a) remains constant for another month in July b) decreases c) remains constant d) increase

Transcription

1 1 Insolation over a course of a year as you move from the equator towards either pole. a) remains constant for another month in July b) decreases c) remains constant d) increase Question 2 Which direction does the earth rotate as viewed from the North Pole? a) along the lines of longitude b) clockwise c) north to south d) counterclockwise Lecture 6 - Heat Capacity, World 3 This city has the largest annual temperature range. a) Aswan b) Manaus c) Hamburg

2 d) Yakutsk Question 4 0 / 1 point The warmest temperatures are typically found: a) in temperate latitudes. b) near oceans. c) in equatorial regions. d) in subequatorial regions. Lecture 7 - Humidity 5 0 / 1 point is a common example of sublimation. a) Ice cube shrinkage b) Frost c) Cloud formation d) Dew Question 6 Absolute humidity is: a) density of water vapor. b) the best measure of water content. c) not affected by changes in volume or pressure. d) none of the above Lecture 7 - Vapour Pressure, Dew Point 7 Steam fog would be most likely to occur in: a) late fall and early winter. b) summer. c) spring. d) late winter. Lecture 7 - Relative Humidity 8 0 / 1 point What is probably the most effective index of water vapor content? a) relative humidity

3 b) precipitation c) absolute humidity d) dew point Lecture 8 - Adiabatic Process 9 The reduced rate at which rising air is cooled by expansion when condensation is occurring is the. a) warming adiabatic lapse rate b) dry adiabatic lapse rate c) environmental lapse rate d) moist adiabatic lapse rate Lecture 8 - Stability 10 0 / 1 point Static stability: a) is unaffected by the density of the air parcel. b) is similar to buoyancy. c) is unrelated to adiabatic cooling. d) is unaffected by the temperature of the air parcel. Question 11 This the most important mechanism for stopping the rise of unstable air parcels: a) encountering a layer of stable air. b) friction. c) entrainment. d) reaching the lifting condensation level. Lecture 9 - Cloud Development 12 This occurs when a large mass of cold air slides underneath a large mass of warm air: a) convective lifting. b) orographic lifting. c) convergence. d) frontal lifting. Question 13 The most common mechanism of cloud formation is:

4 a) adding water vapor to the air. b) mixing warm moist air with cold air. c) lowering the air temperature to the dew point by adiabatic cooling of rising air. d) none of the above Lecture 9 - Cloud Forms 14 What type of cloud is seen in this figure? a) Cumulus b) Altocumulus c) Cirrus d) Lenticular cloud Question 15 Clouds that are high and are always composed entirely of ice crystals are: a) thunderheads. b) alto. c) stratus. d) cirrus. Lecture 9 - Fog 16

5 forms often forms along the California coast. a) Smog forms b) Advection fog c) Radiation fog d) Steam fog Lecture 10 Precipitation Formation 17 Precipitation induced when moist air is forced to rise over a mountain barrier is known as. a) supercooled precipitation b) orographic precipitation c) Bergeron process precipitation d) warm cloud precipitation Question 18 Terminal velocity is achieved when: a) Nolan Ryan's fastball impacts the catcher's mitt. b) you enter the freeway from the on-ramp. c) gravity is equalized by spinning. d) there is a balance between the falling body and the drag of atmospheric

6 molecules. Lecture 10 Forms of Precipitation 19 Graupel: a) does not contain air bubbles. b) has sharp edges. c) can provide the nuclei for hail. d) can be as large as hail. Lecture 10 Precipitation Worldwide 20 In the western part of North America, snowfall distribution is primarily dependent upon: a) latitude. b) the presence of major north-south mountain ranges. c) the location of large lakes. d) proximity to Mexico.

7 When air is forced to rise, Once a parcel of air rises above the lifting In an un stable environment, the Conditionally unstable air:

8 This type of air will keep rising after Vapor pressure is

9 The vapor pressure of a volume of air depends on The dew point:

10 Specific Humidity as temperature decreases. Air that contains as much water as it can hold:

11 Relative humidity Occurs when latent heat is released as water changes from a gas to a liquid.

12 Of the following, which is not dependent upon Occurs when a solid changes to a liquid.

13 When the relative humidity is 100 percent: For which hydrological parameter does S provide

14 Which of the following parameters of the soil moisture Which type of water eventually becomes

15 Which type of soil water returns to the atmosphere by Most of Earth s water is located in the

16 If air becomes progressively warmer and more Ultimately, the buoyancy of a rising air parcel is

17 Air that must be lifted before it The lower atmosphere is most likely to have the

18 The is simply an expression of how the temperature As the temperature increases

19 air can hold more water occurs when a liquid

20 Absolute humidity is: Specific humidity

21 The number of grams of water Occurs when a gas changes to a

22 Using the graph, what is the dew point

23 The amount of water vapor in an air The relative humidity can increase or

24 Which of the following parameters of At which of these locations

25 The residence time of water in the The is known as pathways if active movement of water What does S account for in the water balance equation?

26 An inversion When air is forced to descend Inversions Air that must be lifted before

27 Cooling from 4 to 9 When the relative humidity is

28 Occur when a gas changes to Saturation vapor pressure is

29 Humidity This is the maximum amount

30 Specific humidity Occurs when latent heat is

31 Occurs when latent is released as water Humidity

32 Which of the following measures of humidity The residence time of water Which type of soil water Which type of soil water returns to

33 Which type of water Liquid water at the ground

34 Ultimately, the buoyancy of rising air Absolutely stable air

35 The rate at which rising air Air that must be lifted before

36 Adiabatic processes Saturation vapor pressure is Occurs when a gas

37 Using the graph, what is the dew point

38 Humidity Occurs when a liquid

39 Air can hold more water vapor Which of the following measures

40 The dew point The dew point

41 Occurs when latent heat Which of the following is water loss

42 Most of Earth s freshwater What doe S account for

43 At which of these locations Which type of soil water cannot 6 - Rotation, Solstices, Path 1 On the March equinox, the equator receives this many hours of daylight: a) almost 24 b) 24 c) 12 d) 13 Question 2 On the December solstice the subsolar point is located at the. a) 23.5 S b) 23.5 N c) 26.5 N d) 0 Lecture 6 - Heat Capacity, World 3 0 / 1 point Temperatures at any point on the face of the earth are influenced by:

