The Scientific Method
|
|
- Jodie Terry
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Scientific Method Objectives: 1. Outline the scientific method. 2. Explain why the scientific method has been more successful than other approaches to understanding the universe. 3. Distinguish between a law and a theory. 4. Discuss the role of a model in formulating a scientific theory. 5. Give the reason why Polaris is the heavenly body that remains most nearly stationary in the sky. 6. Define constellation. 7. Tell how to distinguish planets from stars by observations of the night sky made several weeks or months apart. 8. Compare how the ptolemaic and copernican systems account for the observed motions of the sun, moon, planets, and stars across the sky. 9. Explain the significance of Kepler's laws. 10. State why the copernican system is considered correct. 11. Define day and year. 12. Define fundamental force. 13. Explain why the earth is round but not a perfect sphere. 14. Explain the origin of tides. 15. Explain in terms of the scientific method why the discovery of Neptune was so important in confirming the law of gravity. 10/1/2010 ASTR 3001 Dep. of Physics & Electronics 1
2 1 1. The Scientific Method The scientific method consists of five steps: 1. Formulation of a problem a. Documentation b. Observation c. Questions 2. An initial scientific interpretation is called the hypothesis 3. Observation and experiment 4. Interpretation 5. Testing the interpretation 10/1/2010 ASTR 3001 Dep. of Physics & Electronics 2
3 A. law describes a relationship or regularity between' naturally occurring phenomena. B. A theory explains why a phenomenon or a set of phenomena occurs. C. Scientists often use models to simplify complex situations. Example: The celestial sphere to describe the Universe Newton chose an oval called an ellipse as a model of the earth's orbit. 10/1/2010 ASTR 3001 Dep. of Physics & Electronics 3
4 1 2. Why Science Is Successful A. A scientific law or theory, if refuted by contrary evidence, must be modified or discarded. A. The work of scientists is open to review, test, and change. B. Science has provided an understanding of the natural world and a sophisticated technology. C. Scientific laws and theories are not accepted as "absolute truth" and therefore differ from belief systems. Voyager 2 spaceship have not the predicted position by calculation using gravity theory, so scientific is looking for a new expression for corrections to the Newton Law. But another physical phenomena should be responsible for the discrepancies. 10/1/2010 ASTR 3001 Dep. of Physics & Electronics 4
5 1 3. A Survey of the Sky To an observer north of the equator, the position of the North Star, or Polaris, changes very little, and the whole nighttime sky appears to revolve around Polaris. The constellations are easily recognized groups of stars and are useful as labels for regions of the sky. Polaris 10/1/2010 ASTR 3001 Dep. of Physics & Electronics 5
6 10/1/2010 ASTR 3001 Dep. of Physics & Electronics 6
7 10/1/2010 ASTR 3001 Dep. of Physics & Electronics 7
8 PLANETS 378 días 399 días 116 días 584 días 780 días The planets visible to the naked eye (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) appear to drift in a generally eastward motion relative to the stars; however, each planet at times appears to head westward briefly, and its path across the sky resembles a series of loops. The phase period in days are shown below. 10/1/2010 ASTR 3001 Dep. of Physics & Electronics 8
9 1 4. The Ptolemaic System A. Ptolemy of Alexandria (2nd century A.D.) described the universe in the Almagest. 1. The earth is the center of the universe. 2. The sun, stars, and planets revolve around the earth. 3. The orbits of the planets are circular. B. According to Ptolemy, the planets as they orbit the earth travel in a series of loops (epicycles). C. The ptolemaic system had the components of a valid theory: 1. It was based on observation. 2. It apparently accounted for known celestial motions. 3. It made predictions that could be tested. 10/1/2010 ASTR 3001 Dep. of Physics & Electronics 9
10 1 5. The Copernican System A. The ptolemaic system failed to make accurate predictions of planetary positions. B. Nicholaus Copernicus ( ) developed anew theory of the universe: 1. The earth and planets follow circular orbits around the sun. 2. The earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours. 3. The earth's rotation explains the daily rising and setting of celestial bodies. 4. Irregular movements of the planets area result of the combination of their motions around the sun and the change in position of the earth in its orbit. C. The copernican system was attacked by religious leaders and by other supporters of the ptolemaic system. 10/1/2010 ASTR 3001 Dep. of Physics & Electronics 10
11 Copernicus The hypothesis The Model
12 1.6 Kepler's Laws A. A. Johannes Kepler ( ), using Tycho Brahe's improved measurements of planetary motion, found fault with the copernican system. B. Kepler's calculations resulted in the discovery of three laws of planetary motion: 1. The paths of the planets around the sun are ellipses. 2. A planet moves so that its radius vector sweeps out equal areas in equal times. 3. Period and distance are related: 4 π P GM 3 2 C. Kepler's laws agreed with past observations of planetary positions and made accurate predictions of future planetary movements. a 10/1/2010 ASTR 3001 Dep. of Physics & Electronics 12
