Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids
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1 Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids Alexey Shipunov Minot State University Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 1 / 77
2 Outline Gramineae or Poaceae Grass family Description Diversity of Gramineae Poales: grass-like plants and some others Cyperaceae sedge family Juncaceae rush family Typhaceae cattail family Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 2 / 77
3 Outline Gramineae or Poaceae Grass family Description Diversity of Gramineae Poales: grass-like plants and some others Cyperaceae sedge family Juncaceae rush family Typhaceae cattail family Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 2 / 77
4 Description Gramineae or Poaceae Grass family Description Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 3 / 77
5 Description Gramineae, or Poaceae grass family 8, 000 species distributed thorough all the world, but most genera concentrate in tropics Prefer dry, sunny places Often form tussocks compact structures where old grass stems, rhizomes and roots are intermixed Grasses form grasslands specific ecological communities widely represented on Earth. North Dakota prairies are grasslands. Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 4 / 77
6 Description Morphology of grasses Stems usually hollow and round Leaves flat, in two ranks Flowers reduced, wind-pollinated, usually bisexual, form complicated spikelets Each spikelet bear two glumes; each flower has lemma and palea scales Perianth is reduced to lodicules Stamens from 6 to 1 (most often 3), with large anthers Fruit is a caryopsis, it includes flower scales Seed has a specific embryo with coleoptile, coleorhiza and scutellum Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 5 / 77
7 Description Grass branching Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 6 / 77
8 Description Grass leaves Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 7 / 77
9 Description Scheme of grass spikelet Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 8 / 77
10 Description Bromegrass (Bromus inermis) spikelet and flower Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 9 / 77
11 Description Grass flower: bamboo Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 10 / 77
12 Description Kranz anatomy of leaves in C 4 grasses (above) Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 11 / 77
13 Description Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 12 / 77
14 Description Grasses: Oryza and Anthoxanthum diagrams P 0 3 A G (2) Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 13 / 77
15 Description Grass inflorescences Compound spikes Panicles Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 14 / 77
16 Description Rare event: bamboo (Schizostachyum sp.) is flowering! Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 15 / 77
17 Description Festuca sp. Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 16 / 77
18 Description Rice (Oryza sativa), the most important world crop Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 17 / 77
19 Description Corn (Zea mays), the most productive world crop (up to 10 MT/ha) Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 18 / 77
20 Diversity of Gramineae Gramineae or Poaceae Grass family Diversity of Gramineae Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 19 / 77
21 Diversity of Gramineae Subfamily Anomochlooideae Broad leaves, no spikelets, no lodicules, 4 6 stamens. Tropical South America. Anomochloa anomochloa Streptochaeta streptochaeta Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 20 / 77
22 Diversity of Gramineae Anomochloa Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 21 / 77
23 Diversity of Gramineae Subfamily Pharoideae Broad leaves with pinnate venation, spikelets one-flowered, unisexual, in panicles, 6 stamens, 3 stigmas. Pharus pharus, South America Leptaspis leptaspis, tropics of Old World Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 22 / 77
24 Diversity of Gramineae Leptaspis Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 23 / 77
25 Diversity of Gramineae Subfamily Puelioideae Broad leaves with parallelodromous venation, spikelets with multiple unisexual florets, 3 lodicules, 6 stamens, 3 stigmas Puelia puelia (Tropical Africa, poorly studied) Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 24 / 77
26 Diversity of Gramineae Puelia Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 25 / 77
27 Diversity of Gramineae Subfamily Bambusoideae BEP clade starts here. Mostly woody plants, leaves broad or narrow, spikelets bisexual or unisexual, number of flower parts vary. 1, 200 species. Phyllostachys golden bamboo, often cultivated in southern U.S. Arundinaria hill cane, native to eastern U.S. Bambusa bamboo, reaches 35 m in height Melocanna has large berry-like caryopses Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 26 / 77
28 Diversity of Gramineae Arundinaria appalachiana Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 27 / 77
29 Diversity of Gramineae Melocanna Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 28 / 77
30 Diversity of Gramineae Subfamily Ehrhartioideae Herbaceous plants, ligules mostly not fringed, sometimes annuals, inflorescences are mostly panicles, 2 lodicules, 2 styles, stamens species. Oryza rice Zizania wild rice Leersia cut grass Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 29 / 77
31 Diversity of Gramineae Leersia oryzoides Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 30 / 77
