CONTENT. A. Changes in the Crust Facts Changes Construction and Destruction. B. Continental Drift What is it? Evidence
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1 Name Earth Science Date Period TOPIC THE DYNAMIC EARTH CONTENT A. Changes in the Crust Facts Changes Construction and Destruction B. Continental Drift What is it? Evidence C. Theory of Plate Tectonics What is it? How do the plates move? Plate Boundaries (divergent, convergent, transform) D. Earthquakes What are they? Seismic waves Locating epicenters Emergency preparedness E. Earth s Crust and Interior KW 0116 NOTES: Dynamic Earth 1
2 crust fault zone strata displaced fossils subsidence displaced strata bench mark uplift passive margin orogeny downwarping earthquake seismic wave focus epicenter seismograph seismogram compressional wave primary (p) wave hydrosphere folding original horizontality Vocabulary secondary (s) wave Modified Mercalli Scale Richter Scale volcanoes tsunamis shadow zone mantle inner core outer core continental crust oceanic crust Mohorovicic (Moho) Discontinuity heat engine melting point ultramafic plate tectonics continental drift Pangea collision refraction faulting geosyncline seafloor spreading midocean ridge magnetic polarity convergent boundary divergent boundary transform boundary subduction zone overriding plate trench volcanic island arc San Andreas Fault, Ca. mantle convection cells asthenosphere (plastic mantle) rigid mantle lithosphere hot spots lithospheric plates convection magnitude tilting doughnuts THINGS TO KNOW & DO correctly use pages 5, 8, 9, 10 & 11 of the ESRT understand the how earthquakes occur and how they help us understand the earth s interior determine why the continents move and identify the features at various plate boundaries observe the relationship between magnetic patterns on the ocean floor and plate movements realize how earthquakes, volcanoes, plate tectonics, continental drift, seafloor spreading help us to understand the dynamics of our planet review your notes packet, labs, worksheets, and ESRT for this topic don t just try to memorize information, try to understand do the CastleLearning.com assignments and make your own question sessions for more practice to make own question session, select Unit: Dynamic Earth Section: All sections come to extra help during lunch or after school (make appointment first) KW 0116 NOTES: Dynamic Earth 2
3 A) Changes in the Crust 1. Facts The Earth is a (meaning it is constantly active, changing) solid outermost layer of Earth a portion of Earth that includes the crust and the rigid mantle; it is cracked into pieces which are often referred to as lithospheric plates The lithospheric plates can carry both crust and crust on top of it. 2. Evidence of Changes in Earth s Crust sudden shaking of the Earth s crust caused by movement along a fault. locations where liquid rock and hot ash are released onto Earth s surface. layers of rock that have changed orientation or position over time law of original horizontality: KW 0116 NOTES: Dynamic Earth 3
4 locations on Earth s surface increase in elevation; as proof of this movement, sedimentary rocks and fossils of marine origin may be found on mountains. locations on Earth s surface decrease in elevation; fossils of shallow marine organisms may be found in rock layers deep below the ocean floor large basin where deposition occurs Gulf of Mexico 3. Construction and Destruction of Earth s Crust of land the creation of new crust above sea level Examples: of land leveling, lowering or destroying the crust Examples: KW 0116 NOTES: Dynamic Earth 4
5 B) Theory of Continental Drift see ESRT p What is it? an incomplete theory developed by the theory recognizes that the appear to have moved over time, but the theory does not include ocean basins nor the of the movements 2. Evidence of Continental Drift together like a puzzle the continents appear to fit for example, certain fossils of land plants and animals in South America align with the same fossils in Africa for example, certain rocks and minerals in India align with similar rocks and minerals in Antarctica and Australia for example, the Appalachian Mountains in North America continue into Scotland and Norway for example, Alaska has oil (indicating that it was once warmer) and southern Africa has glacial striations (indicating that it was once colder) modern species of plants and animals on different continents have common ancestors the orientation of iron crystals in ancient igneous rocks indicates that the continents have moved KW 0116 NOTES: Dynamic Earth 5
6 KW 0116 NOTES: Dynamic Earth 6
7 C) Theory of Plate Tectonics 1. What is it? theory of plate tectonics: the Earth consists of approximately plates that carry & basins that move predictably 2. How do the plates move? currents in the (plastic mantle) move the plates (see ESRT p. 10) transfer of heat by the movement of (liquids or gases) due to differences in the uneven heating of material in the mantle results in: the rising of temperature, density rock the sinking of temperature, density rock conversion of heat energy into mechanical energy (i.e. movement) the heat that drives the convection comes from the heat from when the Earth formed (4.6 BYA) and the heat from of certain elements within the Earth KW 0116 NOTES: Dynamic Earth 7
8 3. Plate Boundaries zones of crustal activity ( & ) occur at see ESRT p. 5 a. Divergent plate boundary (moving apart) 250 m.y.a. N. America Europe 100 m.y.a. N. America Atlantic Ocean Europe Today N. America Atlantic Ocean Europe KW 0116 NOTES: Dynamic Earth 8
