore. Kalimantan. Sunda S trait. Jakarta. Java 98E. Sumatra. Pini.
5-31 Ridge Ninetyeast 52mm/yr Wharton For e S umatran Ridge Indian Andaman Sea arc 1861 Burma Ridge 1833 Thailand Sumatran Sliver Subduction Southeast Asian P late Malaysia Fault P Cambodia Kuala L umpur
More informationBiological survey of species diversity of sea grass beds in selected sites of southern Sri-Lanka.
Biological survey of species diversity of sea grass beds in selected sites of southern Sri-Lanka. Hikkaduwa,Weligama,Polhena. Harishcandra K.A.D.A.T FS/2006/010 Introduction. 1.What are Sea grasses? 2.Distribution
More informationHawaii s Coral Reefs. Developed by: Bobby Hsu, Jackie Gaudioso, and Diane Duke
Grade Level: Kindergarten Hawaii s Coral Reefs Developed by: Bobby Hsu, Jackie Gaudioso, and Diane Duke Purpose: This curriculum is designed to communicate: I. What is coral: overview coral anatomy, distribution,
More informationCORAL REEFS IN HOT WATER
CORAL REEFS IN HOT WATER Coral reef ecosystems are in trouble. About 20 percent of the world s coral reefs have already been lost, and that number may climb to 50 percent in the next 20 to 40 years. The
More informationUnit 9: CORAL GROWTH. Coral Reef. Ecology Curriculum
Unit 9: CORAL GROWTH Coral Reef Ecology Curriculum This unit is part of the Coral Reef Ecology Curriculum that was developed by the Education Department of the Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation.
More informationThe Impact of the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on the Coral Reef Resources of Mu Ko Surin Marine National Park, Thailand
The Impact of the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on the Coral Reef Resources of Mu Ko Surin Marine National Park, Thailand Report prepared by www.coralcay.org James Comley, Director of Marine Science
More informationCaroline S. Rogers and Jeff Miller
BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 69(2): 459 470, 2001 CORAL BLEACHING, HURRICANE DAMAGE, AND BENTHIC COVER ON CORAL REEFS IN ST. JOHN, U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS: A COMPARISON OF SURVEYS WITH THE CHAIN TRANSECT METHOD
More informationEnvironmental Science
Environmental Science A Study of Interrelationships Cui Jiansheng Hebei University of Science and Technology CH06 Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities Chapter Objectives After reading this chapter, you
More informationWeekly summary of Tropic101x as posted by student Lucia_Agudelo
Weekly summary of Tropic101x as posted by student Lucia_Agudelo With minor grammatical and content edits by Tropic101x team Summary of Week 6 FIELD METHODS LECTURE 6.1.1 Being able to measure the distribution,
More informationA Spatial Analysis Approach for Johor s Demographic Profile : Soft Warning of the Decline Birth Number Associated with Gender Gap in Johor
Int. J. Advance Soft Compu. Appl, Vol. 9, No. 2, July 2017 ISSN 2074-8523 A Spatial Analysis Approach for Johor s Demographic Profile : Soft Warning of the Decline Birth Number Associated with Gender Gap
More informationCORAL REEFS AND THE EFFECTS OF INCREASING SEA TEMPERATURE SHAAZIA SALINA MOHAMMED NF-POGO
CORAL REEFS AND THE EFFECTS OF INCREASING SEA TEMPERATURE SHAAZIA SALINA MOHAMMED NF-POGO 2013-2014 1 Formation of the coral skeleton Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by dissolving in ocean
More informationDRMREEF: DNA taxonomy and Recruitment Monitoring of the Coral Reef Marine Organisms
DRMREEF: DNA taxonomy and Recruitment Monitoring of the Coral Reef Marine Organisms 2015. 05. 13 Youn-Ho Lee Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology I. Objectives To enhance national and regional
More informationFactors Affecting the Distribution and Health of the Intertidal Coral Goniastrea aspera on the Reef Flat in Geoffrey Bay, Magnetic Island
Factors Affecting the Distribution and Health of the Intertidal Coral Goniastrea aspera on the Reef Flat in Geoffrey Bay, Magnetic Island Julia Smith Bowdoin College Environmental Studies & Geology Advisor:
More informationThe International Indian Ocean Expedition. Mika ODIDO IOC Sub Commission for Africa and the Adjacent Island States
The International Indian Ocean Expedition Mika ODIDO IOC Sub Commission for Africa and the Adjacent Island States INDIAN OCEAN Facts and Figures 3rd largest ocean (after Pacific and Atlantic) Extent from
More informationMarine Life. and Ecology. 2. From phytoplanktons to invertebates
Marine Life and Ecology 2. From phytoplanktons to invertebates Virtually all primary productivity on land comes from large seaweeds such as these do exist, but they need shallow water where Sunlight is
More informationJune Recommendations by DEP and NMFS for monitoring impacts of the Miami Harbor Phase III Federal Channel Expansion (File No.