44 a) latitude. b) altitude. c) proximity to water. d) all of the above Question 4 0 / 1 point In the Southern Hemisphere, south-facing slopes: a) receive more solar radiation than do north-facing slopes. b) will typically look the same as north-facing slopes, except near the equator. c) are most lush in subtropical regions. d) are more likely to have more vegetation. Lecture 7 - Humidity 5 Specific humidity: a) is not useful for discussing air that is saturated with water. b) changes as a given mass of air expands. Question 6 c) d) is a useful measure for comparing water vapor at two different locations. is the most common way to present humidity data in television weather forecasts. is the general term for the amount of moisture in the air. a) Specific humidity b) Saturation c) Humidity d) Grams per kilogram Lecture 7 - Vapour Pressure, Dew Point 7 The dew point: a) is constant for a particular sample of air. b) determines the next morning minimum temperature, provided no air mass change has occurred. c) is the temperature air must be cooled to in order for condensation to form.

45 d) all of the above Lecture 7 - Relative Humidity 8 The wet bulb depression depends on: a) air moisture content. b) air temperature. c) air composition. d) air pressure. Lecture 8 - Adiabatic Process 9 Once a parcel of air rises above the lifting condensation level, the rate of cooling slows because: a) the air surrounding the parcel is cooler. b) the parcel of air continues to cool at the dry adiabatic lapse rate. c) water droplets absorb visible light much better than water vapor does. d) latent heat is released when water vapor condenses. Lecture 8 - Stability 10 0 / 1 point One of the fastest ways to destabilize an atmosphere is to: a) lift it. b) allow it to sink. c) advect it over a cold surface. d) warm it from the top down. Question 11 0 / 1 point Air that must be lifted before it becomes unstable means that the atmosphere is: a) absolutely unstable. b) neutral. c) absolutely stable. d) conditionally unstable. Lecture 9 - Cloud Development 12 This occurs when a mountain range forces air to rise:

46 a) localized convective lifting. b) orographic lifting. c) convergence. d) frontal lifting. Question 13 0 / 1 point Frontal lifting is often likened to a conveyor belt and is referred to as: a) overrunning. b) isobaric upheaval. c) trans-continental uplift. d) frontal overload. Lecture 9 - Cloud Forms 14 0 / 1 point Stratus clouds: a) can form sheets up to several hundred kilometers long. b) form only from the adiabatic lifting of air. c) are a most responsible for colorful sunsets. d) have a high-water content. Question 15 Cirrostratus clouds: a) are formed by wind shear. b) are responsible for the halo effect. c) contain a mixture of ice crystals and supercooled water droplets. d) are more likely to herald coming precipitation than are cirrocumulus clouds. Lecture 9 - Fog 16 This type of fog is NOT the result of air cooling to the dew point: a) steam fog. b) advection fog. c) upslope fog. d) radiation fog. Lecture 10 Precipitation Formation 17 0 / 1 point

47 ess by which supercooled water droplets freeze onto falling ice crystals is called: a) riming. b) cold-cloud condensation. c) Bergeron bonding. d) aggregation. Question 18 The cloud process occurs in temperatures above freezing. a) Bergeron b) warm cloud c) supercooled d) orographic Lecture 10 Forms of Precipitation 19 Rain that falls in an almost random, stop-and-start manner is called: a) showers. b) warm frontal precipitation. c) squalls. d) virga. Lecture 10 Precipitation Worldwide

48 20 A typical meteorological gauge is constructed from a narrow cylinder with a funnel at the top. a) wind b) rain c) humidity d) pressure 6 - Rotation, Solstices, Path n 1 The Earth is tilted at degrees with respect to its orbital plane. a) 23.5 b) 20 c) 90 d) 66.5 Question 2 According to the figure, daily average insolation at 40 N on the June solstice is:

49 a) 580 W/m 2 b) 460 W/m 2 c) 160 W/m 2 d) 350 W/m 2 Lecture 6 - Heat Capacity, World n 3 Which city has a moderate annual temperature range? a) both b) Yuma, Arizona c) San Francisco, California d) neither Question 4 In the Southern Hemisphere, south-facing slopes: n 5 a) are more likely to have more vegetation. b) receive more solar radiation than do north-facing slopes. c) will typically look the same as north-facing slopes, except near the equator. d) are most lush in subtropical regions. Lecture 7 - Humidity The process whereby molecules break free of the liquid volume in which they reside is known as:

50 a) the solute effect. b) boiling. c) evaporation. d) freezing. e) both B and C Question 6 Saturation: a) requires the presence of other gases besides water vapor. b) occurs when the condensation rate equals the evaporation rate. c) occurs even when there are still substantial fluctuations in the concentration of water vapor above the surface. n 7 d) is a state of disequilibrium. Lecture 7 - Vapour Pressure, Dew Point Contrails: a) are not legitimate cloud forms. b) almost never last for any appreciable length of time. c) are caused by the warm, moist jet aircraft exhausts. n 8 d) are too high in the atmosphere to impact surface weather conditions. Lecture 7 - Relative Humidity The hair hygrometer: a) was popular in the nineteenth century, but is no longer used today. b) requires swinging the instrument around one's head for at least a minute. c) uses hairs from dogs, usually golden retrievers. n 9 d) takes advantage of the ability of hair to respond to changes in humidity. Lecture 8 - Adiabatic Process When air is forced to descend, its temperature. a) decreases b) remains constant c) increases d) fluctuates Lecture 8 - Stability