13 1.7 Why Copernicus was right? Tycho Brahe from a copy of an oil painting by Gemperlin (a painter hired by Tycho). The original was distroyed in a fire in 1859, but a copy by Jensen is preserved. This picture is from a card, 3.3 x 5.5 cm, that was massreproduced as a "cigarette card" during the nineteenth century, and with the original painting as model. Kepler visited Tycho because He had very precision positions of the planets Mars. Tycho was the first great optical observer. His primary contribution to astrophysics was the precise data he collected on the motions of the celestial bodies. 10/1/2010 ASTR 3001 Dep. of Physics & Electronics 13
14 His data were accurate to within 1/60 of one degree, i.e., to within 1 arc minute. (Comment A simple thing which Tycho did which greatly improved his accuracy was to make several measurements of quantities and to then average his results in order to arrive at his final answer. This is standard practice today, but was highly unusual during Tycho's time.) The most direct observational evidence for Earth's orbital motion is the apparent shift of nearby stars after six months, as the Earth moves from one side of its orbit to the other. Because of the large distance to even the nearest start, this parallax shift is too small to been seen without a telescope. 10/1/2010 ASTR 3001 Dep. of Physics & Electronics 14
15 However Copernicus Was Right because: A. There is direct evidence that the earth rotates and revolves around the sun. B. There is direct evidence for the motions of the moon and the other planets. The most direct evidence of daily rotation is via a Foucault pendulum, which swings in the same plane as the Earth rotates beneath it. At either pole, the swinging plane mirrors the Earth's 24 hour period. Some rotation is observed at all other locations on the Earth's surface as well, except for the equator. 10/1/2010 ASTR 3001 Dep. of Physics & Electronics 15
16 1.8 What Is Gravity? A. Isaac Newton's ( ) discovery of the law of gravity was dependent upon Copernicus's model of the solar system. B. Gravity is a fundamental force. 1. A fundamental force cannot be explained in terms of any other force. 2. There are four fundamental forces: a. Gravitational b. Electromagnetic c. Weak d. Strong C. Gravity is thought to be a universal force because: 1. Observed star systems and galaxies behave as if influenced by gravity. 2. Matter appears to be the same throughout the universe; therefore, gravitational attraction must also be universal. 3. There is no evidence that gravity is not universal. mm F G d /1/2010 ASTR 3001 Dep. of Physics & Electronics 16
17 1.9 Why the Earth Is Round? A. The theory of gravity accounts for the earth's shape; the earth is round because gravity squeezes it into a spherical shape. B. The earth is not a perfect sphere because its spinning motion causes it to bulge slightly at the equator and flatten slightly at the poles. The asteroid Ida is about 35 miles (55 kilometers) long. It is one of thousands of asteroids in the asteroid belt, a region between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Image credit: NASA Asteroids vary greatly in size. The largest and first known asteroid, Ceres, was discovered in It is 580 miles (933 kilometers) in diameter. Ceres is believed to contain about 1/3 the total mass of all the asteroids. One of the smallest, discovered in 1991 and named 1991 BA, is only about 20 feet (6 meters) across. 10/1/2010 ASTR 3001 Dep. of Physics & Electronics 17
18 1.10 The Tides A. The law of gravity successfully explains the occurrence of the tides. B. The earth's tides are the result of the gravitational attraction of the moon and the sun. C. Coastal areas experience two high tides and two low tides each day. D. The relative positions of the earth, sun and moon produce different tides. 1. Unusually high (and low) spring tides occur bimonthly when the moon and sun are aligned with the earth. 2. Weak neap tides occur bimonthly when the sun and moon pull at right angles to each other in regard to earth. 10/1/2010 ASTR 3001 Dep. of Physics & Electronics 18
19 1 11. The Discovery of Neptune A. Discrepancies in the predicted orbit of Uranus led to two hypotheses: 1. The law of gravity is wrong. 2. An unknown body is exerting a gravitational pull on Uranus. B. Calculations based on the law of gravity predicted the position of an unknown body. C. The prediction was tested, resulting in the discovery of Neptune. John Couch Adams ( ) John Couch Adams (5 June January 1892) was a British mathematician and astronomer. His most famous achievement was predicting the existence and position of Neptune, using only mathematics. The calculations were made to explain discrepancies with Uranus's orbit and the laws of Kepler and Newton. At the same time, but unknown to each other, the same calculations were made by Urbain Le Verrier. Le Verrier would assist Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle in locating the planet on 23 September 1846, which was found within 1 of its predicted location, a point in Aquarius. (There was, and to some extent still is, some controversy over the apportionment of credit for the discovery; see Discovery of Neptune.) 10/1/2010 ASTR 3001 Dep. of Physics & Electronics 19
