Oxia Planum. ExoMars. Ellipse ~ 104 km x 19 km Between 25 N & 5 S < -2 km elevation

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1 ExoMars Oxia Planum Ellipse ~ 104 km x 19 km Between 25 N & 5 S < -2 km elevation Astrobiological mission Outflow for Coogoon Valles Phyllosilicates Igneous units

2 Mars 2020 Next MSL-class rover Landing site TBD

3 Proposed Engineering Constraints Between 30 N & 30 S Below -.5km MOLA Baseline ellipse 25x20km EDL (Entry, Descent, & Landing) enhancements would increase landing precision Range Trigger: 12x11 km, up to 0.0 km TRN (Terrain Relative Navigation)

4 Mission Science Goals Conduct rigorous in-situ science Geology: Characterize the processes that formed and modified the geologic record within a field exploration area on Mars selected for evidence of an astrobiologically relevant ancient environment and geologic diversity Astrobiology: Determine the habitability of an ancient environment, search for materials with high biosignature preservation potential, and search for potential evidence of past life.

5 Enable the future Sample Return: Collect samples that are scientifically selected, for which the field context is documented, that contain the most promising samples identified in the astrobiology objective and that represent the geologic diversity of the field site Human Exploration/Technology: Contribute to the preparation for human exploration of Mars by making significant progress towards filling at least one major Strategic Knowledge Gap

6 Current top 3 landing sites 1. Jezero Crater 2. Colombia Hills (Gusev Crater, MER - A) 3. NE Syrtis

7 Human landing sites New landing site initiatve 2015 Humans on Mars in late 2030 s Two way mission! 30 day or 500 day Multiple, recurring missions Build infrastructure, maximize science potential

8 1 st landing site/exploration zone workshop Lunar and Planetary Institute, October 2015 ~40 landing sites proposed Three sites proposed by Gallegos & Newsom 1. Mesopotamia 2. Protonilus Mensae 3. Tempe Terra

9 Requirements Engineering ±50 latitude < +2 km MOLA 100 km radius 25 sq km landing area Low thermal inertia/high albedo Science Same as always but hopefully with better tools! In-situ Resource Utilization Water for drinking, power, and liftoff: 20MT/landing Materials to be used as metal and silicon feedstock Materials for civil engineering

10 Geoscience Science Site Criteria Atmospheric Science Astrobio AND/OR Site Factors Threshold Qualifying Threshold Potential for past habitability Potential for present habitability/refugia Potential for organic matter, w/ surface exposure Noachian/Hesperian rocks w/ trapped atmospheric gases Meteorological diversity in space and time Qualifying High likelihood of surface-atmosphere exchange Amazonian subsurface or high-latitude ice or sediment High likelihood of active trace gas sources Range of martian geologic time; datable surfaces Threshold Evidence of aqueous processes Potential for interpreting relative ages Igneous Rocks tied to 1+ provinces or different times SCIENCE RUBRIC Qualifying Near-surface ice, glacial or permafrost Noachian or pre-noachian bedrock units Outcrops with remnant magnetization Primary, secondary, and basin-forming impact deposits Structural features with regional or global context Diversity of aeolian sediments and/or landforms East Hellas: Mesopotamia 56

11 Metal/Silicon Resource ISRU and Civil Engineering Criteria Food Production Civil Engineering Water Resource AND/O R Site Factors RESOURCE RUBRIC Engineering Threshold Qualifying Threshold Qualifying Qualifying Threshold Qualifying Meets First Order Criteria (Latitude, Elevation, Thermal Inertia) Potential for ice or ice/regolith mix Potential for hydrated minerals Quantity for substantial production Potential to be minable by highly automated systems Located less than 3 km from processing equipment site Located no more than 3 meters below the surface Accessible by automated systems Potential for multiple sources of ice, ice/regolith mix and hydrated minerals Distance to resource location can be >5 km Route to resource location must be (plausibly) traversable ~50 sq km region of flat and stable terrain with sparse rock distribution 1 10 km length scale: <10 Located within 5 km of landing site location Located in the northern hemisphere Evidence of abundant cobble sized or smaller rocks and bulk, loose regolith Utilitarian terrain features Low latitude No local terrain feature(s) that could shadow light collection facilities Access to water Access to dark, minimally altered basaltic sands Potential for metal/silicon Potential to be minable by highly automated systems Located less than 3 km from processing equipment site Located no more than 3 meters below the surface Accessible by automated systems Potential for multiple sources of metals/silicon Distance to resource location can be >5 km Route to resource location must be (plausibly) traversable East Hellas: Mesopotamia 57

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13 The East Rim of Hellas: Mars Mesopotamia Zachary Gallegos University of New Mexico Horton Newsom University of New Mexico East Hellas: Mesopotamia 59

14 EZ Close-up 94.02E, S East Hellas: Mesopotamia 60

15 Geologic Context AHi Hve IHv enhm ehv ANa AHi ehv East Hellas: Mesopotamia 61

16 Regional Geologic/Geomorphic map AHi enhm Early Noachian highland massif unit lhv1 ANma Amazonian/Noachian massif apron unit Hve Hesperian volcanic edifice Hve ihv2 lhv2 ehv1 Early Hesperian volcanics 1 ehv2 Early Hesperian volcanics 2 enhm HAcd ihv1 ihv1 Intermediate Hesperian volcanics 1 ihv2 Intermediate Hesperian volcanics 2 ehv2 AHi enhm lhv2 Late Hesperian volcanics 1 lhv2 Late Hesperian volcanics 2 HAcd Drainage channel deposits (ehv) ehv1 HAgs ANma ehv2 HAgp Amazonian and Hesperian glacial piedmont (ehv2) HAgs Amazonian and Hesperian glacial scablands (ehv2) AHi Amazonian and Hesperian impact unit East Hellas: Mesopotamia 62