32 Diversity of Gramineae Subfamily Pooideae Annuals or perennials, inflorescences are compound spikes, racemes or panicles, spikelets bisexual, lodicules 2, stamens 3, styles 2, embryo small (like in previous subfamilies). 3, 300 species. Tribes: Bromeae Bromus bromegrass Meliceae Melica melic, Glyceria mannagrass Poeae Poa bluegrass, Festuca fescue, Avena oats, Phleum timothy grass and many others Stipeae Stipa needle-and-thread, Oryzopsis ricegrass Triticeae Triticum wheat, Secale rye, Hordeum barley, Agropyron wheatgrass and many others Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 31 / 77
33 Diversity of Gramineae Bromus commutatus Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 32 / 77
34 Diversity of Gramineae Subfamily Aristidoideae PACCAD clade starts here. Xerophytic grasses, mostly tropical and subtropical, ligules fringed, panicles, lemma with three awns, palea short, stamens 1 3, embryo small or large, C 4 (Aristida). 350 species. Aristida threeawn Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 33 / 77
35 Diversity of Gramineae Aristida purpurea Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 34 / 77
36 Diversity of Gramineae Subfamily Arundinoideae Large perennials, sometimes almost woody, have panicles, palea not reduced, stamens 1 3, embryo mostly large, C 3 -plants. 35 species. Arundo giant reed Phragmites reed Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 35 / 77
37 Diversity of Gramineae Arundo Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 36 / 77
38 Diversity of Gramineae Subfamily Danthonioideae Large xerophytic grasses with narrow leaves, ligule hairy, lemma with single awn, C 3 -plants. 250 species. Danthonia oatgrass from outside of prairies Cortaderia pampas grass Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 37 / 77
39 Diversity of Gramineae Cortaderia Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 38 / 77
40 Diversity of Gramineae Subfamily Panicoideae Primarily tropical grasses, ligule often consists of hairs or absent, spikelets frequently paired, embryo large, leaves with Kranz anatomy, mostly C 4 -plants. 3, 270 species. Tribes: Paniceae Panicum millet, Setaria pigeongrass, Cenchrus sandbur Andropogoneae Saccharum sugarcane, Sorghum sorghum, Zea corn, Coix Job s tears, Andropogon (Schizachyrium) bluestem Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 39 / 77
41 Diversity of Gramineae Setaria Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 40 / 77
42 Diversity of Gramineae Cenchrus Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 41 / 77
43 Diversity of Gramineae Coix Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 42 / 77
44 Diversity of Gramineae Subfamily Chloridoideae Grasses of dry climates, ligule fringed, leaves have specific bicellular microhairs, spikelets compressed, sometimes one-sided, embryo large, C 4 -plants, Kranz anatomy. 1, 400 species Tribes: Eragrostideae Eragrostis lovegrass Zoysieae Sporobolus dropseed, Spartina cordgrass, Calamovilfa sandseed Cynodonteae Muhlenbergia muhly, Bouteloua grama Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 43 / 77
45 Diversity of Gramineae Muhlenbergia Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 44 / 77
46 Diversity of Gramineae Phylogeny of grasses Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 45 / 77
47 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Graminioid families Gramineae Cyperaceae Juncaceae Typhaceae And also Restionaceae, Xyridaceae, Mapaniaceae and others Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 46 / 77
48 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Cyperaceae sedge family Poales: grass-like plants and some others Cyperaceae sedge family Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 47 / 77
49 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Cyperaceae sedge family Main features of Cyperaceae 4, 000 species, 1, 000 belongs to sedges, Carex Grasslike plants, distributed mostly in temperate and Arctic regions Prefer wet places Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 48 / 77
50 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Cyperaceae sedge family Morphology of Cyperaceae Accumilate silica Leaves often in 3 ranks, stem is also a triangle on the cross-section Flowers small, wind-pollinated, unattractive, often unisexual, form spikes or spikelets and more complicated inflorescences Pollen grains in monads (from four microspores, only one survives) Perianth often reduced, stamens three, one pistil with one ovule but three carpels Carex flowers have specific bag-like perigynium Fruit is an achene Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 49 / 77
51 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Cyperaceae sedge family Scirpus sylvaticus floral parts Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 50 / 77
52 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Cyperaceae sedge family Cyperaceae flower diagram P A 3 G (2 3) Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 51 / 77
53 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Cyperaceae sedge family Diversity of Cyperaceae Importance: Sometimes food, weaving materials, ornamentals Eleocharis spikerush: base of style enlarged. E. dulcis is a Chinese water-chestnut. 13 species in ND. Scirpus s.l. bulrush: scales are spirally arranged. Genus is fequently split into, e.g., Scirpus s.str., Schoenoplectus, and Bolboschoenus which is sometimes separated from Schoenoplectus. If not sure, go to Scirpus to ID. 11 species in ND. Eriophorum, cottongrass was used as fiber source. 4 species in ND. Cyperus cyperus: spikelets with two rows of scales. C. papyrus was used for famous Egyptian papyrus, C. esculentus (chufa) has edible corms (occurred in Fargo region). 9 species in ND.... and of course, Carex. 91 species in ND! Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 52 / 77
54 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Cyperaceae sedge family Eriophorum sp. Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 53 / 77
