Not Your Parents Solar System! Dr. Frank Summers Space Telescope Science Institute July 11, 2013
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1 Not Your Parents Solar System! Dr. Frank Summers Space Telescope Science Institute July 11, 2013
2 Your Ancient Ancestors Solar System
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9 Earth Moon Mercury Venus Sun Mars Jupiter Saturn
10 Claudius Ptolemy 150 Almagest
11 Misconception Ptolemy invented the Earth-centered solar system.
12 Misconception Ptolemy invented the Earth-centered solar system. Ptolemy organized and systematized the Earth-centered solar system based on ideas that had been developed over about 600 years.
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15 Your Parents Solar System
16 Nicholas Copernicus 1543 On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres
17 Misconception Copernicus delayed publishing because he feared criticism from religious leaders.
18 Misconception Copernicus delayed publishing because he feared criticism from religious leaders. Copernicus delayed publishing (in part) because he feared criticism from scientists.
19 Earth Moon Mercury Venus Sun Mars Jupiter Saturn
20 Sun Mercury Venus Earth / Moon Mars Jupiter Saturn
21 Misconception Copernicus Sun-centered solar system was quickly accepted because it was much simpler and more accurate.
22 Misconception Copernicus Sun-centered solar system was quickly accepted because it was much simpler and more accurate. Copernicus Sun-centered solar system was just as complex as Ptolemy s Earth-centered solar system, and provided no more accuracy in its predictions.
23 Galileo 1609 Use of telescope for astronomy 1632 Trial by the Inquisiton
24 Misconception Galileo invented the telescope and was the first to use it for astronomy.
25 Misconception Galileo invented the telescope and was the first to use it for astronomy. Galileo was one of several folks who improved the spyglass so that it could be used for astronomy.
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27 Misconception Galileo proved that Copernicus Suncentered solar system was correct.
28 Misconception Galileo proved that Copernicus Suncentered solar system was correct. Galileo tried to prove Copernicus Suncentered solar system, but his arguments were wrong.
29 Tycho Brahe Johannes Kepler
30 Misconception Astronomers embraced the Suncentered solar system because it is philosophically simpler.
31 Misconception Astronomers embraced the Suncentered solar system because it is philosophically simpler. Astronomers embraced the Suncentered solar system only when it could provide better predictions.
32 Isaac Newton 1687 Principia
33 William Herschel 1781 Discovery of Uranus
34 1801 Planet Ceres (Piazzi)
35 1801 Planet Ceres (Piazzi) 1802 Planet Pallas (Olbers) 1804 Planet Juno (Harding) 1807 Planet Vesta (Olbers) 1845 Planet Astraea (Hencke)
36 Urbain Le Verrier & John Couch Adams 1846 Prediction and discovery of Neptune
37 Rocky Planets Giant Planets
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39 Misconception You can t just demote a planet!
40 Misconception You can t just demote a planet! In the mid-1800 s, astronomers demoted the many planets between Mars and Jupiter to be asteroids.
41 Clyde Tombaugh 1930 Discovery of Pluto
42 Misconception Pluto s discovery relied on mathematical predictions based on perturbations in Neptune s orbit.
43 Misconception Pluto s discovery relied on mathematical predictions based on perturbations in Neptune s orbit. Pluto s discovery relied solely on the incredible observing skill and dedication of Clyde Tombaugh. Neptune s orbit shows none of the claimed perturbations.
