FLOWERS AND POLLINATION. This activity introduces the relationship between flower structures and pollination.

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1 FLOWERS AND POLLINATION This activity introduces the relationship between flower structures and pollination. Objectives for Exam #1 1. Identify flower structures and match those structures to specific functions. 2. Contrast characteristics of flowers pollinated by wind with those pollinated by animals. 3. Describe the classification, life cycle, and significance of honey bees. Digital Post #1 (due on Canvas Sunday by 5 p.m.) Create a piece of media about a science topic, upload it to Canvas, and answer the brief online survey about the media produced. Part I: Flower Stations: Station A: Flower Anatomy 1. From the Flowers poster, the male part of a flower is the stamen. The anther holds the pollen and the holds up the anther so the pollen is exposed to a pollinator. The female part of a flower is called the (or carpel ). The stigma is the flower part that receives the. Attached to the stigma is the, a tube-like structure that connects to the ovary. Inside the ovary are, which are female reproductive cells like small eggs. So ovules in the ovary are equivalent to eggs in human females, and the pollen is the equivalent to in human males. 2. The corolla of the flower is a group of that attract a pollinator. The calyx is a group of that covered and protected the bud before the flower opened. 3. In the figure below, indicate where the pollen is located, and add an arrow to show where the pollen is received. 13

2 4. Pollen are structures with a hard coating protecting sperm cells. Pollen travels to the female reproductive structures of a flower. From the Pollen and Spores poster, how do the flower pollen grains differ from the fungal spores of Aspergillis and Penicillum? (hint: look at the magnifications) 5. Examine the pollen slide under the microscope. Sketch the shapes of pollen you see below. 6. Using the pollen guide for assistance, what type of pollen can you identify? Station B: Floral Diversity 1. Referring to the Floral Diversity poster, provide examples of flowers for each of the following flower types: Flower Type Imperfect Complete Composite Spadix Catkin Description Individual flowers lack either the male (stamen) or female (carpal) flower parts Flowers have sepals (structures that protect the bud), petals, stamens, and carpals The flower we see is actually a combination of many flowers forming a single round head. The flowers may have different shapes. The spike in the middle is covered in small flowers, with one huge petal-like structure A structure made of many petal-less imperfect flowers (so there are male and female catkins) Example Flower 2. By the poster is a sample flower. Using the chart above, what is its flower type? Station C: Animal Pollination Most species of flowering plants sexually reproduce with the assistance of animals, the pollinators (primarily insects, birds, and bats), that carry pollen. Plants pollinated by pollinators typically expend less energy on pollen production than wind-pollinated plants. These plants have flowers with specific shapes, textures, colors, patterns, odors, and/or food rewards that can attract unique pollinators (or their prey). 14

3 1. From the display, fill in the flower type that attracts each of the following pollinators and an example plant: Pollinator Flower Characteristics Plant Example Bee Fly Butterfly Night-feeding Moth Bat Beetle Hummingbird 2. Thought Question: In some large, showy flowers, the flower as we think of it is actually an arrangement of many smaller flowers. For example, a sunflower flower is actually a composite of many smaller flowers. From the plant s perspective, what is the advantage of having this structure made up of many smaller flowers? 3. Thought Question: Carl Linnaeus ( ) observed that certain plants opened and closed their flowers at specific times of day. He proposed that a flower clock garden could be planted to indicate the time of day. Gardeners plant regional flower clocks around the world today. Considering that most flowers rely on animal pollinators for reproduction, what could be an advantage to a plant of flowering at a specific time of day that differs from the flowering time of other plants? Station D: Bees Order Hymenoptera 1. Bees, wasps, and ants are classified in Order Hymenoptera (Orders will be covered in class next week) and share common physical features, most typically a membranous wing. Many also have venomous stingers used for defense or immobilizing prey. How do bees, wasps, and ants differ? Hymenopteran Characteristics Bee Wasp Ant 15

4 2. Paper wasps and some hornet species can build a large nest out of paper made from chewed-up plant material. Magnifying a piece of a paper wasp nest, what does it look like? Honey Bee Life Cycle 3. Using the honey bee models, label the photo below with the life cycle stages and bee products: Bee Flower 4. Insects see fewer colors in the visible spectrum of than humans (some species can t see red), but many can sense ultraviolet light (different wavelengths). Some flowers have ultraviolet markings called nectar guides that humans can t see without special cameras. From the display, list two types of flowers that have ultraviolet nectar guides: and Bee Mimic 5. From the Willamette Valley card, what is an insect that has structures and colors that mimic a bee? What do these insects actually eat? How can mimicking a bee be an advantage? Station E: Wind Pollination 1. Wind-pollinated plants produce large amounts of pollen, and some of the pollen makes it to another flower for successful pollination. Wind-pollinated flowers are typically green, small, odorless, and do not produce nectar, as they do not need to attract pollinators. In the bottom right of the Floral Diversity poster are the grass plants, which are - pollinated. 2. Below are photos of two models: a wheat flower and a rye flower. Label the following on these flowers: the anthers (produce pollen) and stigma (receives pollen) 16

5 3. In a corn plant, a cluster of male flowers is called a tassel. The male flowers produce which is carried by the wind to female flowers. Pollen falls onto the silks of female flowers, which develop into individual corn kernels. Typically the male and female flowers on a single plant mature at different times, to prevent self-pollination. Label the parts of a corn plant indicated by arrows on the picture below. Station F: Preserved Flowers 1. Thought Question: Botanists (biologists who study plants) often work with preserved flower specimens that are dried, frozen, or stored in alcohol. Herbariums (collections of preserved plant specimens) typically consist of pages of dried plants that were prepared using specialized plant presses. You can also press thin flowers, leaves, stems and roots using a book. Place the sample between two sheets of blank paper amid the pages of a book. Weigh the book down and wait a few weeks. Looking at the preserved specimens, what is an advantage and a disadvantage of studying preserved flower specimens (or leaves, as in the portfolio assignment) instead of relying on live specimens? 2. Flower features can assist you in identifying a species. These features include: the height of the flower from the ground; the number of petals (mustards have four, asters have many); the shape of the flower (tube, flat); colors and patterns (stripes, dots, spots, zones); and the sepals (longer or shorter than the petals). Using the wildflowers display, identify the pressed flower: 3. Scan the Willamette Valley flower cards, which of these plants is potentially edible? Which is potentially toxic to humans? (As always in the field, accurate identification is essential before eating any wild organism). 17

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