The importance of telescopes of all sizes, from small to extremely large: The example of exoplanet rsearch
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1 The importance of telescopes of all sizes, from small to extremely large: The example of exoplanet rsearch Charles Alcock Director Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
2 With help from: Telescopes are getting larger David Charbonneau and Mercedes Lopez-Morales 2
3 and help from: Telescopes are getting larger Andy Szentgyorgyi and Pat McCarthy 3
4 The size of the largest telescopes: Telescopes are getting larger Doubling time is ~35 years 4
5 The size of the largest telescopes: Telescopes are getting larger Approaching meters 5
6 The size of the largest telescopes: Telescope Mount Design R10,500 39,000 Elevationaxis centerline 12,285 Enclosure floor level Top of azimuth track 11,475 Side 60ᵒ zenith Ø19,000 nominal 6
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10 Two open questions (among many) motivate these extremely large telescopes Models of galaxy evolution indicate that the first stars in the earliest galaxies started shining when the universe was only million years old: Beyond the reach of present-day telescopes How can we observe the end of the dark ages? If Earth-like planets are commonplace, is life also widespread?
11 Why will the GMT be so large? The first stars in the earliest galaxies started shining when the universe was million years old: Just beyond the reach of present-day telescopes Will be accessible with the GMT The atmospheres of Earth-like planets will be searched for bio-markers : Oxygen (and ozone) are products of life We are designing an instrument for the GMT intended to study the atmospheres of nearby exoplanets
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13 Why will the GMT be so large? The first stars in the earliest galaxies started shining when the universe was million years old: Just beyond the reach of present-day telescopes Will be accessible with the GMT The atmospheres of Earth-like planets will be searched for bio-markers : Oxygen (and ozone) are products of life We are designing an instrument for the GMT intended to study the atmospheres of nearby exoplanets
14 How will we Search for Life On very Distant Planets? Cyanobacteria Oxygen gas Image: Tanja 14 Bosak Lab (MIT)
15 How will we Search for Life On very Distant Planets? We will be able to detect oxygen in an exoplanet atmosphere with the GMT Image: Tanja 15 Bosak Lab (MIT)
16 Why will the GMT be so large? The first stars in the earliest galaxies started shining when the universe was million years old: Just beyond the reach of present-day telescopes Will be accessible with the GMT The atmospheres of Earth-like planets will be searched for bio-markers : Oxygen (and ozone) are products of life We are designing an instrument for the GMT intended to study the atmospheres of nearby exoplanets
17 How will we Search for Life On very Distant Planets? 17
18 How will we Search for Life On very Distant Planets? 18
19 How will we Search for Life On very Distant Planets? 19
20 How will we Search for Life On very Distant Planets? 20
21 How will we Search for Life On very Distant Planets? 21
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23 How will we Search for Life On very Distant Planets? Trappist 1: Seven temperate transiting planets Proxima Cen b Non-transiting; nearest to us LHS 1140 Found by MEarth survey 23
24 How will we Search for Life On very Distant Planets? Trappist 1: Seven temperate transiting planets Proxima Cen b Non-transiting; nearest to us LHS 1140 Found by MEarth survey All three orbit M dwarf stars 24
25 How will we Search for Life On very Distant Planets? Trappist 1: Proxima Cen b LHS 1140 Good candidate for search for atmospheric O 2 All three orbit M dwarf stars Most common stars in the solar neighborhood Relatively small radius favors transit spectroscopy Habitable zone relatively close to the star 25
26 How will we Search for Life On very Distant Planets? 26
27 How will we Search for Life On very Distant Planets? 27
28 How will we Search for Life On very Distant Planets? 28
29 How will we Search for Life On very Distant Planets? 29
30 How will we Search for Life On very Distant Planets? 30
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32 How will we Search for Life On very Distant Planets? 32
33 How will we Search for Life On very Distant Planets? 33
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35 Who is building the GMT? Astronomy Australia, Ltd. The Australian National University Carnegie Institution for Science Harvard University Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute Smithsonian Institution Texas A&M University The University of Arizona The University of Chicago The University of Texas at Austin The State of Sao Paulo, Brazil
36 Why will the GMT be located in Chile? Excellent atmospheric conditions: dry, laminar Very dark skies, far from cities and towns Well-educated local population from which to recruit technical staff Very good legal and political environment for astronomical telescopes Great synergy with other international observatories
37 Why will the GMT be located in Chile? Excellent atmospheric conditions: dry, laminar Very dark skies, far from cities and towns Well-educated local population from which to recruit technical staff Very good legal and political environment for astronomical telescopes Great synergy with other international observatories
38 GMT
39 Primary Mirror Production Rear Surface Polishing Casting Date: Nov 4, Glass on Hand Ready for Front Surface Generating Front Surface Polishing Polishing Complete 1 Glass on Order GMT Status Update September
40 Mirror #1 Mirror #2 40
41 Primary Mirror Production: Segment 2 Polishing, June
42 Primary Mirror Production: Segment 2 Polishing, June
43 Primary Mirror Production: Segment 2 Polishing, August
44 Primary Mirror Production: Segment 4 Rear Surface Processing GMT Status Update September
45 Primary Mirror Production: Segment 5 Casting Preparation GMT Status Update September
46 Las Campanas Observatory GMT Site is 5km South of Magellan on Same Ridge GMT Site Magellan 6.5m Telescopes Small Telescopes 46
47 Site Characteristics Seeing MASS/DIMM site testing from and No evidence that seeing has evolved over 20+ years Median seeing at GMT site is 0.63 arcseconds in the V-band Seeing Percentiles 10% 25% 50% 75% 90% Manquis Ridge Co. Manqui Magellan Site Co. Alcaino Co. Las Campanas GMT Site 47 47
48 Site Master Plan Warehouse / M1 Factory / M2 Metrology Summit Support Building Summit Utility Building Enclosure Telescopes
49 Site Master Plan - Today Summit Warehouse / M1 Factory / M2 Metrology Main Access Road Support Site Loop Road Residence 49
50 Site Construction Infrastructure Housing to support 250 construction workers on the site Summit excavation to start in early
51 Summit Site Readiness 51
52 THANK YOU! 52
53 THANK YOU! AND GOOD LUCK! 53
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