Bellringer-Day 06. In which atmospheric layer do thunderstorms occur? A. Thermosphere B. Mesosphere C. Stratosphere D. Troposphere

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1 Bellringer-Day 06 Create a station model using the following information: A. The wind is blowing at 5 knots in the southwestern direction. B. The temperature is 75 degrees Fahrenheit C. The dew point is 50 degrees Fahrenheit D. It is a clear day outside In which atmospheric layer do thunderstorms occur? A. Thermosphere B. Mesosphere C. Stratosphere D. Troposphere

2 Hurricane Simulation Using your chromebook, complete the Hurricane Simulation Lab, on Google classroom! Careful when answering the questions-if you get it wrong, it will make you start over!

3 Hurricane Prompt Put the following information into a paragraph of at least 7 sentences: 1. What conditions do you think should be present for a hurricane to form? How do you know? 2. Have you ever experienced a hurricane? If so, what was it like? If not, write about any time that you have heard about a hurricane on the news. 3. How do you think a hurricane differs from a thunderstorm or tornado?

4 Hurricanes Whirling cyclones that produce winds of at least 74mph U.S. - hurricanes

5 Development Late summer warm waters to provide heat and moisture

6 Parts of a Hurricane Eye: Center of storm, warmest part, winds and rain cease Eye wall: Strongest winds and rain Spiral Rain Bands: extend out from the eye Video

7 Development Eye air is descending No precipitation or wind High pressure

8

9 Hurricane Intensity Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale

10 Hurricane Warning and Watches Hurricane Watch: could see hurricane related hazards within 48 hours Hurricane Warning: Could see hurricane winds within 36 hours

11 How can we stay safe in the event of Stay indoors severe weather? Tornadoes-find a safe place; basement best, or anywhere away from windows and loose objects (closet, bathroom, etc.) If outside, find a low lying ditch Hurricanes-Follow hurricane procedure, stock up on food and prepare for power outages; evacuate if necessary!

12 Reading Comprehensions Must complete with 80% accuracy-must show Ms. Farris each completed passage!

13 Bellringer-Day What causes lightning during a thunderstorm? What about thunder? 2. Compare weather to climate. 3. What would you say the value of understanding climate is? In other words, why should we keep track of climate? Remember, your weather projects are due this Tuesday, November 24 th!

14 Bellringer-Day 08 Continue working on your storm research powerpoint You will have 30 minutes to do this; if you do not finish, you can finish at home! Due in full on Friday Remember, your weather projects are due this Tuesday, November 24 th!

15 Weather Vs. Climate Remember the difference between weather and climate?? Weather is what s happening right now (temperature, humidity, etc.) Climate is a collection of data over a long period of timedescribes the place!

16 World Climates Köppen Climate Classification Systems Most commonly used system for classification of climates Uses mean monthly and annual temperature and precipitation to classify climates. Five principal groups Tropical Dry Temperate Climates 101 Polar Highland

17 How do we measure climate?

18 Tropical Climates Constant high temperature-no winters! May be rainforest, monsoon, wet/dry savanna All months above 64 degrees Fahrenheit!

19 Temperate Climate Moist, Mid-Latitude Summer temperatures are hot In some areas, winters are mild (warmer temperatures), while others are classified with winters below 27 degrees Fahrenheit (colder temperatures)

20 Polar Climate Very cold year round-no summers! Warmest month still below 50 degrees Fahrenheit!

21 Dry Climates Very dry; little precipitation all year Yearly precipitation is not as great as the loss of water by evaporation.

22 Highland Climate Strongly affected by the altitude Highland climates are cooler and wetter than nearby areas at lower elevations

23 Exit Ticket-Did the information stick? 1. What climate group would you say North Carolina falls under? 2. What factors would you predict to have an impact on climate?

24 Bellringer-Day What are the main types of climate under the Koppen Classification System? 2. How can temperature and rainfall indicate climate?

25 STUDYING CLIMATE CHANGE

26 Studying climate change How do scientists know all these things about what climate was like in the past, before we were here? A number of methods have been developed

27 Studying climate change: Ice cores Ice caps and glaciers accumulated over thousands or millions of years. They contain bubbles of gas preserved from the time when each layer formed. Scientists drill cores and analyze the gas bubbles in each layer to see what the atmosphere was like at that time. Figure 12.5

28 Studying climate change: Pollen analysis Scientists also drill cores into the sediments of ancient lake beds. By identifying types of pollen grains in each layer, they can tell what types of plants were growing there at the time. From The Science behind the Stories

29 Studying climate change: Modeling To predict what will happen to climate in the future, scientists use climate models: Scientists generally find that. Both natural factors and humancaused factors are influencing climate!