55 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Cyperaceae sedge family Cyperus papyrus Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 54 / 77
56 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Cyperaceae sedge family Carex flowers Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 55 / 77
57 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Cyperaceae sedge family Diagram of Carex flower P 0 A 3 or P 0 G (2 3) Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 56 / 77
58 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Cyperaceae sedge family Diversity of sedges (Carex) Carex covers almost half of wet places in Arctic and northern temperate region. 3-ranked leaves, female flowers enclosed in perigynium. Main groups: 1 spike Subgenus Psyllophora, e.g. Carex filifolia Bisexual spikes Subgenus Vignea (and also tropical subg. Indocarex), e.g. Carex brevior Unisexual spikes Subgenus Carex, e.g. Carex retrorsa Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 57 / 77
59 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Cyperaceae sedge family Subg. Vignea vs. subg. Carex Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 58 / 77
60 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Cyperaceae sedge family Carex filifolia Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 59 / 77
61 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Cyperaceae sedge family Carex brevior Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 60 / 77
62 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Cyperaceae sedge family Carex retrorsa Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 61 / 77
63 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Juncaceae rush family Poales: grass-like plants and some others Juncaceae rush family Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 62 / 77
64 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Juncaceae rush family Juncaceae rush family 300 species Distributed in temperate and montane regions, growing in dump places Life forms: grass-like herbs Leaves flat to cylindric, with open sheath, sometimes reduced Flowers actinomorphic, 3-merous, perianth of 6 tepals, 6 stamens Pistil has 3 carpels Fruit is a capsule Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 63 / 77
65 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Juncaceae rush family Juncus bufonius flower parts Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 64 / 77
66 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Juncaceae rush family Juncaceae flower P 3+3 A 3+3 G (3) Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 65 / 77
67 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Juncaceae rush family Representatives of Juncaceae Importance: weaving materials Juncus rush: cylindric leaves Luzula wood-rush: normal grass-like flat leaves Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 66 / 77
68 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Juncaceae rush family Juncus effusus Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 67 / 77
69 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Juncaceae rush family Luzula parviflora Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 68 / 77
70 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Typhaceae cattail family Poales: grass-like plants and some others Typhaceae cattail family Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 69 / 77
71 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Typhaceae cattail family Typhaceae cattail family 40 species Distribution: widespread Life forms: grass-like coastal or water plants Leaves distichous, linear, mostly basal Dense inflorescences Flowers very reduced, male with one or 3 stamens Pistil unicarpellate, with one ovule Fruit an achene or drupe Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 70 / 77
72 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Typhaceae cattail family Typhaceae flowers P 3 A 3 ; P 3 G 1 Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 71 / 77
73 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Typhaceae cattail family Typha latifolia flower parts Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 72 / 77
74 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Typhaceae cattail family Representatives of Typhaceae Importance: mating and weaving material, edible pollen and rhizomes, sometimes ornamental. Sparganium bur-reed (sometimes separated to its own family) Typha cattail Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 73 / 77
75 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Typhaceae cattail family Sparganium eurycarpum Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 74 / 77
76 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Typhaceae cattail family Summary Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 75 / 77
77 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Typhaceae cattail family For Further Reading A. Shipunov. Shipunov, A. Plants of North Dakota. Manual onwards. Mode of access: nd_manual/nd_manual.pdf A. Shipunov. Shipunov, A. Flora of North Dakota: Checklist. Version 2. Ed.: Kartesz, J., and Nishino, M onwards. Mode of access: Minot State University Herbarium (MISU) Flora of Great Plains University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS. Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 76 / 77
78 Poales: grass-like plants and some others Typhaceae cattail family Other useful books and Web sites Pohl (several editions) How to know grasses Hitchcock (1935) Manual of Grasses of the United States Flora of North America, two grass volumes (not available from efloras.org) Manual of Grasses for North America (2007) Looman (1982) Prairie Grasses Identified and Described by Vegetative Characters Shipunov (MSU) Systematic Botany. 3. Graminoids 77 / 77
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