June 2016 Recommendations by DEP and NMFS for monitoring impacts of the Miami Harbor Phase III Federal Channel Expansion (File No. 0305721-001-BI) A. BACKGROUND Impacts due to sedimentation generated by
More informationESM: S1: Table of colour patterns and ecological traits, their definitions, measures used and possible values
ESM: S1: Table of colour patterns and ecological traits, their definitions, measures used and possible values Morphology Ecology Social behavior Trait Definition Measures Values Spot Roughly circular marking,
More informationAffendi, Yang Amri. (unpublished). Preliminary report of the reef check on Pulau Pangkor December 2002 (pp. 1-10).
6.0 REFERENCES Affendi, Yang Amri. (unpublished). Preliminary report of the reef check on Pulau Pangkor 17-18 December 2002 (pp. 1-10). Affendi, Yang Amri. (2005). Coral reefs of North East Pulau Langkawi.
More informationThe Impacts of Climate Change on the Coral Reefs of the Caribbean
The Impacts of Climate Change on the Coral Reefs of the Caribbean Introduction Global climate change has emerged over the past decade as one of the major environmental issues facing countries worldwide.
More informationApplying habitat maps and biodiversity assessments to coral reef management
Applying habitat maps and biodiversity assessments to coral reef management Andrew W. Bruckner 1 and Philip Renaud 1 1 Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation, 8181 Professional Place, Landover, MD
More informationEconomic Valuation of the Montego Bay Marine Park
Economic Valuation of the Montego Bay Marine Park Methodology Test Cases Presenter: Brian L. Zane What? A means to estimate the value of environmental resources How? Different methodologies exist Total
More informationIII. Distribution and Abundance of Acropora Corals
III. Distribution and Abundance of Acropora Corals Background The declines in abundance of two of the principal Caribbean reef-building corals, staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis) and elkhorn coral (A.
More informationIntroduction to Oceanography (OCS )
Introduction to Oceanography (OCS 1005-4) October 27, 2009 Jennifer Lentz Coral Reef Ecology 1 Coral Reef Ecosystems (Garrison 2007; Fig. 16.2 (a-b); p. 460-461) Jennifer Lentz Coral Reef Ecology 2 Geologic
More informationMarine Heat Waves: A general overview and case studies in the Mediterranean and around Australia. Eric C. J. Oliver1,2
Marine Heat Waves: A general overview and case studies in the Mediterranean and around Australia Eric C. J. Oliver1,2 Matthew A. Chamberlain3, Simon J. Wotherspoon1, Neil J. Holbrook1,2 1 Institute for
More informationAustralia s Marine Bioregional Planning
Australia s Marine Bioregional Planning And possible lessons for areas beyond national jurisdiction Nautilus (Dr M. Norman, Museum Victoria) Butterfly fish & Yellowback Fusiliners (R.Thorn) Soft coral
More information200 Meters Down Topic: Ocean Zones (5 th 8 th grade)
200 Meters Down Topic: Ocean Zones (5 th 8 th grade) by Lodge 200 Meters Down Have you people heard about the plankton? Just tiny algae and it s floating, right What about the nekton like jellyfish? They
More informationSouth, Southeast, and East Asia. Physical Geography
South, Southeast, and East Asia Physical Geography Mountains v Mountains are important in Asia because they influence: A. Population patterns B. Movement of people and goods C. Climate Mountains v The
More informationDecember 23 rd, 2018 Sample Current Affairs
December 23 rd, 2018 Sample Current Affairs 1. The coral reef cover in Lakshadweep has shrunk by as much as 40% in just 18 years Why the coral reefs in Lakshadweep are being eroded so fast? How do climate
More informationSpatial and Temporal Variation in Coral Recruitment and Mortality in Coastal Kenya