20 Supposedly, Adams communicated his work to James Challis, director of the Cambridge Observatory, in mid September 1845 but there is some controversy as to how. On 21 October 1845, Adams, returning from a Cornwall vacation, without appointment, twice called on Astronomer Royal George Biddell Airy in Greenwich. Failing to find him at home, Adams reputedly left a manuscript of his solution, again without the detailed calculations. Airy responded with a letter to Adams asking for some clarification. It appears that Adams did not regard the question as "trivial", as is often alleged, but he failed to complete a response. Various theories have been discussed as to Adams's failure to reply, such as his general nervousness, procrastination and disorganization. Adams learned of the irregularities while still an undergraduate and became convinced of the "perturbation" hypothesis. Adams believed, in the face of anything that had been attempted before, that he could use the observed data on Uranus, and utilizing nothing more than Newton's law of gravitation, deduce the mass, position and orbit of the perturbing body. 10/1/2010 ASTR 3001 Dep. of Physics & Electronics 20
21 Meanwhile, Urbain Le Verrier, on November 10, 1845, presented to the Académie des sciences in Paris a memoir on Uranus, showing that the pre existing theory failed to account for its motion. Unaware of Adams's work, he attempted a similar investigation, and on June 1, 1846, in a second memoir, gave the position, but not the mass or orbit, of the proposed perturbing body. Le Verrier located Neptune within one degree of its predicted position. Urbain Le Verrier ( ) On September 23 (1846) Le Verrier asked to Johann Gottfried Galle to look at a certain region of sky to find a predicted new planet, which would explain the perturbations of the planet Uranus. Johann Gottfried Galle ( ) 10/1/2010 ASTR 3001 Dep. of Physics & Electronics 21
22 Relative positions calculated by Adams and Leverrier, respect to the actual position. Neptuno Planet 10/1/2010 ASTR 3001 Dep. of Physics & Electronics 22
23 In fact Neptune could have been discovered without the mathematical arguments. It seen by Galileo, the first person who could possibly have discovered a new planet. Galileo turned his telescope on the planets and was immediately fascinated by the system of Jupiter and its moons which he observed. While he was observing the Jupiter system on 28 December 1612 he recorded Neptune as an 8th magnitude star. Just over a year later the same alignment of Neptune and Jupiter occurred and Galileo, on 27 January 1613, recorded two stars in his field of view. One was Neptune and, remarkably, Galileo observed it again the following night when he noted that the two stars appeared to be further apart. How close he was at that point to discovering that one of the stars was the planet Neptune. Neptune was to be recorded several more times, without being recognized as a planet, over the following years. Galileo s record, 1612 Neptune is the only planet in the Solar System whose existence was mathematically predicted before it was directly observed. By 1846, the planet Uranus had completed nearly one full orbit since its discovery by William Herschel in 1781, and astronomers had detected a series of irregularities in its path which could not be entirely explained by Newton's law of gravitation. 10/1/2010 ASTR 3001 Dep. of Physics & Electronics 23
Earth Science, 13e Tarbuck & Lutgens
Earth Science, 13e Tarbuck & Lutgens Origins of Modern Astronomy Earth Science, 13e Chapter 21 Stanley C. Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College Early history of astronomy Ancient Greeks Used philosophical
More informationEvidence that the Earth does not move: Greek Astronomy. Aristotelian Cosmology: Motions of the Planets. Ptolemy s Geocentric Model 2-1
Greek Astronomy Aristotelian Cosmology: Evidence that the Earth does not move: 1. Stars do not exhibit parallax: 2-1 At the center of the universe is the Earth: Changeable and imperfect. Above the Earth
More informationChapter 2. The Rise of Astronomy. Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 2 The Rise of Astronomy Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Periods of Western Astronomy Western astronomy divides into 4 periods Prehistoric
More informationPhysics Unit 7: Circular Motion, Universal Gravitation, and Satellite Orbits. Planetary Motion
Physics Unit 7: Circular Motion, Universal Gravitation, and Satellite Orbits Planetary Motion Geocentric Models --Many people prior to the 1500 s viewed the! Earth and the solar system using a! geocentric
More informationEarth Science, 11e. Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 21. Early history of astronomy. Early history of astronomy. Early history of astronomy
2006 Pearson Prentice Hall Lecture Outlines PowerPoint Chapter 21 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors
More informationPractice Test DeAnza College Astronomy 04 Test 1 Spring Quarter 2009
Practice Test DeAnza College Astronomy 04 Test 1 Spring Quarter 2009 Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Mark answer on Scantron.
More informationEarly Theories. Early astronomers believed that the sun, planets and stars orbited Earth (geocentric model) Developed by Aristotle
Planetary Motion Early Theories Early astronomers believed that the sun, planets and stars orbited Earth (geocentric model) Developed by Aristotle Stars appear to move around Earth Observations showed
More informationThe Scientific Method
Chapter 1 The Scientific Method http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/physical/bookpage/ Chapter 1 Outline: Main Ideas Scientists make science work The Scientific Method Science is a process Exploring Nature An
More informationIntroduction To Modern Astronomy I
ASTR 111 003 Fall 2006 Lecture 03 Sep. 18, 2006 Introduction To Modern Astronomy I Introducing Astronomy (chap. 1-6) Planets and Moons (chap. 7-17) Ch1: Astronomy and the Universe Ch2: Knowing the Heavens
More information18. Kepler as a young man became the assistant to A) Nicolaus Copernicus. B) Ptolemy. C) Tycho Brahe. D) Sir Isaac Newton.