9 : location where lithospheric plates move away from one another due to convection currents in the asthenosphere : areas where the ocean floor is widening Features / Evidence of Divergent Plate Boundaries: : long crack in the crust where the plates are splitting apart and new oceanic crust is created by the rising magma : underwater mountains adjacent to the rift valley areas where plate diverge shallow & underwater occur along the rift new oceanic crust is which is and : age of the oceanic crust increases with increasing distance from the rift valley : iron in the oceanic crust possesses a pattern that indicates that the Earth s polarity has reversed many times; patterns of polarity are mirror images on either side of the rift valley Using ESRT p. 5, give one example of each of the following: diverging oceanic plates diverging continental plates If divergent plate boundaries occur in areas of rising magma, why doesn t a long chain of large mountains form above ocean surface all along the ridge? Why are divergent plate boundaries usually under water? Is there a portion of the MidAtlantic Ridge that is above the surface of the ocean? If so, give an example. (see ESRT p. 5) KW 0116 NOTES: Dynamic Earth 9
10 b. Convergent plate boundary (coming together) Oceanic Continental Ocean Oceanic Crust Continental Crust Asthenosphere Oceanic Oceanic Ocean Oceanic Crust Oceanic Crust Asthenosphere Continental Continental Continental Crust Continental Crust Asthenosphere Asthenosphere KW 0116 NOTES: Dynamic Earth 10
11 : occurs when a plate converges with and moves under another plate; old oceanic crust is pull down into the mantle and destroyed (melted) : the name given to the plate that moves over the subducting plate Features / Evidence of Convergent Plate Boundaries: : long and deep area under water that occurs where a subducting plate bends downward to go under an overriding plate oceanic crust: ( & ) continental crust: ( & ), and (folded, faulted, and volcanic; regional metamorphism) are found at convergent plate boundaries earthquakes of depths occur along the interface of a subducting oceanic plate and another plate : occurs at an oceaniccontinental plate boundary where magma from a melting subducting oceanic plate rises up through the overriding continental crust : occurs at an oceanicoceanic plate boundary where magma from a melting subducting oceanic plate rises up through the overriding oceanic crust Using ESRT p. 5, identify the type of convergent plate boundary found at the Tonga Trench in the Pacific Ocean. Using ESRT p. 5, identify the overriding and subducting plates at the PeruChile Trench. KW 0116 NOTES: Dynamic Earth 11
12 c. transform plate boundary example: & occur along the fault (crust is not created nor destroyed) d. hot spots Name 5 hot spots shown on ESRT p. 5. hot spots specific location in the Earth s mantle with rising magma the hot spot is a chain of islands (ex. ) and (underwater volcanoes) may form as the plate moves slowly over the hot spot age of islands as distance from the hot spot increases younger islands are, while the older islands are not KW 0116 NOTES: Dynamic Earth 12
13 D) Earthquakes 1. What are Earthquakes & Where Do They Occur? An earthquake is natural rapid of the Most earthquakes are caused by movement along, but some are caused by movements of within the lithosphere. Earthquakes most commonly occur along the of the Earth s tectonic plates. a crack in a mass of rock or soil along which there has been displacement (movement) on each side of the crack earthquake the specific location from which an earthquake originates earthquake the location on the land or water surface directly above the focus earthquake a scale used to measure the strength of earthquakes based on the height of the lines on a seismogram (amplitude of ground shaking). helps to infer the amount of by an earthquake the scale ranges from less than to approximately and is determined by the sensitivity of the equipment (9.5 is strongest ever recorded) each whole number increase in magnitude equals a increase in energy released KW 0116 NOTES: Dynamic Earth 13
14 2. Seismic Waves Earthquakes are detected using instruments called The seismograph pen draws lines on paper caused by the Earth shaking. This picture is called a waves created by an earthquake There are 3 categories of seismic waves: primary waves, secondary waves and surface waves. Pwaves name: speed: can travel through: type: Swaves name: speed: can travel through: type: Surface Waves a produced when a P or Swave comes to the Earth s they only travel around Earth s solid surface and cause much of the & of an earthquake Properties of Seismic Waves generally, as waves move from a low density layer to a higher density layer they move and they (bend). KW 0116 NOTES: Dynamic Earth 14
15 3. Locating Epicenters will arrive at a seismograph station before, because are faster the difference in the between the Pwaves and Swaves helps to determine the to an earthquake epicenter a minimum of seismograph stations are needed to find the of the epicenter (direction to) see ESRT p Emergency Preparedness KW 0116 NOTES: Dynamic Earth 15
16 1. If the epicenter is 4,000 km away, what was the pwave travel time? 2. If an swave takes 17 minutes to travel, how far away is the epicenter? 3. If the difference in arrival times between p and swaves is 4 minutes, what is the distance to the epicenter? 4. If the pwave arrives at 10:28:30 and the swave arrives at 10:35:00, what is the distance to the epicenter? KW 0116 NOTES: Dynamic Earth 16
17 E) Earth s Crust & Interior using ESRT p. 10, you will be able to determine:,,,,, the properties of Earth s interior are inferred from analysis of, for example: the Outer Core is inferred to be since do not pass through it generally, as waves move from a low density layer to a higher density layer they move and they (bend). Outer Core KW 0116 NOTES: Dynamic Earth 17
18 crust lithosphere rigid mantle asthenosphere (plastic mantle) stiffer mantle outer core inner core KW 0116 NOTES: Dynamic Earth 18
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