INCA, relative humidities, TROCCINOX / HIBISCUS

Transcription

1 INCA, relative humidities, TROCCINOX / HIBISCUS Ulrich Schumann, DLR,, Oberpfaffenhofen 1

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3 Air Traffic and the Environment Emissions, Contrails and Climate Impact IPCC assessment of aviation impact on the atmosphere Particle emissions from engines Contrail and Cirrus Changes NOx from Aviation and Lightning over Europe (IPCC, 1999) 3

4 Aviation impact on Cirrus ~ 3% additional cirrus due to air traffic ~ 0.3% linear contrails Mannstein 4

5 Revised IPCC figure for global air-traffic related radiative forcing, 1992 Note, the revised CO 2 bar applies for the year 2000 Radiative Forcing, Wm Source of revised values: TRADEOFF (Isaksen et al.), Marquart et al., JGR, 2003, Mannstein and Schumann, 2003)

6 Ice supersaturated regions Results from MLS, TOVS, SAGE, and Radiosondes Klaus Gierens and Peter Spichtinger Datum

7 Global distribution in the UT/LS as seen from MLS Spichtinger, Gierens and Read, QJRMS

8 Global distribution in the UT/LS as seen from MLS Spichtinger, Gierens and Read, QJRMS

9 Pdfs of relative humidity and supersaturation are exponential Spichtinger, Gierens and Read, QJRMS

10 Location of ISSRs relative to the tropopause (radiosonde data from DWD station Lindenberg) 10

11 Location of ISSRs and sub-visible cirrus over Lindenberg, Radiosondes and SAGE Altitudes and seasonal altitude shifts of ISSRs and sub-vis. Ci are similar. MAM JJA Spichtinger, and Gierens SON DJF 11

12 Interhemispheric Differences in Cirrus Properties from Anthropogenic Emissions: The INCA Project European Community, Fifth Framework Programme Partners: Stockholm University (Coordinator), SW DLR (German Aerospace Centre), DE University of Helsinki, FI LaMP, University of Clermont-Ferrand, FR NILU (Norwegian Institute for Air Research), NO LMD (Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique du CNRS), FR Associated Partners: AWI Bremerhaven, DE MPI Heidelberg, DE NASA Langley,USA and 4 Institutes in Chile and Argentina Part of HGF-PAZI Project (FZK, FZJ, AWI, DLR)

13 Strategy: comparable, : geographical latitude season instruments procedure year DLR Falcon 20 13

14 Instruments on Board of DLR Falcon during INCA 1) Trace gases concentrations 2) Interstitial aerosol 3) Cloud-particle properties 4) Ice crystal residual properties 14

15 Instrumentation for aerosols and cloud particles Number concentration, cm Aerosol Particles Cloud Elements PCASP 100X FSSP 300 FSSP 100 ER Polar Nephelometer 2 DC Condensation Particle Counter Aerosol Volatility Analyzer Particle diameter, µm 15

16 Example cirrus data set (Punta Arenas, 9600 m, -46 C) Aerosol concentration FSSP-300 Number density CVI Ice water content FSSP-300 & 2D-C Ice water content CVI Extinction FSSP-300 & 2D-C Extinction Polar Nephelometer Gayet et al., GRL,

17 Flights Campaign Flight activity Time (hhh:mm) Punta Arenas, Chile Test flight 1:30 Transfer to Chile 30:00 2 technical flights 3:25 10 mission flights 39:40 Transfer back 21:50 First campign total 96:25 Prestwick, Scotland Test flight 2:05 Transfer to Prestwick 2:25 9 mission flights 30:35 Transfer back 2:20 Second campaign 37:25 total 17

18 INCA flight routes and typical 5-days trajectories in the upper troposphere 60 N INCA NH (Prestwick) 30 N Mexico City 0 latitude Southbound transfer Sal Northbound transfer Recife 30 S Santiago de Chile 60 S INCA SH (Punta Arenas) 18

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22 (Colours identify flight times) (Data from NASA and DLR ) Punta Arenas, Chile 22

23 Differences between NH and SH aerosols and cirrus properties 23

24 INCA vertical aerosol profiles Aitken accumulation mode refractory particles NH altitude (km) SH altitude (km) number concentration (particles/cm³ stp) Minikin et al.,

25 INCA vertical aerosol profiles Comparison with UFA/EXPORT (continental, summer) Aitken accumulation mode refractory particles NH altitude (km) SH altitude (km) number concentration (particles/cm³ stp) Minikin et al.,

26 INCA aerosol profiles Comparison with ECHAM 5-years-climatology Aitken accumulation mode refractory particles NH altitude (km) SH altitude (km) number concentration (particles/cm³ stp) Minikin et al., 2003, Hendricks et al. 26

