Unit 3: 4/14/2015. Meteorology. Meteorologist. Research. The Earth s Atmosphere How do we collect information on the atmosphere?
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1 Unit 3: Meteorology The word meteorology is from Greek, metéōros, meaning "lofty; high (in the sky)" Where are they? Why is there no weather? Meteorology Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere, atmospheric phenomena, and atmospheric effects on our weather. The atmosphere is the gaseous layer of the physical environment that surrounds a planet. Earth s atmosphere is roughly 100 to 125 kilometers (65-75 miles) thick. Gravity keeps the atmosphere from expanding much farther. Meteorologist Meteorologists use scientific principles to observe, explain, and forecast our weather. They often focus on atmospheric research or operational weather forecasting. Research meteorologists cover several sub-disciplines of meteorology to include: climate modeling, remote sensing, air quality, atmospheric physics, and climate change. They also research the relationship between the atmosphere and Earth s climates, oceans, and biological life. The Earth s Atmosphere How do we collect information on the atmosphere? Research Information is collected about the atmosphere by: Weather balloons Satellites Manned expeditions A weather balloon is a specific type of high altitude balloon which carries instruments aloft to send back information on atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity and wind speed by means of a small, expendable measuring device called a radiosonde. 1
2 Kittinger Member of NASA expeditions Manhigh and Excelsior, designed to test high altitude equipment and record atmospheric information Held the world record for highest altitude parachute jump from 1960 s to 2012 In 1960, jumped from 31.3 km (stratosphere) reaching a speed of 988km/h and experienced temperatures as low as -70 C Baumgartner In Oct. 2012, Felix Baumgartner broke several records for highest parachute jump (without a drogue) Jumped from an altitude of 39 km, reaching a speed of 1,358 km/h In Oct. 2014, Alan Eustace beat his record jumping from km (with a drogue) Layers of the Earth s Atmosphere The atmosphere is divided into 2 spheres: Homosphere Heterosphere These spheres are further divided into the 5 layers. The atmosphere is divided into 2 basic spheres, with the boundary between the two at 80km above sea level Homosphere The lower, denser zone. Contains the Troposphere, Stratosphere and Mesosphere It has a relatively uniform composition of mainly O2 and N2. These are the heavy gasses which sink to the bottom of the atmosphere Heteropshere The upper, less dense zone. The gasses in this zone are not well mixed and are generally the lighter gasses 2
3 Troposphere Extends from Earths surface to an average elevation of approximately 10km This ranges from approx. 18km over the equator to approx. 8 km over the poles Composed of approximately 78% nitrogen (N2) and 21% oxygen (O2) The remaining 1% is mainly argon and carbon dioxide Tropos is the Greek word for change. All weather and clouds occur in this layer Earth s Atmospheric gases Troposphere (con t) Temperatures within the troposphere range from -10 C on average at the surface to -60 C on average at the top Note: The -10 C average surface temperature is Earth s average surface temperature over the entire planet for the entire year The drop in temperature with an increase in elevation is called a lapse. Humans cannot live above this layer mainly due to the low air pressure and lack of oxygen Tropopause Defined as being either the top of the troposphere or the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere. Stratosphere This layer extends from the top of the troposphere to an overall elevation of approx. 50 km. Stratum is Latin for spread out. Temperatures range from approx. -60 C at the bottom to approx. -40 C at the top The increase in temperature with an increase in elevation is called an inversion. Stratosphere (con t) For this reason the stratosphere is clear and dry. Moisture and clouds do not rise above this temperature inversion. The stratosphere has steady winds and few weather changes. This layer contains the ozone layer and for this reason it is sometimes called the ozonosphere. 3
4 Ozone Layer The ozone gas (O3) in this layer absorbs harmful radiation (mainly UV radiation) from the Sun. It prevents the radiation from reaching Earth s surface. This radiation can cause skin cancer, cataracts in the eyes, etc The ozone is concentrated at elevations of approx. 15km to 50km above Earth s surface. Stratopause Defined as either being the top of the stratosphere or the boundary between the stratosphere and the mesosphere Mesosphere Extends from the top of the stratosphere to an elevation of approximately 80km. Meso is Greek for middle. This layer again experiences a lapse, the temperature drops with an increase in elevation. It drops to about -100 C at the top of the mesosphere. Mesopause Defined as either the top of the mesosphere or the boundary between the mesosphere and the thermosphere Thermosphere In this layer, the density remains low but the molecules have higher energy, producing higher temperatures than the mesosphere. This zone experiences an inversion The temperature reaches at least C and possibly as high C, this occurs during periods of strong sunspot activity In spite of the high temperatures, very few air molecules exist and thus there is very little heat present, we would feel cold in spite of the high temperature Heat vs. Temperature Temperature - measure of the average kinetic energy in a particle Heat the total amount of kinetic energy Ex: Sauna and a Hot Tub both at 100 C You feel warmer in the sauna because there are more molecules around you and therefore combine to produce a greater heat. 4
5 Thermosphere (cont d) Within the thermosphere, solar energy strips electrons from atoms to form ions. This area is known as the ionosphere (100km-400km) This layer extends from the mesopause to approximately 500km The air within the thermosphere is so thin that no sound is heard. The air will not transmit sound vibrations. The main gases here are hydrogen and helium. These are light gases which float to the top of the atmosphere Thermosphere (cont d) This layer also contains: The Van Allen Radiation Belt The Auroras northern and southern lights Aurora Borealis north Aurora Australis South These are formed when solar energy is absorbed by gas molecules and then given off as light Meteors (shooting stars) most are seen in this layer as they burn up due to the intense friction with the air Exosphere While there is no well defined upper limit to Earth s atmosphere, it is generally considered to end at elevations of 500km to 1000km The thinnest outermost layer of the atmosphere. The exosphere is often considered space because there are so few particles present, and those present (mainly hydrogen) are spread out. 5
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