51 n 10 0 / 1 point This type of air will keep rising after an initial upward push: a) Absolutely unstable air. b) Absolutely stable air. c) Conditionally stable air. d) air that is colder and denser than surrounding air. Question 11 Air that must be lifted before it becomes unstable means that the atmosphere is: n 12 a) absolutely stable. b) conditionally unstable. c) neutral. d) absolutely unstable. Lecture 9 - Cloud Development The most common mechanism of cloud formation is: Question 13 a) adding water vapor to the air. b) mixing warm moist air with cold air. c) lowering the air temperature to the dew point by adiabatic cooling of rising air. d) none of the above 0 / 1 point Clouds: n 14 a) result from the warming or rising air parcels. b) will eventually disappear through evaporation. c) continue to form new droplets at least 8000 meters above the lifting condensation level. d) are not affected by the dew point lapse rate. Lecture 9 - Cloud Forms

52 What type of cloud is seen in this figure? a) Lenticular cloud b) Cirrus c) Cumulus d) Altocumulus Question 15 Cumulus congestus: a) are composed entirely of supercooled water droplets. b) do not have temperatures below about -4 degrees Celsius. c) have large temperature differences between the bottom and top. n 16 d) are formed in stable air, typically in inversion layers. Lecture 9 - Fog 0 / 1 point forms at night when the temperature of the air layer at the ground level falls below the dew point. a) Advection fog b) Steam fog c) Smog forms d) Radiation fog Lecture 10 Precipitation Formation

53 n 17 0 / 1 point Raindrops fall to the ground when: a) the coalescence rate exceeds that of the collision rate. b) they are able to catch a fast-moving downdraft. c) they reach a large enough terminal velocity for both their size and the distance between them and the ground. Question 18 d) they are at least five times the size of a cloud droplet. 0 / 1 point The growth of ice crystals in the Bergeron-Findeisen process occurs because: a) the relative humidity is higher in a cold cloud than in a warm cloud. b) updrafts are extremely strong during the Bergeron-Findeisen process. c) liquid water is attracted to ice because of an electrical charge differential. n 19 d) of the difference between saturation vapor pressure between ice and water. Lecture 10 Forms of Precipitation Sleet: a) is more dangerous than freezing rain. b) is usually associated with a cold front. c) requires the presence of a warmer above-freezing inversion layer. n 20 d) freezes immediately upon touching the surface. Lecture 10 Precipitation Worldwide With reference to the Great Lakes, which of the following mechanisms are favorable for precipitation in that area? a) initial mechanism for uplift b) unstable air c) sufficient moisture d) all of the above

54 New verson This occurs when a mountain A tiny bit of

55 This is the most Condensation nuclei: Orographic uplift is usually

56 This is NOT a form Which of the following are NOT Stratocumulus clouds are considered

57 Cumuliform clouds Clouds that are high and are always composed Radiation fog:

58 Form when a warm, moist When the atmosphere contain The collision-coalescence process:

59 Collision-coalescence is the predominant The cloud process occurs in

60 Raindrops fall because: During the formation of snow,

61 Is precipitation that reaches Sleet: In the collision-coalescence process Lecture 6 - Rotation, Solstices, Path Question 1 On the June solstice, areas south of receive no sun.

62 a) 23.5 S * b) 66.5 S c) 23.5 N d) 60 S Question 2 On the March equinox, the subsolar point is at what latitude? a) 33.5 N b) 66.5 N

63 c) 43.5 N * d) 0 Lecture 6 - Heat Capacity, World Question 3 0 / 1 point is the difference between the incoming shortwave radiation and outgoing longwave radiation. At noon it has quite large positive values. a) Incoming shortwave * b) Longwave radiation c) Heat effect * d) Net radiation

64 Question 4 The warmest period of the day: a) occurs during the time of maximum insolation. b) typically occurs at noon. c) occurs when incoming radiative energy is exactly balanced by outgoing radiative energy. * d) occurs when the surface energy budget is running a surplus. Lecture 7 - Humidity Question 5 0 / 1 point is a common example of deposition. a) Dew

65 b) Cloud formation * c) Frost * d) Ice cube shrinkage Question 6 0 / 1 point occurs when latent heat is released as water changes from a gas to a liquid. a) Hydrologic b) Evaporation * c) Deposition *

66 d) Condensation Lecture 7 - Vapour Pressure, Dew Point Question 7 0 / 1 point This is the maximum amount of water vapor an air parcel can contain based on its temperature. a) air temperature * b) saturated specific humidity * c) dew-point d) specific humidity Lecture 7 - Relative Humidity

67 Question 8 0 / 1 point The is a tool that measures relative humidity a) thermometer b) barometer * c) humidifier * d) sling psychrometer Lecture 8 - Adiabatic Process Question 9 The is simply an expression of how the temperature of still air varies with altitude. a) dry adiabatic lapse rate *

68 b) environmental lapse rate c) moist adiabatic lapse rate d) warming adiabatic lapse rate Lecture 8 - Stability Question 10 0 / 1 point Entrainment: a) usually increases the positive buoyancy of unstable air. b) feeds cloud growth. * c) brings unsaturated air into clouds.

69 * d) warms cloud margins. Question 11 0 / 1 point If air becomes progressively warmer and more buoyant than the surrounding air, it is said to be: a) absolutely stable. * b) conditionally unstable. c) neutral. * d) absolutely unstable. Lecture 9 - Cloud Development Question 12 0 / 1 point The cloudiest city in Canada is in the province of:

70 * a) British Columbia. * b) Quebec. c) Newfoundland and Labrador d) Yukon. Question 13 0 / 1 point This is the most common source of condensation nuclei in places like Hamilton and Toronto: a) aerosols from fires. b) sea salt. *

71 c) human activities. * d) dust. Lecture 9 - Cloud Forms Question 14 Clouds that are high and are always composed entirely of ice crystals are: a) stratus. b) thunderheads. * c) cirrus. d) alto.