Name: Date: 1. The word planet is derived from a Greek term meaning A) bright nighttime object. B) astrological sign. C) wanderer. D) nontwinkling star. 2. The planets that were known before the telescope
More informationAnnouncements. Topics To Be Covered in this Lecture
Announcements! Tonight s observing session is cancelled (due to clouds)! the next one will be one week from now, weather permitting! The 2 nd LearningCurve activity was due earlier today! Assignment 2
More informationChapter 2 The Science of Life in the Universe
In ancient times phenomena in the sky were not understood! Chapter 2 The Science of Life in the Universe The Ancient Greeks The Scientific Method Our ideas must always be consistent with our observations!
More informationcosmogony geocentric heliocentric How the Greeks modeled the heavens
Cosmogony A cosmogony is theory about ones place in the universe. A geocentric cosmogony is a theory that proposes Earth to be at the center of the universe. A heliocentric cosmogony is a theory that proposes
More information1. The Moon appears larger when it rises than when it is high in the sky because
2-1 Copyright 2016 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 1. The Moon appears larger when it rises than when it is high in the sky because A. you are
More informationAstronomy- The Original Science
Astronomy- The Original Science Imagine that it is 5,000 years ago. Clocks and modern calendars have not been invented. How would you tell time or know what day it is? One way to tell the time is to study
More informationGravity. Newton s Law of Gravitation Kepler s Laws of Planetary Motion Gravitational Fields
Gravity Newton s Law of Gravitation Kepler s Laws of Planetary Motion Gravitational Fields Simulation Synchronous Rotation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ozib_l eg75q Sun-Earth-Moon System https://vimeo.com/16015937
More informationPHYS 160 Astronomy Test #1 Fall 2017 Version B
PHYS 160 Astronomy Test #1 Fall 2017 Version B 1 I. True/False (1 point each) Circle the T if the statement is true, or F if the statement is false on your answer sheet. 1. An object has the same weight,
More information1. The bar graph below shows one planetary characteristic, identified as X, plotted for the planets of our solar system.
1. The bar graph below shows one planetary characteristic, identified as X, plotted for the planets of our solar system. Which characteristic of the planets in our solar system is represented by X? A)
More informationJanuary 19, notes.notebook. Claudius Ptolemaeus Second Century AD. Jan 5 7:37 AM
8.1 notes.notebook Claudius Ptolemaeus Second Century AD Jan 5 7:7 AM Copernicus: The Foundation Nicholas Copernicus (Polish, 147 154): Proposed the first modern heliocentric model, motivated by inaccuracies
More informationTopic 10: Earth in Space Workbook Chapters 10 and 11
Topic 10: Earth in Space Workbook Chapters 10 and 11 We can imagine all the celestial objects seen from Earth the sun, stars, the Milky way, and planets as being positioned on a celestial sphere. Earth
More informationChapter 1 The Copernican Revolution
Chapter 1 The Copernican Revolution The Horse Head nebula in the Orion constellation (Reading assignment: Chapter 1) Learning Outcomes How the geocentric model accounts for the retrograde motion of planets?
More informationClaudius Ptolemaeus Second Century AD. Jan 5 7:37 AM
Claudius Ptolemaeus Second Century AD Jan 5 7:37 AM Copernicus: The Foundation Nicholas Copernicus (Polish, 1473 1543): Proposed the first modern heliocentric model, motivated by inaccuracies of the Ptolemaic
More informationIntroduction To Modern Astronomy II
ASTR 111 003 Fall 2006 Lecture 03 Sep. 18, 2006 Introduction To Modern Astronomy II Introducing Astronomy (chap. 1-6) Planets and Moons (chap. 7-17) Ch1: Astronomy and the Universe Ch2: Knowing the Heavens
More informationHow High Is the Sky? Bob Rutledge
How High Is the Sky? Bob Rutledge Homer s Physics: Feb 16 2007 The Sun 8 Light Minutes Away 2 The Pleiades 300 Light Years Away (and inside our galaxy) [The nearest star, Proxima Cen, is only 4.2 light
More informationChapter 02 The Rise of Astronomy
Chapter 02 The Rise of Astronomy Multiple Choice Questions 1. The moon appears larger when it rises than when it is high in the sky because A. You are closer to it when it rises (angular-size relation).
More informationGravitation and the Motion of the Planets
Gravitation and the Motion of the Planets 1 Guiding Questions 1. How did ancient astronomers explain the motions of the planets? 2. Why did Copernicus think that the Earth and the other planets go around
More informationSpace Notes Covers Objectives 1 & 2
Space Notes Covers Objectives 1 & 2 Space Introduction Space Introduction Video Celestial Bodies Refers to a natural object out in space 1) Stars 2) Comets 3) Moons 4) Planets 5) Asteroids Constellations
More informationOccam s Razor: William of Occam, 1340(!)