17 ROI1 Amazonian-Noachian apron unit (ANa) E, Amazonian water ice Noachian bedrock East Hellas: Mesopotamia 63

18 ROI1 Amazonian-Noachian apron unit (ANa) East Hellas: Mesopotamia 64

19 Massif-draped debris aprons Replace With: EZ Location Name 65

20 HiRISE geologic/geomorphic map ehv2 HAgs enhm Early Noachian highland massif unit ANma Amazonian/Noachian massif apron unit ehv2 Early Hesperian volcanics HAgp Amazonian and Hesperian glacial piedmont (ehv) AHi HAgs Amazonian and Hesperian glacial scablands (ehv) HAgp AHi Amazonian and Hesperian impact unit ANma ENhm 66

21 HiRISE observations Linear fearures Ridges Furrows Moraine Moat 67

22 ROI2 Dao Vallis E, Aqueous processes Past habitability? Water ice Hydrated minerals East Hellas: Mesopotamia 68

23 ROI2 Dao Vallis East Hellas: Mesopotamia 69

24 ROI3 Negele Crater (AHi) E, Impact deposits Trapped atmospheric gasses Water ice Hydrated minerals? East Hellas: Mesopotamia 70

25 ROI3 Negele Crater (AHi) East Hellas: Mesopotamia 71

26 ROI4 Early Hesperian volcanic unit (ehv) E, Igneous rocks Datable surfaces Trapped atmospheric gasses Metals? Cobbles, rocks, regolith East Hellas: Mesopotamia 72

27 ROI4 Early Hesperian volcanic unit (ehv) East Hellas: Mesopotamia 73

28 ROI5 Late Hesperian volcanic unit (lhv) E, Igneous rocks Datable surfaces Trapped atmospheric gasses Metals? Cobbles, rocks, regolith East Hellas: Mesopotamia 74

29 Metal/Silicon Resource Geoscience ISRU and Civil Engineering Criteria Food Production Science Site Criteria Civil Engineering Atmospheric Science Water Resource Astrobio AND/OR AND/O R EZ EZ EZ Rubrics Threshold Site Factors Potential for past habitability Potential for present habitability/refugia Qualifying Potential for organic matter, w/ surface exposure? Threshold Qualifying Threshold Qualifying Noachian/Hesperian rocks w/ trapped atmospheric gases Meteorological diversity in space and time High likelihood of surface-atmosphere exchange? Amazonian subsurface or high-latitude ice or sediment High likelihood of active trace gas sources? Range of martian geologic time; datable surfaces Evidence of aqueous processes Potential for interpreting relative ages Igneous Rocks tied to 1+ provinces or different times Near-surface ice, glacial or permafrost Noachian or pre-noachian bedrock units Outcrops with remnant magnetization Primary, secondary, and basin-forming impact deposits Structural features with regional or global context Diversity of aeolian sediments and/or landforms Engineering Threshold Qualifying Threshold Qualifying Qualifying Threshold Site Factors Meets First Order Criteria (Latitude, Elevation, Thermal Inertia) Potential for ice or ice/regolith mix Potential for hydrated minerals Quantity for substantial production Potential to be minable by highly automated systems Located less than 3 km from processing equipment site? Located no more than 3 meters below the surface? Accessible by automated systems Potential for multiple sources of ice, ice/regolith mix and hydrated minerals Distance to resource location can be >5 km Route to resource location must be (plausibly) traversable ~50 sq km region of flat and stable terrain with sparse rock distribution 1 10 km length scale: <10? Located within 5 km of landing site location Located in the northern hemisphere Evidence of abundant cobble sized or smaller rocks and bulk, loose regolith? Utilitarian terrain features? Low latitude No local terrain feature(s) that could shadow light collection facilities Access to water Access to dark, minimally altered basaltic sands Potential for metal/silicon Potential to be minable by highly automated systems Located less than 3 km from processing equipment site? Located no more than 3 meters below the surface? Accessible by automated systems Route to resource location must be (plausibly) traversable Potential for multiple sources of metals/silicon Replace With: EZ Location Name 75 Qualifying Distance to resource location can be >5 km

30 Protonilus Mensae Zachary Gallegos University of New Mexico Horton Newsom University of New Mexico Protonilus Mensae 76

31 Geologic Context HNt HNt AHi eht ANa eht mnh AHi ANa mnh Protonilus Mensae 77

32 ROI1 Amazonian-Noachian apron unit (ANa) E, E, Amazonian water ice Noachian bedrock Protonilus Mensae 78

33 ROI1 Amazonian-Noachian apron unit (ANa)

34 ROI2 Outflow channels E, E, Aqueous processes Past habitability? Water ice Protonilus Mensae 80

35 ROI2 Outflow channels Protonilus Mensae 81

36 ROI3 Moreux Crater (AHi) E, Impact deposits Trapped atmospheric gasses Water ice Protonilus Mensae 82

37 ROI4 Noachian Highlands (mnh) E, Igneous rocks Datable surfaces Trapped atmospheric gasses Protonilus Mensae 83

38 New HIRISE observation Protonilus Mensae 84

39 Zachary Gallegos Astronaut Candidate

40 Mars One Humans to Mars in late 2020s 12 year current projection One-way colonization mission 202,000+ applicants! 100 astronaut candidates remain I am one of the final 100

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44 Training in New Mexico?

45 Questions Zachary Gallegos UNM Institute of Meteoritics

46 Mars One video