72 Question 15 Cumulus congestus: a) are formed in stable air, typically in inversion layers. * b) have large temperature differences between the bottom and top. c) are composed entirely of supercooled water droplets. d) do not have temperatures below about -4 degrees Celsius. Lecture 9 - Fog Question 16 0 / 1 point Radiation fog: a) disappears through "lifting."

73 b) does not form if there is any wind. * c) occurs most often on cloudless nights. * d) is the type of fog that envelops San Francisco in the summer. Lecture 10 Precipitation Formation Question 17 0 / 1 point

74 The cloud process occurs in temperatures above freezing. * * a) Bergeron b) supercooled * c) warm cloud d) orographic

75 Question 18 0 / 1 point occurs repeatedly in the image. * * a) Orographic precipitation b) Supercooled precipitation c) Convective precipitation *

76 d) Isohyets precipitation Lecture 10 Forms of Precipitation Question 19 0 / 1 point In comparison to liquid water, the density of the ice in hail is: a) 50% of water. * b) 90% of water. c) no difference * d) 70% of water. Lecture 10 Precipitation Worldwide Question 20

77 Globally, annual precipitation amounts are highest in the: a) mid-latitudes. b) northern Europe. c) east coast of Asia. * d) tropical rain forests of South America and Africa.

78 A is correct The Bergeron process In the collision-coalescence process, the entire Lecture 6 - Rotation, Solstices, Path Question 1 On the March equinox, the equator receives this many hours of daylight: a) 12 b) 13

79 c) almost 24 d) 24 Question 2 On the December solstice, areas north of do not experience a sunrise. a) 33.5 N b) 23.5 N c) 43.5 N d) 66.5 N Lecture 6 - Heat Capacity, World Question 3 Coastal areas experience annual temperature changes compared to locations further inland due to their proximity to a large body of water and water's specific heat capacity. a) moderate, high b) moderate, low c) extreme; high d) extreme; low Question 4 0 / 1 point The region with the greatest difference between summer and winter average temperatures would be: a) central Australia. b) northern North America. c) north Africa.

80 d) eastern Siberia. Lecture 7 - Humidity Question 5 Humidity: a) applies to water, whether solid, liquid, or vapor. b) is a measure of only the water vapor in the air. c) is measured only one way Question 6 d) is unrelated to the vapor pressure of water. Which of the following pairs of change-of-state processes bypass the liquid state of water? a) freezing and melting b) sublimation and deposition c) evaporation and condensation d) none of the above Lecture 7 - Vapour Pressure, Dew Point Question 7

81 Using the graph, what is the dew point temperature if the current air temperature is 35 C and the specific humidity is 15 g/kg? a) 5 C b) 20 C c) 10 C d) 30 C Lecture 7 - Relative Humidity Question 8 Relative humidity: a) requires knowledge of the saturation specific humidity. b) gives the percentage of water molecules in the air. c) is a term rarely used by television weather forecasters.

82 d) is measured in grams per kilogram. Lecture 8 - Adiabatic Process Question 9 When air is forced to rise, it expands and its temperature. a) fluctuates b) remains constant c) increases d) decreases Lecture 8 - Stability Question 10 The lower atmosphere is most likely to have the steepest environmental lapse rate at this time: a) midnight. b) mid-day. c) sunset. d) sunrise. Question 11 Which of the following causes unstable air to keep lifting? a) ascent into a layer of stable air b) inversions c) entrainment d) ascent into s layer of unstable air

83 Lecture 9 - Cloud Development Question 12 Frontal lifting: a) is most pronounced when a cold front meets a cold front. b) can act in a way that is analogous to orographic lifting. c) is not related to temperature differences between air masses. Question 13 d) leads to increased pressure on the warm front. This occurs when a large mass of cold air slides underneath a large mass of warm air: a) convective lifting. b) convergence. c) frontal lifting. d) orographic lifting. Lecture 9 - Cloud Forms Question 14 Stratocumulus clouds are considered: a) clouds with extensive vertical development. b) high clouds. c) middle clouds. d) low clouds. Question 15

84 Which of the following pairs of clouds are the primary precipitation-producing ones? a) stratus and nimbostratus b) Altostratus and nimbostratus c) nimbostratus and cumulonimbus Lecture 9 - Fog d) Stratocumulus and cumulonimbus Question 16 forms at night when the temperature of the air layer at the ground level falls below the dew point. a) Steam fog b) Smog forms c) Advection fog d) Radiation fog Lecture 10 Precipitation Formation Question 17 The collision-coalescence process: a) explains the formation of snow better than it explains the formation of rain. b) is most common at high latitudes. c) is dependent upon the different downward velocities of different-sized droplets. Question 18 0 / 1 point d) is most frequent in cold clouds. The most important principle underlying the Bergeron process is this:

85 a) the bottom part of the cloud where the process is taking place must be warmer than 0 degrees Celsius. b) for a given temperature, the saturation vapor pressure of ice is less than that for supercooled water. c) large drops fall faster than smaller drops. d) aggregation takes place more rapidly than accretion. Lecture 10 Forms of Precipitation Question 19 Rainshowers: a) are, by definition, periods of rain that last for at least one hour. b) typically come from cumuliform clouds. c) usually have their origin in orographic lifting. d) have only one size of raindrop. Lecture 10 Precipitation Worldwide Question 20 A typical meteorological gauge is constructed from a narrow cylinder with a funnel at the top. a) wind b) rain c) humidity d) pressure Lecture 6 - Rotation, Solstices, Path Question 1 The zone is assigned the latitude belts 35 to 55 north and south.