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Coral Recruitment and Mortality in Coastal Kenya JULIET F. KARISA * 1,2, BOAZ KAUNDA-ARARA 1 & DAVID OBURA 2 1 Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Moi University,
More informationMicroplastics in the marine environment of coastal British Columbia
Microplastics in the marine environment of coastal British Columbia Jean-Pierre Desforges 1, Moira Galbraith 2, Neil Dangerfield 2, Peter Ross 1 1 School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria,
More informationCourtesy of John Mitchell
Shrimp trawl fisheries Marine fish stocks are under increasing threat from a range of spatially based problems that might be natural or involve socio-economic factors. To best manage spatial problems,
More informationCoral Reefs. Organisms and Ecology
Coral Reefs Organisms and Ecology General Characteristics: Rival tropical rainforests for beauty, richness, complexity Basic structure is made by organisms 3 Dimensional framework home to incredible assortment
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level *0627433796* MARINE SCIENCE 9693/01 Paper 1 AS Structured Questions October/November 2016 1 hour 30 minutes
More informationPurpose of large scale mapping/inventories
Mapping of benthic habitats in NE Baltic Sea Georg Martin Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu & good colleagues from EMI, IAE and CORPI Protecting the marine ecosystem Lessons learned from project
More informationSome Problems in Reef Coral Taxonomy 1
Some Problems in Reef Coral Taxonomy 1 RICHARD H. RANDALL Marine Laboratory, University of Guam P.O. EK, Agana, Guam 96910 This paper is a brief presentation about some of the current problems in reef
More informationCtenophora: comb jellies, ctenophores UNDERWATER FIELD GUIDE TO ROSS ISLAND & MCMURDO SOUND, ANTARCTICA
Ctenophora: comb jellies, ctenophores UNDERWATER FIELD GUIDE TO ROSS ISLAND & MCMURDO SOUND, ANTARCTICA Peter Brueggeman Photographs: Paul Dayton, Shawn Harper, Bruce A Miller, & Dirk Schories The National
More informationDOES AN EX SITU CORAL NURSERY FACILITATE REEF RESTORATION IN SINGAPORE S WATERS?
Contributions to Marine Science 2012 Contributions to Marine Science 2012: 95 100 Date of Publication: 29 Sep.2012 National University of Singapore DOES AN EX SITU CORAL NURSERY FACILITATE REEF RESTORATION
More informationCoral communities and reef growth in the southern Great Barrier Reef
Coral Reefs (1997) 16: 103 115 Coral communities and reef growth in the southern Great Barrier Reef R. van Woesik, T. J. Done Department of Marine Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1 Nishihara,
More informationof ecosystem around bay. Coral Reef as one of ecosystem in Bungus Bay has boundary condition to keep functional. One
Study of Coral Reef Ecosystem Vulnerability using Sediment Transport Modeling in Bungus Bay, West Sumatera Ibnu Faizal 1, Nita Yuanita 2 1 Ocean Engineering Master Program, Faculty of Civil and Environmental
More informationScleractinian coral communities of the inner Seychelles 10 years after the 1998 mortality event
AQUATIC CONSERVATION: MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS Aquatic Conserv: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. (2014) Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002/aqc.2464 Scleractinian
More informationA National Geocentric Datum and the Administration of Marine Spaces in Malaysia 2
A National Geocentric Datum and the Administration of Marine Spaces in Malaysia 2 CheeHai TEO 3 and Ahmad FAUZI 4 Abstract Malaysia is a country with two primary land masses, Peninsular Malaysia and East
More informationMARINE FISHERIES INFORMATION SERVICE
V. MARNE FSHERES NFORMATON SERVCE SPECAL rsslje ON LAKSHADWEEP 7 7 BTRA 0.» CHETLAT 'J» KUTAN rhinakara, ^ *> > j'/ Bangarairy,S>,'' / ^KADMAT K
More informationClimate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Small Islands - South West Pacific
Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Small Islands - South West Pacific Penehuro F. Lefale Lead Author (LA), Chapter 16 Manager, International Cooperation & Development NZ Meteorological
More informationOrganisms in the Ocean
Oceans Objective 8.E.1.2 Summarize evidence that Earth's oceans are a reservoir of nutrients, minerals, dissolved gases, and life forms: estuaries, marine ecosystems, upwelling, and behavior of gases in
More informationBiogeographic Approach to Coastal Assessments & Spatial Planning
NOAA s Biogeographic Approach to Coastal Assessments & Spatial Planning Mark E. Monaco Mark.Monaco@noaa.gov Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/about/biogeography Biogeography
More informationTechnologies for sea bottom inhabitants' monitoring and Integral Costal Zones Management. Example of the Kandalaksha Bay, White Sea
Technologies for sea bottom inhabitants' monitoring and Integral Costal Zones Management. Example of the Kandalaksha Bay, White Sea Mikhail Tokarev, Roman Pevzner Transfer Technology Office of Lomonosov
More informationA Struggle For Existence: Growth-Limiting Impacts of El Nino Events on Galapagos Coral Reef Systems. Lauren Linsmayer 13 October 2008
Linsmayer 1 A Struggle For Existence: Growth-Limiting Impacts of El Nino Events on Galapagos Coral Reef Systems Lauren Linsmayer 13 October 2008 ABSTRACT: Coral reefs are rare in the Galapagos because
More informationMPAs - do we need them?
MPAs - do we need them? Thomas Peschak We all want healthy oceans We all want healthy oceans Our Natural Heritage conserved for future generations We all want healthy oceans To enjoy our sea and the economic
More informationECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL 10 July 2007
UNITED NATIONS E/CONF.98/CRP.22 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL 10 July 2007 Ninth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names New York, 21-30 August 2007 Item 9(a) of the provisional
More informationStaghorn Corals and Climate Change
Better to burn out than to phade away? Summary As well as being the most biodiverse ecosystems in the marine realm, coral reefs provide protein, livelihoods and services to tens of millions of people worldwide.
More informationBy Jenny Lentz (OCS TA)
Lecture Coral Reef Ecosystems Introduction to Oceanography (OCS 10051005-4) October 27, 2009 (Garrison 2007; Fig. 16.2 (a-b); p. 460-461) 1 2 Basic Coral Biology Biologic Context o Kingdom Animalia Phylum
More informationGEOGRAPHY OCEAN TYPES OF OCEANS Economics Importance of Oceans to Man Relief of the ocean floor Continental Shelf Importance of Continental Shelf
GEOGRAPHY OCEAN The oceans and seas occupy about 71 per cent of the total earth surface which means that about 29 percent of the earth s surface is occupied by the land. The study of the oceans. The water
More informationTreasure Coast Science Scope and Sequence
Course: Marine Science I Honors Course Code: 2002510 Quarter: 3 Topic(s) of Study: Marine Organisms and Ecosystems Bodies of Knowledge: Nature of Science and Life Science Standard(s): 1: The Practice of
More informationHELSINKI COMMISSION Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission
HELSINKI COMMISSION Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission HELCOM RECOMMENDATION 24/10 Adopted 25 June 2003, having regard to Article 20, Paragraph 1 b) of the 1992 Helsinki Convention IMPLEMENTATION
More informationProject 1.3.1: Improved knowledge of biota, habitats and risks. Project Leader: Dr Mick Haywood, CSIRO Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research
Marine and Tropical Sciences Research Facility (MTSRF) June 2007 Milestone Report Project 1.3.1: Improved knowledge of biota, habitats and risks Project Leader: Dr Mick Haywood, CSIRO Division of Marine
More informationSmall area of the ocean that is partially surrounded by land. The Ocean Basins. Three Major Oceans. Three Major Oceans. What is a SEA?