Reading: OpenStax, Chapter 2, Section 2.2 &2.4, Chapter 3, Sections 3.1-3.3 Chapter 5, Section 5.1 Last time: Scales of the Universe Astro 150 Spring 2018: Lecture 2 page 1 The size of our solar system,
More informationCh. 22 Origin of Modern Astronomy Pretest
Ch. 22 Origin of Modern Astronomy Pretest Ch. 22 Origin of Modern Astronomy Pretest 1. True or False: Early Greek astronomers (600 B.C. A.D. 150) used telescopes to observe the stars. Ch. 22 Origin of
More information9/12/2010. The Four Fundamental Forces of Nature. 1. Gravity 2. Electromagnetism 3. The Strong Nuclear Force 4. The Weak Nuclear Force
The Four Fundamental Forces of Nature 1. Gravity 2. Electromagnetism 3. The Strong Nuclear Force 4. The Weak Nuclear Force The Universe is made of matter Gravity the force of attraction between matter
More informationHow big is the Universe and where are we in it?
Announcements Results of clicker questions from Monday are on ICON. First homework is graded on ICON. Next homework due one minute before midnight on Tuesday, September 6. Labs start this week. All lab
More informationTest Bank for Life in the Universe, Third Edition Chapter 2: The Science of Life in the Universe
1. The possibility of extraterrestrial life was first considered A) after the invention of the telescope B) only during the past few decades C) many thousands of years ago during ancient times D) at the
More informationAstronomy 100 Section 2 MWF Greg Hall. Outline. Total Lunar Eclipse Time Lapse. Homework #1 is due Friday, 11:50 a.m.!!!!!
Astronomy 100 Section 2 MWF 1200-1300 100 Greg Hall Leslie Looney Phone: 217-244-3615 Email: lwl @ uiuc. edu Office: Astro Building #218 Office Hours: MTF 10:30-11:30 a.m. or by appointment Homework #1
More informationContents: -Information/Research Packet. - Jumbled Image packet. - Comic book cover page. -Comic book pages. -Example finished comic
Contents: -Information/Research Packet - Jumbled Image packet - Comic book cover page -Comic book pages -Example finished comic Nicolaus Copernicus Nicholas Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who lived
More informationAst ch 4-5 practice Test Multiple Choice
Ast ch 4-5 practice Test Multiple Choice 1. The distance from Alexandria to Syene is about 500 miles. On the summer solstice the sun is directly overhead at noon in Syene. At Alexandria on the summer solstice,
More informationGravitation and the Waltz of the Planets
Gravitation and the Waltz of the Planets Chapter Four Guiding Questions 1. How did ancient astronomers explain the motions of the planets? 2. Why did Copernicus think that the Earth and the other planets
More informationGravitation and the Waltz of the Planets. Chapter Four
Gravitation and the Waltz of the Planets Chapter Four Guiding Questions 1. How did ancient astronomers explain the motions of the planets? 2. Why did Copernicus think that the Earth and the other planets
More informationThings to do today. Terminal, Astronomy is Fun. Lecture 24 The Science of Astronomy. Scientific Thinking. After this lecture, please pick up:
Things to do today After this lecture, please pick up: Review questions for the final exam Homework#6 (due next Tuesday) No class on Thursday (Thanksgiving) Final exam on December 2 (next Thursday) Terminal,
More informationChapter 4. The Origin Of Modern Astronomy. Is okay to change your phone? From ios to Android From Android to ios
Chapter 4 The Origin Of Modern Astronomy Slide 14 Slide 15 14 15 Is Change Good or Bad? Do you like Homer to look like Homer or with hair? Does it bother you when your schedule is changed? Is it okay to
More information,.~ Readlng ~ What,~,~~ is a geocentric system? Chapter3 J 73
Earth at the Center When the ancient Greeks watched the stars move across the sky, they noticed that the patterns of the stars didn t change. Although the stars seemed to move, they stayed in the same
More informationLecture 13. Gravity in the Solar System
Lecture 13 Gravity in the Solar System Guiding Questions 1. How was the heliocentric model established? What are monumental steps in the history of the heliocentric model? 2. How do Kepler s three laws
More informationWhat was once so mysterious about planetary motion in our sky? We see apparent retrograde motion when we pass by a planet
What was once so mysterious about planetary motion in our sky? Planets usually move slightly eastward from night to night relative to the stars. You cannot see this motion on a single night. But sometimes
More informationOrigin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 21
Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 21 Early history of astronomy Ancient Greeks Used philosophical arguments to explain natural phenomena Also used some observa:onal data (looking at the night sky) Ancient
More informationHistory of Astronomy. PHYS 1411 Introduction to Astronomy. Tycho Brahe and Exploding Stars. Tycho Brahe ( ) Chapter 4. Renaissance Period
PHYS 1411 Introduction to Astronomy History of Astronomy Chapter 4 Renaissance Period Copernicus new (and correct) explanation for retrograde motion of the planets Copernicus new (and correct) explanation
More informationASTR 1010 Spring 2016 Study Notes Dr. Magnani
The Copernican Revolution ASTR 1010 Spring 2016 Study Notes Dr. Magnani The Copernican Revolution is basically how the West intellectually transitioned from the Ptolemaic geocentric model of the Universe
More informationGravitation Part I. Ptolemy, Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler
Gravitation Part I. Ptolemy, Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler Celestial motions The stars: Uniform daily motion about the celestial poles (rising and setting). The Sun: Daily motion around the celestial
More informationIsaac Newton and the Laws of Motion and Gravitation 2
Isaac Newton and the Laws of Motion and Gravitation 2 ASTR 101 3/21/2018 Center of Mass motion Oblate shape of planets due to rotation Tidal forces and tidal locking Discovery of Neptune 1 Center of Mass
More informationD. A system of assumptions and principles applicable to a wide range of phenomena that has been repeatedly verified
ASTRONOMY 1 EXAM 1 Name Identify Terms - Matching (20 @ 1 point each = 20 pts.) 1 Solar System G 7. aphelion N 14. eccentricity M 2. Planet E 8. apparent visual magnitude R 15. empirical Q 3. Star P 9.