86 a) subtropical b) equatorial c) subarctic d) midlatitud e Question 2 Moment in time when the North Pole is directed 23.5 away from the Sun. a) December solstice. b) Earth's aphelion. c) March equinox. d) June solstice. Lecture 6 - Heat Capacity, World Question 3 0 / 1 point The reason that the daily maximum temperature is after the maximum solar heating is because: a) the Sun has more energy when shining from the west. b) the atmosphere is "thinner" in the afternoon. c) there is a thermal "lag" in the heating of the atmosphere. Question 4 d) None of the above. There is no relationship between the maximum amount of sunshine and the time of maximum daily temperature. 1 / 1 point

87 What region experiences the smallest annual temperature change? a) subarctic b) midlatitud e c) subtropical d) equatorial Lecture 7 - Humidity Question 5 0 / 1 point is a common example of condensation. a) Dew b) Frost c) Ice cube shrinkage d) Cloud dissipation

88 Question 6 Water is unique because: a) it can be forced through pipes at considerable pressure. b) it exists in all three states naturally at the same time. c) its coefficient of expansion as it freezes is linear. d) it vaporizes at a very low temperature. Lecture 7 - Vapour Pressure, Dew Point Question 7 0 / 1 point As the temperature increases, generally, the relative humidity: a) increases. b) decreases. c) is unaffected. d) is erratic. Lecture 7 - Relative Humidity Question 8 0 / 1 point The amount of water vapor in an air parcel as a fraction of the maximum amount it can contain based on its temperature is known as the. a) relative humidity b) dew-point c) saturated specific humidity d) air temperature Lecture 8 - Adiabatic Process

89 Question 9 The reduced rate at which rising air is cooled by expansion when condensation is occurring is the. a) moist adiabatic lapse rate b) dry adiabatic lapse rate c) warming adiabatic lapse rate d) environmental lapse rate Lecture 8 - Stability Question 10 0 / 1 point Inversions: a) increase the positive buoyancy of most air masses that enter them. b) have no significant effect on fog formation. c) are characterized by an increase in temperature with altitude. d) are typically unstable. Question 11 0 / 1 point Which of the following inversions are more extensive and meteorologically important? a) radiation inversion b) frontal inversion c) subsidence inversions d) none of the above Lecture 9 - Cloud Development Question 12

90 Clouds: a) result from the warming or rising air parcels. b) are not affected by the dew point lapse rate. c) continue to form new droplets at least 8000 meters above the lifting condensation level. d) will eventually disappear through evaporation. Question 13 There are ways to lift air in the atmosphere. a) three b) five c) six d) four Lecture 9 - Cloud Forms Question 14 Middle clouds: a) include cumulonimbus clouds. b) can often be found within a kilometer of the ground. c) are prefixed by "cirro." d) are composed of liquid droplets. Question 15 0 / 1 point

91 What type of cloud is seen in this figure? a) Cumulus b) Cirrus c) Altocumulus d) Lenticular cloud Lecture 9 - Fog Question 16 0 / 1 point This type of fog is NOT the result of air cooling to the dew point: a) radiation fog. b) advection fog. c) upslope fog. d) steam fog.

92 Lecture 10 Precipitation Formation Question 17 The cloud process occurs in temperatures far below freezing. a) orographic b) supercoole d c) Bergeron d) warm cloud Question 18 0 / 1 point In the collision-coalescence process, the entire cloud is: a) above freezing. b) below freezing. c) raining.

93 d) snowing. Lecture 10 Forms of Precipitation Question 19 0 / 1 point Snowflakes: a) rarely exceed a tenth of a millimeter in size. b) form different crystal patterns in different parts of the country. c) will grow very different types of crystals even at the exact same conditions. d) can be a combination of several different forms. Lecture 10 Precipitation Worldwide Question 20 With reference to the Great Lakes, which of the following mechanisms are favorable for precipitation in that area? a) initial mechanism for uplift b) unstable air c) sufficient moisture d) all of the above Lecture 6 - Rotation, Solstices, Path Question 1 On the June solstice the subsolar point is located at the.

94 a) 26.5 N b) 23.5 N c) 23.5 S d) 0 Question 2 Moment in time when the North Pole is directed 23.5 away from the Sun. a) Earth's aphelion. b) June solstice. c) December solstice. d) March equinox. Lecture 6 - Heat Capacity, World Question 3 Looking at global temperature distributions, it is seen that: a) the latitudinal temperature gradient is weakest in the hemisphere experiencing winter. b) temperatures over land are colder than those over water at the same latitude in winter. c) it is difficult to explain the behavior of isotherms over the continents. Question 4 d) temperatures increase poleward. The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a given substance by one degree Celsius is known as.

95 a) heat capacity b) maritime climate c) continental climate d) temperature change Lecture 7 - Humidity Question 5 Which of the following measures of humidity is not temperature-dependent? a) specific humidity b) absolute humidity c) relative humidity Question 6 d) none of the above occurs when a gas changes to a solid. a) Sublimation b) Deposition c) Freezing d) Melting Lecture 7 - Vapour Pressure, Dew Point Question 7 This is not one of the three processes for saturating air with water vapor: a) adding water vapor to the air.

96 b) lowering the temperature to the dew point. c) mixing cold air with warm, moist air. d) increasing the carbon dioxide content of air. Lecture 7 - Relative Humidity Question 8 The relative humidity can increase or decrease even though the water vapor content doesn't change because: a) water vapor is a locally conservative property of the atmosphere. b) relative humidity is temperature dependent. c) relative humidity is tied to the amount of dry air present in the sample considered. d) relative humidity is directly dependent on cloud cover. Lecture 8 - Adiabatic Process Question 9 Cooling at 10 C per 1000 m occurs with the. a) dry adiabatic lapse rate b) moist adiabatic lapse rate c) warming adiabatic lapse rate d) environmental lapse rate Lecture 8 - Stability Question 10 The level of free convection: a) is unrelated to temperature of either the air parcel or its surroundings.