The Ocean Basins How Deep is the Ocean? 1 2 Three Major Oceans Three Major Oceans Pacific Atlantic the shallowest ocean (3.3km average depth) Indian second shallowest ocean (3.8km average depth) Pacific
More informationDeveloping a Regulatory Framework for the Deep Sea Mineral Exploitation.
Developing a Regulatory Framework for the Deep Sea Mineral Exploitation. Stakeholder Survey Submission to the United National International Seabed Authority (UN ISA). Benjamin Kahn 1 May 2014 1 Director
More informationPhylogenetic diversity and conservation
Phylogenetic diversity and conservation Dan Faith The Australian Museum Applied ecology and human dimensions in biological conservation Biota Program/ FAPESP Nov. 9-10, 2009 BioGENESIS Providing an evolutionary
More informationExploring the impacts of future global change on mangrove-fishery-community linkages
Exploring the impacts of future global change on mangrove-fishery-community linkages Rachel Seary University of Cambridge/ UNEP-WCMC Supervisors: Dr Tom Spencer, Dr Mike Bithell & Dr Chris McOwen Photograph:
More informationThe East of Nantucket Survey. Preliminary Results Presented by Eric Powell to the Habitat PDT on September 14, 2017
The East of Nantucket Survey Preliminary Results Presented by Eric Powell to the Habitat PDT on September 14, 2017 Thanks Roger Mann who handled the logistics of the cruise Tom Dameron and others who provided
More informationIn situ characterisation of habitats adjoining cold water coral reefs using a Sediment Profile Imagery (SPI) camera
In situ characterisation of habitats adjoining cold water coral reefs using a Sediment Profile Imagery (SPI) camera Silvana N.R. Birchenough, Nigel Lyman, David A. Roberts, Juan Moreno Navas and J. Murray
More informationGeovisualization of shipping noise exposure for whales in Canada. Simone Cominelli; Brent Hall; Michael Leahy; Michael Luubert
Geovisualization of shipping noise exposure for whales in Canada Simone Cominelli; Brent Hall; Michael Leahy; Michael Luubert Introduction ANTHROPOGENIC NOISE, SHIPPING AND CETACEANS ANTHROPOGENIC NOISE
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level *2436111596* MARINE SCIENCE 9693/01 Paper 1 AS Structured Questions May/June
More informationDesigning Networks of Marine Protected Areas in DFO s Three Atlantic Bioregions
Designing Networks of Marine Protected Areas in DFO s Three Atlantic Bioregions Presentation for Indigenous Protected Areas Workshop Max Westhead, DFO and Adrian Gerhartz-Abraham, Dalhousie March 29, 2017
More informationGulf and Caribbean Research
Gulf and Caribbean Research Volume 19 Issue 1 January 2007 Use of Diadema antillarum Spines by Juvenile Fish and Mysid Shrimp Taryn Townsend Montclair State University Paul A.X. Bologna Montclair State
More informationGeoduck Floating Nursery Monitoring Plan, Quarterly Reporting
December 23, 2014 Mason County Department of Community Development Attn: Grace Miller, Senior Planner 411 N. Fifth Street PO Box 279 Shelton, WA 98584 Re: Geoduck Floating Nursery Monitoring Plan, Quarterly
More informationChapter 7 Benthic deep-sea carbonates: reefs and seeps
Chapter 7 Benthic deep-sea carbonates: reefs and seeps Carbonates are formed across most latitudes and they are not restricted to shallow water but are also found in all but the deepest abyssal and hadal
More information5/10/15. Chapter 16: Marine Communities. Biomes and Ecosystems
Chapter 16: Marine Communities Biomes and Ecosystems Biomes are defined as "the world's major communi'es, classified according to the predominant vegeta;on and characterized by adapta;ons of organisms
More information