30 NATURAL PROCESSES THAT CHANGE CLIMATE

31 Understanding Climate Changes The Greenhouse Effect Is a natural warming of both Earth s lower atmosphere and Earth s Surface. Major Gases: Water vapor, Carbon dioxide, Methane Makes life as we know it possible on Earth The Greenhouse Effect is natural; we will talk about Global Warming a bit later!

32 Natural Processes that Change Climate Volcanic Eruptions The presence of volcanic ash, dust, and aerosols in the air increase the amount of solar radiation that is reflected back into space. This causes Earth s lower atmosphere to cool. Ocean Circulations Changes in ocean circulation also can cause fluctuation EX: El Niño

33 Natural Processes that Change Climate Solar Activity Sunspots correspond with warm periods in Europe and North America Earth Motions Plate movements can cause changes in climate Changes in the shape of Earth s orbit and the tilt of Earth s axis affect global climates.

34 Natural Processes that Change Climate CO 2 Fluctuations Changes in plant growth rates CO 2 levels fall during the growing season and rise in the winter

35 El Niño and La Niña In normal conditions, winds push warm waters (red) to the western Pacific Ocean. This allows cold water to well up from the deep in the eastern Pacific. From The Science behind the Stories

36 El Niño and La Niña In an El Niño event, winds weaken, warm water sloshes to the east, and prevents the cold upwelling. La Niña is the opposite:cold water spreads west Occurs every 3-7 years They events influence rainfall and temperature globally, especially on each side of the Pacific (droughts, floods, disrupt fisheries, etc.)

37 El Nino Current Event Find a current article on El Nino (last 3 months). Follow the steps below on your blank sheet of paper: 1. Name: 2. Title of Article: 3. Source: (APA format) 4. Summary of Event (5-7 sentences) 5. Your Opinion (5-7 sentences)

38 Bellringer: Day Give an example of a natural influence on climate. 2. What human influenced factors do you expect to have an effect on climate?

39 HUMAN EFFECT ON CLIMATE CHANGE

40 Climate and climate change Global climate change = changes in climate on a worldwide scale Climate changes naturally, and always has, but the recent rapid warming of the planet and its change in atmospheric composition are widely thought due to human activities.

41 Radiation, atmosphere, and temperature Earth s temperature depends on how much of the sun s radiation enters the atmosphere and how much escapes back into space. Incoming solar radiation is: absorbed at the surface, or reflected by the atmosphere, or reflected by the surface into space. Infrared radiation emanating from Earth s heated surface is: emitted into space, or absorbed by gases and kept in the atmosphere.

42 Figure 12.1

43 Radiation, atmosphere, and temperature Atmospheric gases that absorb the emanating radiation are greenhouse gases. By absorbing and re-emitting this radiation, they warm Earth s atmosphere and surface, like a greenhouse. This popularly called the greenhouse effect. Rising concentrations of greenhouse gases in recent decades have resulted in global warming, an increase in Earth s average surface temperature.

44 Human Impact on Climate Changes Global Warming As a result of increases in CO 2 as well as other greenhouse gases, global temperatures have increased. Affects multiple natural events like the weather & melting the polar ice caps.

45 CO 2 We focus primarily on CO 2 when discussing global warming and climate change due to a few factors: 1. CO 2 has caused the most warming 2. CO 2 stays in the atmosphere longest (sometimes hundreds of years) CO 2 is natural, but too much can cause problems... So how is CO 2 being added to the atmosphere?

46 Carbon dioxide increase Burning of fossil fuels: We remove carbon-rich fuels from the ground where they have been stored for millions of years, and combust them in an instant, sending CO 2 into the atmosphere. Deforestation: Cutting down trees, removing vegetation from the land, decreases the sink for carbon. Some of the C in plants becomes CO 2 sent into the atmosphere.

47 Increase of other greenhouse gases Halocarbon gases (which include CFCs) are powerful greenhouse gases. Their effects are slowing (due to the Montreal Protocol that we will talk about later) Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas. Its future changes, if any, remain uncertain.