97 b) is above the lifting condensation level. c) occurs below the point where a rising air parcel is cooler than its surroundings. Question 11 d) is relevant only when discussing absolutely unstable air. Absolutely stable air: a) will have a positive buoyancy. b) has a wet adiabatic lapse rate that is greater than the environmental lapse rate. c) is typically warmer than its surroundings. d) needs a push to rise, but will continue rising once it starts moving. Lecture 9 - Cloud Development Question 12 This is the most important process of cloud formation: a) advection fog. b) sublimation of glaciers. c) the absorption of infrared radiation by water vapor. Question 13 d) atmospheric cooling. This is the most common source of condensation nuclei in places like Hamilton and Toronto: a) human activities. b) dust. c) aerosols from fires.

98 d) sea salt. Lecture 9 - Cloud Forms Question 14 What type of cloud is seen in this figure? a) Lenticular cloud b) Cirrus c) Altocumulus d) Cumulus Question 15 0 / 1 point Noctilucent clouds are: a) the same as nacreous clouds, but they exist at a lower elevation. b) most easily observed near the equator.

99 c) most easily observed in summer. Lecture 9 - Fog d) found in the mesosphere. Question 16 This type of fog is NOT the result of air cooling to the dew point: a) upslope fog. b) radiation fog. c) advection fog. d) steam fog. Lecture 10 Precipitation Formation Question 17 0 / 1 point The smallest terminal velocities are for: a) condensation nuclei. b) cloud droplets. c) raindrops. d) none of the above Question 18 The process by which supercooled water droplets freeze onto falling ice crystals is called: a) riming. b) aggregation. c) Bergeron bonding.

100 d) cold-cloud condensation. Lecture 10 Forms of Precipitation Question 19 0 / 1 point occurs when the ground is frozen and the lowest air layer is also below freezing. a) Snow b) Hail c) Freezing rain d) Rain Lecture 10 Precipitation Worldwide Question 20 Globally, annual precipitation amounts are highest in the: a) mid-latitudes. b) tropical rain forests of South America and Africa. c) east coast of Asia. d) northern Europe.

101 According to the figure, daily average insolation at 40 N on the June solstice is: a) 350 W/m 2 b) 160 W/m 2 c) 580 W/m 2 d) 460 W/m 2 Question 2 Insolation over a course of a year as you move from the equator towards either pole. n 3 a) decreases b) remains constant c) remains constant for another month in July d) increase Lecture 6 - Heat Capacity, World

102 This city has the largest annual temperature range. a) Manaus b) Hamburg c) Yakutsk d) Aswan Question 4 Looking at global temperature distributions, it is seen that: n 5 Lecture 7 - Humidity a) temperatures increase poleward. b) c) d) it is difficult to explain the behavior of isotherms over the continents. temperatures over land are colder than those over water at the same latitude in winter. the latitudinal temperature gradient is weakest in the hemisphere experiencing winter. is the general term for the amount of moisture in the air. a) Specific humidity b) Saturation c) Humidity

103 d) Grams per kilogram Question 6 Saturation: n 7 Lecture 7 - Vapour Pressure, Dew Point a) is a state of disequilibrium. b) c) d) occurs even when there are still substantial fluctuations in the concentration of water vapor above the surface. requires the presence of other gases besides water vapor. occurs when the condensation rate equals the evaporation rate. 0 / 1 point Saturation vapor pressure is dependent upon this variable: n 8 a) air composition. b) air pressure. c) temperature. d) time of day. Lecture 7 - Relative Humidity 0 / 1 point What is probably the most effective index of water vapor content? n 9 a) relative humidity b) precipitation c) dew point d) absolute humidity Lecture 8 - Adiabatic Process Once a parcel of air rises above the lifting condensation level, the rate of cooling slows because: Lecture 8 - Stability n 10 a) the parcel of air continues to cool at the dry adiabatic lapse rate. b) the air surrounding the parcel is cooler. c) latent heat is released when water vapor condenses. d) water droplets absorb visible light much better than water vapor does. 0 / 1 point

104 Subsidence inversions: a) often lead to increased pollution in Los Angeles. b) are common on the windward slopes of large mountain ranges. c) are less important than frontal inversions. Question 11 d) are common on the western margins of large high-pressure areas. 0 / 1 point Which of the following inversions are more extensive and meteorologically important? Lecture 9 - Cloud Development n 12 a) radiation inversion b) frontal inversion c) subsidence inversions d) none of the above Condensation nuclei: a) are relatively abundant in the atmosphere. b) by definition do not dissolve in water. c) typically originate as micrometeors from space. Question 13 d) do not include hygroscopic aerosols. This occurs when a large mass of cold air slides underneath a large mass of warm air: a) convergence. b) convective lifting. c) orographic lifting. Lecture 9 - Cloud Forms n 14 d) frontal lifting. Altostratus clouds: a) form a series of rows of puffy clouds. b) allow enough light through to throw sharp shadows on the ground. c) scatter a substantial portion of sunlight back into space. Question 15 d) form halos around the Sun and the Moon. Stratus clouds:

105 Lecture 9 - Fog n 16 a) can form sheets up to several hundred kilometers long. b) form only from the adiabatic lifting of air. c) have a high-water content. d) are a most responsible for colorful sunsets. forms when a warm, moist air layer moves over a cold surface. Lecture 10 Precipitation Formation n 17 a) Advection fog b) Smog forms c) Radiation fog d) Steam fog Collision-coalescence is the predominant cause of precipitation in this region: a) mid-latitudes. b) above the Arctic Circle. c) the Tropics. d) subpolar latitudes. Question 18 0 / 1 point Of the following steps in the Bergeron process, which should be second? Lecture 10 Forms of Precipitation n 19 a) net evaporation from supercooled water droplets b) the falling of ice crystals through the cloud c) deposition of water vapor on ice d) formation of rain drops During the formation of snow, the atmospheric temperature profile is: a) almost entirely below freezing. b) c) d) below freezing in the upper part of the atmosphere. below freezing in the lower part of the atmosphere. above freezing in the middle part of the atmosphere.