More informationAstronomy Notes Chapter 02.notebook April 11, 2014 Pythagoras Aristotle geocentric retrograde motion epicycles deferents Aristarchus, heliocentric
Around 2500 years ago, Pythagoras began to use math to describe the world around him. Around 200 years later, Aristotle stated that the Universe is understandable and is governed by regular laws. Most
More informationNot Your Parents Solar System! Dr. Frank Summers Space Telescope Science Institute July 11, 2013
Not Your Parents Solar System! Dr. Frank Summers Space Telescope Science Institute July 11, 2013 Your Ancient Ancestors Solar System Earth Moon Mercury Venus Sun Mars Jupiter Saturn Claudius Ptolemy
More informationThe History of Astronomy
The History of Astronomy The History of Astronomy Earliest astronomical record: a lunar calendar etched on bone from 6500 B.C. Uganda. Also we find early groups noted the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Earth,
More informationAstronomy I Exam I Sample Name: Read each question carefully, and choose the best answer.
Name: Read each question carefully, and choose the best answer. 1. During a night in Schuylkill Haven, most of the stars in the sky (A) are stationary through the night. (B) the actual motion depends upon
More informationPaper Reference. Paper Reference(s) 1627/01 Edexcel GCSE Astronomy Paper 01. Friday 15 May 2009 Morning Time: 2 hours
Centre No. Candidate No. Paper Reference(s) 1627/01 Edexcel GCSE Astronomy Paper 01 Friday 15 May 2009 Morning Time: 2 hours Materials required for examination Calculator Items included with question papers
More information7.4 Universal Gravitation
Circular Motion Velocity is a vector quantity, which means that it involves both speed (magnitude) and direction. Therefore an object traveling at a constant speed can still accelerate if the direction
More information1 Astronomy: The Original Science
CHAPTER 18 1 Astronomy: The Original Science SECTION Studying Space BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: How do astronomers define a day, a month,
More informationChapter. Origin of Modern Astronomy
Chapter Origin of Modern Astronomy 22.1 Early Astronomy Ancient Greeks Astronomy is the science that studies the universe. It includes the observation and interpretation of celestial bodies and phenomena.
More informationPHYS 155 Introductory Astronomy
PHYS 155 Introductory Astronomy - observing sessions: Sunday Thursday, 9pm, weather permitting http://www.phys.uconn.edu/observatory - Exam - Tuesday March 20, - Review Monday 6:30-9pm, PB 38 Marek Krasnansky
More informationNotes: The Solar System
Notes: The Solar System The Formation of the Solar System 1. A gas cloud collapses under the influence of gravity. 2. Solids condense at the center, forming a protostar. 3. A falttened disk of matter surrounds
More informationLast time we finished Ch. 2
Last time we finished Ch. 2 Everyday astronomy 1. Patterns in the Sky 2. The Cause of Seasons 3. The Phases of the Moon 4. The Ancient Mystery of the Planets Last time we finished Ch. 2 You re getting
More informationName: Exam 1, 9/30/05
Multiple Choice: Select the choice that best answers each question. Write your choice in the blank next to each number. (2 points each) 1. At the North Pole in mid-november, the sun rises at a. North of
More informationPosition 3. None - it is always above the horizon. Agree with student 2; star B never crosses horizon plane, so it can t rise or set.
Position 3 None - it is always above the horizon. N E W S Agree with student 2; star B never crosses horizon plane, so it can t rise or set. Imaginary plane No; the Earth blocks the view. Star A at position
More informationPHYSICS. Chapter 13 Lecture FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS A STRATEGIC APPROACH 4/E RANDALL D. KNIGHT Pearson Education, Inc.
PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS A STRATEGIC APPROACH 4/E Chapter 13 Lecture RANDALL D. KNIGHT Chapter 13 Newton s Theory of Gravity IN THIS CHAPTER, you will learn to understand the motion of satellites
More informationA100 Exploring the Universe: The Invention of Science. Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy
A100 Exploring the Universe: The Invention of Science Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy astron100-mdw@courses.umass.edu September 09, 2014 Read: Chap 3 09/09/14 slide 1 Problem Set #1: due this afternoon
More informationJohannes Kepler ( ) German Mathematician and Astronomer Passionately convinced of the rightness of the Copernican view. Set out to prove it!