48 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

49 Sea Level Rise Globally warming temperatures are causing sea levels to rise worldwide, endangering many island nations.

50 Sea level rise Sea level rise could also damage the coastlines and ecosystems of the U.S. A 51-centimeters (20- inches) sea level rise would inundate wetlands and dry lands on all U.S. coasts. Figure 12.21

51 Predicted U.S. impacts: Sea level rises All areas of the U.S. coast would suffer erosion. Figure 12.11b,c

52 Ocean Acidification CO 2 gets absorbed by the ocean, lowering ph & making carbonic acid. Coral Reefs: High levels of CO 2 negatively affects corals making their shells. 50% of coral reefs have been destroyed Ocean Acidification

53 Stratospheric ozone depletion Chlorofluorocarbons, or CFC s, contribute to ozone depletion In 1985, the ozone hole was detected over Antarctica. Ozone levels had declined 40 60% over the previous decade. Figure 11.17a

54 Stratospheric ozone depletion Scientists worried about the effects of extra cancercausing UV on people, organisms, ecosystems. The ozone hole (blue) reached its greatest extent in September 2000 (satellite imagery). Figure 11.17b

55 There is still debate over climate change. Virtually all climate researchers agree that global climate is changing and human fossil fuels play a role There is uncertainty over other possible factors that may be involved, and how they might interact with human causes. Debate is over what to do: would cost of reducing emission outweigh cost of environmental effects? Should industrialized nations contribute more? How should costs be allocated? Etc

56 Exit Ticket-Did the information stick? 1. What are the main greenhouse gases? 2. Explain 2 consequences of global climate change that we went over today. 3. Briefly, provide the pro and con side of the global warming debate.

57 Bellringer: Day What is the primary function of the glass of a greenhouse? How does this relate to our own greenhouse effect on Earth? 2. Why is CO 2 the most talked about greenhouse gas? 3. If the greenhouse effect is natural, why are we concerned about the warming of the Earth due to an increase in greenhouse gases?

58 Bellringer: Day What is the difference between the greenhouse effect and global warming? 2. Hypothesize ways to reduce climate change and air pollution.

59 Outdoor air pollution Air pollution = material added to the atmosphere that can affect climate and harm organisms, including humans Air pollution can come from human-made chemicals and causes, but the majority is from natural sources.

60 Natural sources of air pollution dust storms volcanoes fires Figure 11.11

61 Artificial sources of air pollution Human-caused air pollution includes: Point sources = specific spots where large amounts of pollution are discharged (factory smokestacks) Non-point sources = diffuse, often made up of many small sources (charcoal fires from thousands of homes)

62 Artificial sources of air pollution Human-caused air pollution also include: Primary pollutants = emitted into troposphere in a directly harmful form (soot, carbon monoxide) Secondary pollutants = produced via reaction of substances added to the atmosphere with chemicals already present in the atmosphere (acid rain)

63 Acid precipitation Acid rain, acid fog, acid snow Reaction of pollutants like SO 2 and NO with water, oxygen, and oxidants to form acids that fall to surface in precipitation: sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) nitric acid (HNO 3 )

64 Acid precipitation Acid precipitation is created by reactions in the atmosphere, and can fall many miles from where pollution originated. Figure 11.18

65 Acid precipitation Acid precipitation has killed these conifer trees in the mountains of North Carolina. From The Science behind the Stories

66 What can we do to help prevent human impacts on climate change?

67 Emissions reductions: Biking and walking Reducing automobile usage would also lower emissions. More and more people are choosing to live closer in and bike or walk to work. If Americans used public transportation at the rate Europeans do, the U.S. would no longer need Saudi Arabian oil. Figure 12.19

68 1. What are the causes of acid rain? Why is it harmful to areas outside of the pollutant source? 2. What is the difference between point and non-point source pollution? Primary and secondary? 3. Are you finished with your think-tac-toe assignment? Exit Ticket-Did the information stick?

69 Bellringer: Day 14 Define the following: Air mass Front Humidity Relative humidity Greenhouse effect Global climate change

70 Vocabulary Bingo Atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Ozone Layer Nitrogen Air Mass Front Warm Front Cold Front Occluded Front Deforestation Stationary Front Low Pressure High Pressure Ice Cores Greenhouse Effect Global Warming CFC s Acid Rain Sea Level Rise Ocean Acidification Primary Pollutant Secondary Pollutant