106 Lecture 10 Precipitation Worldwide n 20 In middle latitudes, rain: e) none of the above 0 / 1 point a) is incapable of turning to sleet. b) is formed by the collision-coalescence process. c) is less common than in high latitudes. d) usually begins as snow. Lecture 6 - Rotation, Solstices, Path Question 1 Regarding latitudinal variations in radiation gain and loss, it is true that: a) the equator experiences a net radiation loss for six months out of the year. b) during the Northern Hemisphere summer, the Southern Hemisphere gains more energy than it loses. c) during the Southern Hemisphere winter, the area of net radiation gain lies north of the equator. d) global winds are the only significant method for redistributing heat toward the poles. Question 2 Which direction does the earth rotate? a) north to south b) west to east c) along the lines of latitude d) east to west Lecture 6 - Heat Capacity, World Question 3 0 / 1 point

107 Sweating cools people because: a) it releases latent heat. b) it involves a transfer of sensible heat. c) colder molecules in a passing wind adhere to the wet skin. Question 4 d) it changes the heat capacity of the body. The reason that the daily maximum temperature is after the maximum solar heating is because: a) the Sun has more energy when shining from the west. b) the atmosphere is "thinner" in the afternoon. c) there is a thermal "lag" in the heating of the atmosphere. d) Lecture 7 - Humidity None of the above. There is no relationship between the maximum amount of sunshine and the time of maximum daily temperature. Question 5 0 / 1 point occurs when a liquid changes to a solid. a) Melting b) Condensatio n c) Evaporation d) Freezing Question 6 0 / 1 point An important principle concerning humidity states that the maximum quantity of water vapor an air parcel can contain is dependent on the.

108 a) saturation b) specific humidity c) air temperature d) grams per kilogram Lecture 7 - Vapour Pressure, Dew Point Question 7 0 / 1 point The condition in which the specific humidity is equal to the maximum amount of humidity that the air can contain, at a determined temperature is known as the. a) saturation specific humidity b) saturation humidity c) specific humidity d) dew point Lecture 7 - Relative Humidity Question 8 What is probably the most effective index of water vapor content? a) absolute humidity b) precipitation c) relative humidity d) dew point Lecture 8 - Adiabatic Process Question 9 Adiabatic processes:

109 a) often involve changes both in temperature and pressure. b) are usually not reversible. c) are relatively uncommon in the atmosphere. d) occur with the addition or loss of energy. Lecture 8 - Stability Question 10 Inversions: a) are characterized by an increase in temperature with altitude. b) are typically unstable. c) have no significant effect on fog formation. Question 11 d) increase the positive buoyancy of most air masses that enter them. Static stability: a) is unaffected by the temperature of the air parcel. b) is unaffected by the density of the air parcel. c) is unrelated to adiabatic cooling. d) is similar to buoyancy. Lecture 9 - Cloud Development Question 12 0 / 1 point All of the following statements about convergent lifting are true, except: a) it causes wind.

110 b) it leads to the rising of air. c) it requires a difference in pressure between two areas with horizontal separation. Question 13 d) it typically proceeds diabatically. This is the cause of most thunderstorms: a) orographic lifting. b) localized convective lifting. c) frontal lifting. d) convergent lifting. Lecture 9 - Cloud Forms Question 14 High clouds: a) are composed of ice crystals. b) include altostratus clouds. c) have a fairly large water content. Question 15 d) have a typical ceiling around 4500 meters. Clouds that are high and are always composed entirely of ice crystals are: a) stratus. b) cirrus. c) alto.

111 Lecture 9 - Fog d) thunderheads. Question 16 forms often forms along the California coast. a) Advection fog b) Radiation fog c) Smog forms d) Steam fog Lecture 10 Precipitation Formation Question 17 0 / 1 point The collision efficiency: a) is affected by the compression of air just below the collector drop.

112 b) is approximately one regardless of drop size. c) is highest for droplets of equal or nearly equal size. Question 18 d) is governed primarily by the temperature of the air. When the atmosphere contains more moisture than theoretically possible, the condition of results. a) heterogeneous nucleation b) supersaturation c) nuclei exclusion d) curvature captivity Lecture 10 Forms of Precipitation Question 19 Snowflakes: a) can be a combination of several different forms. b) form different crystal patterns in different parts of the country. c) rarely exceed a tenth of a millimeter in size. d) will grow very different types of crystals even at the exact same conditions. Lecture 10 Precipitation Worldwide Question 20 Average annual precipitation is highest: a) in the coastal mountains of British Columbia. b) along the Atlantic coast of the southern United States.

113 c) in the area immediately south of the Great Lakes. d) in California's Sierra Nevada. 6 - Rotation, Solstices, Path n 1 The point on the Earth's elliptical orbit when it is farthest from the Sun is known as. a) perihelion b) aphelion c) revolution d) hydrosphere Question 2 Daily insolation at a location depends on: Lecture 6 - Heat Capacity, World a) b) the circle of illuminations, and the length of time of exposure to the rays. the angle at which the Sun's rays strike the Earth and the length of time of exposure to the rays. c) earth's tilt and the amount of precipitation d) the amount of precipitation, and the length of time of exposure to the rays. n 3 The five fundamental factors that determine air temperature are: a) b) atmospheric and oceanic circulation, elevation, global dimming, clouds, and surface type atmospheric and oceanic circulation, elevation, global warming, clouds, and aerosols

114 c) latitude, surface type, coastal vs. interior location, atmospheric and oceanic circulation, and elevation Question 4 d) coastal vs. interior location, atmospheric and oceanic circulation, elevation, global warming, and clouds What region experiences the smallest annual temperature change? a) equatorial b) subtropical c) subarctic Lecture 7 - Humidity d) midlatitude n 5 The process whereby molecules break free of the liquid volume in which they reside is known as: a) the solute effect.