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) German Mathematician and Astronomer Passionately convinced of the rightness of the Copernican view. Set out to prove it! Kepler s Life Work Kepler sought a unifying principle
More informationEXAM #2. ANSWERS ASTR , Spring 2008
EXAM #2. ANSWERS ASTR 1101-001, Spring 2008 1. In Copernicus s heliocentric model of the universe, which of the following astronomical objects was placed in an orbit around the Earth? The Moon 2. In his
More informationAP Physics-B Universal Gravitation Introduction: Kepler s Laws of Planetary Motion: Newton s Law of Universal Gravitation: Performance Objectives:
AP Physics-B Universal Gravitation Introduction: Astronomy is the oldest science. Practical needs and imagination acted together to give astronomy an early importance. For thousands of years, the motions
More informationToday. Planetary Motion. Tycho Brahe s Observations. Kepler s Laws Laws of Motion. Laws of Motion
Today Planetary Motion Tycho Brahe s Observations Kepler s Laws Laws of Motion Laws of Motion In 1633 the Catholic Church ordered Galileo to recant his claim that Earth orbits the Sun. His book on the
More informationAcross the Universe. By Gabrielle Sierra
Across the Universe By Gabrielle Sierra Our universe is an amazing place. Since prehistoric days, inquisitive minds have been wondering about the celestial objects that surround our planet, and today scientists
More informationChapter 16 The Solar System
Chapter 16 The Solar System Finding the Standard Time and Date at Another Location Example When it is 12 noon in London, what is the standard time in Denver, Colorado (40 N, 105 W)? Section 15.3 Finding
More informationDeAnza College Winter First Midterm Exam MAKE ALL MARKS DARK AND COMPLETE.
FAMILY NAME : (Please PRINT!) GIVEN NAME : (Please PRINT!) Signature: ASTRONOMY 4 DeAnza College Winter 2018 First Midterm Exam MAKE ALL MARKS DARK AND COMPLETE. Instructions: 1. On your Parscore sheet
More informationAstronomy 1010 Planetary Astronomy Sample Questions for Exam 1
Astronomy 1010 Planetary Astronomy Sample Questions for Exam 1 Chapter 1 1. A scientific hypothesis is a) a wild, baseless guess about how something works. b) a collection of ideas that seems to explain
More informationThe History of Astronomy. Theories, People, and Discoveries of the Past
The History of Astronomy Theories, People, and Discoveries of the Past Early man recorded very little history. Left some clues in the form of petrographs. Stone drawings that show eclipses, comets, supernovae.
More informationNewton s Three Law of Motion
Born in England on Christmas day 1643. Overview Chapter 2b Copernican Revolution Bubonic Plague 1665 While home for 2 years with nothing to do he made his most profound discoveries and proposed his most
More informationLearning Objectives. one night? Over the course of several nights? How do true motion and retrograde motion differ?
Kepler s Laws Learning Objectives! Do the planets move east or west over the course of one night? Over the course of several nights? How do true motion and retrograde motion differ?! What are geocentric
More informationPTYS/ASTR 206 Section 2 Spring 2007 Homework #1 (Page 1/4)
PTYS/ASTR 206 Section 2 Spring 2007 Homework #1 (Page 1/4) NAME: KEY Due Date: start of class 1/25/2007 5 pts extra credit if turned in before 9:00AM (early!) (To get the extra credit, the assignment must
More informationChapter 18: Studying Space Astronomy: The Original Science
Chapter 18: Studying Space 18.1 Astronomy: The Original Science What is Astronomy? Astronomy is the study of the universe People in ancient cultures used the seasonal cycles of the stars, planets, and
More informationTycho Brahe
Tycho Brahe 1546-1601 At the time of Shakespeare and Elizabeth I and Champlain Lost part of his nose in a duel over who was the best mathematician At 27 he measured the distance of a supernova and a comet
More informationMost of the time during full and new phases, the Moon lies above or below the Sun in the sky.
6/16 Eclipses: We don t have eclipses every month because the plane of the Moon s orbit about the Earth is different from the plane the ecliptic, the Earth s orbital plane about the Sun. The planes of
More informationIntro to Astronomy. Looking at Our Space Neighborhood
Intro to Astronomy Looking at Our Space Neighborhood Astronomy: The Original Science Ancient cultures used the movement of stars, planets and the moon to mark time Astronomy: the study of the universe
More informationSCIENCE 9 CHAPTER 10 SECTION 1
SCIENCE 9 CHAPTER 10 SECTION 1 Observing the Stars (pp. 352-365) Celestial Bodies Celestial body: a natural object in space, such as the Sun, the Moon, a planet, or a star Star: a celestial body of hot
More informationLecture 3: History of Astronomy. Astronomy 111 Monday September 4, 2017
Lecture 3: History of Astronomy Astronomy 111 Monday September 4, 2017 Reminders Labs start this week Homework #2 assigned today Astronomy of the ancients Many ancient cultures took note of celestial objects
More informationModels of the Solar System. The Development of Understanding from Ancient Greece to Isaac Newton
Models of the Solar System The Development of Understanding from Ancient Greece to Isaac Newton Aristotle (384 BC 322 BC) Third in line of Greek thinkers: Socrates was the teacher of Plato, Plato was the
More informationRead each slide then use the red or some underlined words to complete the organizer.