44 Your Parents Solar System
45 Your Parents Solar System
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59 Your Parents Solar System
60 Mercury My Venus Very Earth Energetic Mars Mother Jupiter Just Saturn Served Uranus Us Neptune Nine Pluto Pizzas
61 Facts Are Not Knowledge Memorization, not understanding Factoids Highlights differences Little or no relevance Little or no big picture
62 Comparative Planetology
63 An Improvement Compare and contrast Discuss broad ideas Apply to planets, moons, etc., as a group Highlight similarities Appearance Characteristics Events
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79 April 1997 September 1997
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83 Planetary Comparisons Canyons Grand Canyon, Mariner Valley Volcanoes Mount St. Helens, Olympus Mons, Io Craters Earth, Moon, Mercury, Storms, Winds, Seasons, Weather, Ice Floes, Magnetic Fields, Moons, Rings, etc
84 Comparative Planetology Messages What happens on Earth happens elsewhere Solar system is understandable Pieces to assemble the big picture
85 The 21 st Century Solar System Sun Rocky Planets Asteroid Belt Giant Planets Kuiper Belt Oort Cloud
86 Families of the Solar System Classes of similar objects Size Composition Orbit size Orbit shape Orbit inclination Moons Rings
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90 Hollywood s View of the Asteroid Belt
91 Hundreds of thousands of asteroids about a million miles apart! 960 million miles Scientific View of the Asteroid Belt
92 Sizes of the Giant Planets and Earth
93 Kuiper Belt
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96 Oort Cloud Billions of icy minor planets comet nuclei Roughly spherical out to 50,000 AU Predicted by Jan Oort Explains long-period comets
97 Figure 1a: Comet Semimajor Axis Distribution 600 Orbital Period: 200 years 7 years 500 Number of Comets Long Period Short Period 1 / a (1/AU)
98 Families of the Solar System Classification Structure of the solar system Similar objects lie in similar regions Clues to solar system formation and evolution
99 Sun Rocky Planets Asteroid Belt Giant Planets Kuiper Belt Oort Cloud
100 Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Asteroid Belt Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Kuiper Belt Oort Cloud
101 Some May View Elaborate Mnemonics As Boring, Just Some Useless Nonsensical Knowledge, But Others Cheer
102 Science May View Established Models As Basic Justified Standards Until New Knowledge Bears Out Changes
103 Sometimes My Very Energetic Mother Also Boils Jumbo Shrimp Using Nine Kettles Bubbling Over Coals
104 The Inevitable Question
105 Why is Pluto No Longer a Planet?
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107 Planet Pluto January 23, 1930 January 29, 1930
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110 Pluto/Charon 1978 James Christy (USNO)
111 The Incredible Shrinking Planet Lowell s Planet X 7 times Earth 1940 s 1 times Earth times Earth times Earth
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115 Kuiper Belt Objects 1992 Jewitt & Luu find QB1 Distance of 42 AU First (third?) object discovered in the Kuiper Belt
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117 Kuiper Belt
118 But Isn t Pluto Special in Some Way?
119 Orbit Comparison: Pluto/Charon vs 2004 DW
120 Kuiper Belt
121 Moon
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124 Makemake Haumea, Hi iaka & Namaka Eris & Dysnomia
125 KBO Size Comparison
126 Pluto vs the Kuiper Belt Orbit similar to KBOs Size similar to KBOs KBO companions common Composition similar to KBOs
127 Pluto vs the Kuiper Belt Orbit similar to KBOs Size similar to KBOs KBO companions common Composition similar to KBOs Pluto has found its family!!
128 IAU Definition August 2006 IAU defines planet 1. Orbits the Sun 2. Upper mass limit not massive enough to produce fusion Deuterium fusion occurs at about 15x Jupiter s mass 3. Lower mass limit Massive enough for gravity to make it spherical About 500 miles in diameter 4. Dominates its orbit Dwarf planets meet 1, 2, 3, but not 4
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130 Other Planetary Systems? Solar system alone is category of one
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134 HR 8799
135 Planets around Other Stars Jupiter mass planets in Mercury orbits Elliptical orbits Multiple Jupiter sized planets Planets around pulsars
136 Planetary System Formation Planetary systems form in a predictable fashion from a spinning circular disk
137 Sun Rocky Planets Asteroid Belt Giant Planets Kuiper Belt Oort Cloud
138 So Much to Discover Our solar system is the oddball? Need to generalize our formation and evolution scenarios Implications for life in the universe Lots of planets Stability of orbits? New era of solar system study
139 Presentation Materials Online Sessions Google Hangout September Info to come Social media Facebook.com/DrFrankSummers
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