115 b) boiling. c) evaporation. d) freezing. e) both B and C Question 6 An important principle concerning humidity states that the maximum quantity of water vapor an air parcel can contain is dependent on the. a) air temperature b) saturation c) grams per kilogram Lecture 7 - Vapour Pressure, Dew Point d) specific humidity n 7

116 Using the graph, what is the dew point temperature if the current air temperature is 35 C and the specific humidity is 15 g/kg? a) 30 C b) 10 C c) 20 C Lecture 7 - Relative Humidity d) 5 C n 8 Relative humidity: a) gives the percentage of water molecules in the air. b) requires knowledge of the saturation specific humidity. c) is measured in grams per kilogram. d) is a term rarely used by television weather forecasters. Lecture 8 - Adiabatic Process n 9 0 / 1 point In an unstable environment, the lapse rate is greater than the lapse rate. a) dry adiabatic; environmental b) moist adiabatic; dry adiabatic c) dry adiabatic; moist adiabatic Lecture 8 - Stability d) environmental; dry adiabatic n 10 Entrainment:

117 a) warms cloud margins. b) feeds cloud growth. c) usually increases the positive buoyancy of unstable air. d) brings unsaturated air into clouds. Question 11 0 / 1 point Inversions are detrimental to developing storm systems because: a) they seriously alter the horizontal moisture profile of the atmosphere. b) they cap convective development c) they encourage instability. Lecture 9 - Cloud Development d) they increase entrainment. n 12 All of the following statements about convergent lifting are true, except: a) it leads to the rising of air. b) it typically proceeds diabatically. c) it requires a difference in pressure between two areas with horizontal separation. d) it causes wind. Question 13 Orographic uplift is usually associated with rising air: a) along the windward side of mountains. b) over the great plains.

118 c) over oceans. d) along the Gulf of Mexico coast. Lecture 9 - Cloud Forms n 14 Cumuliform clouds: a) are typically much wider than they are tall. b) can have very strong vertical velocities within them. c) typically have higher water content than stratiform clouds. d) form in absolutely stable air conditions. Question 15 Clouds that are high and are always composed entirely of ice crystals are: a) alto. b) thunderheads. c) cirrus. Lecture 9 - Fog d) stratus. n 16 Radiation fog: a) disappears through "lifting." b) occurs most often on cloudless nights. c) does not form if there is any wind. d) is the type of fog that envelops San Francisco in the summer.

119 Lecture 10 Precipitation Formation n 17 The collision efficiency: a) is highest for droplets of equal or nearly equal size. b) is approximately one regardless of drop size. c) is governed primarily by the temperature of the air. d) is affected by the compression of air just below the collector drop. Question 18 The cloud process occurs in temperatures above freezing. a) supercooled b) warm cloud c) orographic d) Bergeron

120 Lecture 10 Forms of Precipitation n 19 0 / 1 point Freezing rain: a) requires a layer of cold air near the surface. b) leaves the bottom of clouds as supercooled droplets. c) is not associated with temperature inversions. d) is commonly associated with thunderstorms. Lecture 10 Precipitation Worldwide n 20 On a global scale, where is mean annual rainfall the greatest? a) polar b) mid-latitude c) equatorial d) subtropical 6 - Rotation, Solstices, Path 1 Which direction does the earth rotate? a) north to south b) west to east c) along the lines of latitude d) east to west Question 2 The zone is assigned the latitude belts 35 to 55 north and south.

121 a) subtropical b) equatorial c) subarctic d) midlatitude Lecture 6 - Heat Capacity, World 3 The is used to determine how cold temperatures feel to us, based on not only the actual temperature but also the wind speed. a) wind chill index b) heat index c) real feel index d) humidity index Question 4 is the difference between the incoming shortwave radiation and outgoing longwave radiation. quite large positive values. At noon it has a) Net radiation b) Heat effect c) Longwave radiation d) Incoming shortwave Lecture 7 - Humidity 5 occurs when a gas changes to a solid. a) Sublimation b) Deposition c) Freezing d) Melting Question 6 Saturation: a) occurs even when there are still substantial fluctuations in the concentration of water vapor above the surface. b) occurs when the condensation rate equals the evaporation rate. c) is a state of disequilibrium.

122 d) requires the presence of other gases besides water vapor. Lecture 7 - Vapour Pressure, Dew Point 7 This is not one of the three processes for saturating air with water vapor: a) lowering the temperature to the dew point. b) mixing cold air with warm, moist air. c) adding water vapor to the air d) increasing the carbon dioxide content of air. Lecture 7 - Relative Humidity 8 Relative humidity is: a) temperature dependent. b) a measure of the content of water vapor compared to the capacity of an air sample. c) usually higher at night than during the day. d) may be substantially different from the humidity in a house. e) all of the above Lecture 8 - Adiabatic Process 9 0 / 1 point The refers to a heating or cooling process that occurs solely as a result of pressure change, not by heat flowing into or away from a volume of air. a) latent heat release b) lifting condensation level c) adiabatic process d) latent heat absorption Lecture 8 - Stability 10 The lower atmosphere is most likely to have the steepest environmental lapse rate at this time: a) midnight. b) mid-day. c) sunset. d) sunrise. Question 11

123 Inversions: a) have no significant effect on fog formation. b) are typically unstable. c) increase the positive buoyancy of most air masses that enter them. d) are characterized by an increase in temperature with altitude. Lecture 9 - Cloud Development 12 A tiny bit of solid matter (aerosol) in the atmosphere on which water vapor condenses to form a tiny water droplet is known as. a) fog b) environmental lapse rate c) cloud condensation nuclei d) clouds Question 13 Water in clouds can remain in the liquid state at temperatures far below freezing. This is known as. a) cloud condensation nuclei b) fog c) supercooled water d) clouds Lecture 9 - Cloud Forms 14 Lenticular clouds: Question 15 a) are the result of waves in the air flow. b) usually form over gently sloping plains. c) result in a substantial net accumulation of moisture within the clouds. d) have linear shapes.