Read each slide then use the red or some underlined words to complete the organizer. 1B Did it start as a bang! 1B The Expanding Universe A. The Big Bang Theory: Idea that all matter began in an infinitely
More informationd. Galileo Galilei i. Heard about lenses being used to magnify objects 1. created his own telescopes to 30 power not the inventor! 2. looked
1. Age of Reason a. Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543 i. Commenteriolus manuscript circulated from 1512 1. unpublished 2. Heliocentric hypothesis ii. On the Revolutions of the Planets published year of his
More informationastronomy A planet was viewed from Earth for several hours. The diagrams below represent the appearance of the planet at four different times.
astronomy 2008 1. A planet was viewed from Earth for several hours. The diagrams below represent the appearance of the planet at four different times. 5. If the distance between the Earth and the Sun were
More informationThe Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution What is a Revolution? A Revolution is a complete change, or an overthrow of a government, a social system, etc. The Scientific Revolution In the 1500s and 1600s the Scientific
More informationToday. Planetary Motion. Tycho Brahe s Observations. Kepler s Laws of Planetary Motion. Laws of Motion. in physics
Planetary Motion Today Tycho Brahe s Observations Kepler s Laws of Planetary Motion Laws of Motion in physics Page from 1640 text in the KSL rare book collection That the Earth may be a Planet the seeming
More informationUniversal Gravitation
Universal Gravitation Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer, and key figure in the 17th century Scientific revolution. He is best known for his laws of planetary
More information5. How did Copernicus s model solve the problem of some planets moving backwards?
MODELS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM Reading Guide: Chapter 27.2 (read text pages 691-694) 1k. Recognize the cumulative nature of scientific evidence. 1n. Know that when an observation does not agree with an accepted
More informationAstronomy Lesson 8.1 Astronomy s Movers and Shakers
8 Astronomers.notebook Astronomy Lesson 8.1 Astronomy s Movers and Shakers Aristotle 384 322 BCE Heavenly objects must move on circular paths at constant speeds. Earth is motionless at the center of the
More informationEarly Models of the Universe. How we explained those big shiny lights in the sky
Early Models of the Universe How we explained those big shiny lights in the sky The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384 322 BCE) believed that the Earth was the center of our universe, and everything rotated
More informationWhat is a Revolution? A Revolution is a complete change, or an overthrow of a government, a social system, etc.
CW10 p374 Vocab What is a Revolution? A Revolution is a complete change, or an overthrow of a government, a social system, etc. The Scientific Revolution In the 1500s and 1600s the Scientific Revolution
More informationPlanetary Mechanics:
Planetary Mechanics: Satellites A satellite is an object or a body that revolves around another body due to the gravitational attraction to the greater mass. Ex: The planets are natural satellites of the
More informationA100 Exploring the Universe: The Rise of Science. Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy
A100 Exploring the Universe: The Rise of Science Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy weinberg@astro.umass.edu September 11, 2012 Read: Chap 3 09/11/12 slide 1 Problem Set #1 due this afternoon at 5pm! Read:
More informationThe Puzzle of Planetary Motion versus
The Puzzle of Planetary Motion versus Finding Earth s place in the Universe Observing the Planets Five of the planets are bright enough to be seen by the unaided eye. This view shows the sky after sunset
More informationExercises The Falling Apple (page 233) 13.2 The Falling Moon (pages )
Exercises 13.1 The Falling Apple (page 233) 1. Describe the legend of Newton s discovery that gravity extends throughout the universe. 2. Newton understood the concept of, developed by Galileo, that without
More informationAstronomy 1 Fall 2016
Astronomy 1 Fall 2016 Comet Halley Edmund Halley, a friend of Newton s used Newton s math to predict the return of a comet seen at intervals of 76 years. Lecture 3; September 29, 2016 Previously on Astro-1
More informationThe History of Astronomy. Please pick up your assigned transmitter.
The History of Astronomy Please pick up your assigned transmitter. When did mankind first become interested in the science of astronomy? 1. With the advent of modern computer technology (mid-20 th century)
More informationb. Remember, Sun is a second or third generation star the nebular cloud of dust and gases was created by a supernova of a preexisting
1. Evolution of the Solar System Nebular hypothesis, p 10 a. Cloud of atoms, mostly hydrogen and helium b. Gravitational collapse contracted it into rotating disc c. Heat of conversion of gravitational
More information4. Gravitation & Planetary Motion. Mars Motion: 2005 to 2006
4. Gravitation & Planetary Motion Geocentric models of ancient times Heliocentric model of Copernicus Telescopic observations of Galileo Galilei Systematic observations of Tycho Brahe Three planetary laws
More information