27 Frequency distribution of aerosol concentration in the upper troposphere NH SH normalized frequency of occurence (%) Aitken accum. mode refractory number concentration (cm -3 ) Minikin et al.,

28 Relative humidity over ice outside clouds, INCA Punta Arenas and Prestwick 200 A Punta Arenas Outside clouds 200 Prestwick - Outside clouds A 150 B A 150 B A RHi (%) 100 RHi (%) Air temperature (C) Air temperature (C) (Ovarlez et al., GRL, 2002) 28

29 Relative humidity over ice in the upper troposphere, INCA versus ECMWF RH ice INCA (NH) INCA (SH) measured ECMWF temperature (K)

30 North-South contrast of temperature and vertical wind Gayet et al., JGR subm.,

31 NH NH SH SH SH NH NH SH Gayet et al., JGR subm.,

32 Vertical wind and relative humidity NH SH Gayet et al., JGR subm.,

33 NH SH SH NH Gayet et al., JGR subm.,

34 INCA Conclusions First consistent measurements of parameters of aerosols, cirrus and trace gases, together with w, T, q at midlatitudes in clean and polluted regions (SH and NH, and in the tropics) NH: higher concentration of aerosols and trace gases Cloud properties in NH and SH differ: Higher humidity and lower concentration of ice particles in the SH, compared to NH Influence of dynamics (w, T) stronger than expected before INCA Recognisable impact of Aerosol concentration on cirrus properties, Homogeneous nucleation understood, heterogeneous processes not understood

35 Open Further analysis of cirrus properties as a function of T, humidity, vertical motion, and aerosol properties. Can we explain TOVS results showing particles in the NH to be larger than in SH (Rädel, Stubenrauch et al.)? Cirrus evolution? Can one model the mesoscale motion and cloud fields? Can one provide measurements to constraint such 4d (space and time) models? (combining insitu and remote sensing?) Aerosol impact from aviation: Impact of aerosols measurable? Computable? Perhaps the cirrus impact of aircraft induced vertical motions is larger than that of aircraft induced aerosols? 35

36 Overview on the TROCCINOX Project - An Experiment in the Tropics Ulrich Schumann, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Troccinox - Tropical Convection, Cirrus and Nitrogen Oxides Experiment Joint Research Project within the 5th Framework Programme of the European Communities Datum

37 TROCCINOX - General Objectives to improve the knowledge about lightning-produced NO x (LNO x ) in tropical thunderstorms by quantifying the produced amounts, by comparing it to other major sources of NO x and by assessing it s global impact, and to improve the current knowledge on the occurrence of other trace gases (including water vapour and halogens) and particles (ice crystals and aerosols) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in connection with tropical deep convection as well as large-scale upwelling motions 37

38 TROCCINOX - General Objectives to improve the knowledge about lightning-produced NO x (LNO x ) in tropical thunderstorms by quantifying the produced amounts, by comparing it to other major sources of NO x and by assessing it s global impact, and to improve the current knowledge on the occurrence of other trace gases (including water vapour and halogens) and particles (ice crystals and aerosols) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in connection with tropical deep convection as well as large-scale upwelling motions 38

39 TROCCINOX - Specific Questions What is the impact of tropical deep convection on the balance and distribution of NO x and other trace gases? How do troposphere-stratosphere exchange processes contribute to the amount of water vapour entering the stratosphere? What is the effect of tropical deep convection on the formation and distribution of aerosol particles? What are the origins of cirrus clouds in the tropics and how do cirrus clouds affect air composition? How do tracer correlations across the sub-tropical barrier look like and what does that mean for transport between the tropical and mid-latitudinal stratosphere? 39

40 DLR FZ Jülich Univ. Mainz Univ. Frankfurt Univ. of Lancaster Univ. of Leeds UPS/LA CNRS IFA-CNR SRL INOA ETH Zürich IPMet/UNESP CAO Obs. de Neuchâtel... Stratosphere-M 40

41 Geophysica M55 Instrumentation 41

42 Falcon Instrumentation 42

43 TROCCINOX Schedule / /2005 Preparation of aircraft and site, Modelling, Climatologies Field Experiment Jan./Febr Bauru (Brazil) Sao Paulo State Data analysis modelling 43

44 Halo 44

45 HALO: higher, longer, larger HALO: 15.5 km altitude, 9000 km range, 3000 kg pay load 45

46 HALO: higher, longer, larger HALO will open a new quality for research of global aspects of the atmosphere and Earth system 46

47 Apertures different sizes different orientations different locations reinforced to carry loads Electronics data acquisition data interface telemetry External Mounting Points fuselage at different locations wings tail nose next to apertures Cabin special aircraft instrumentation racks extra seatrails extra power on separate bus extra cooling 47