What is the sun? The sun is a star at the center of our solar system.

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1 What is the sun? The sun is a star at the center of our solar system.

2 Galileo Galilei ( ) Galileo was one of the first Europeans to observe the sun.

3 How did Galileo look at the sun? He lined up a telescope with the sun, but instead of looking through the eyepiece, he held a sheet of white paper behind the eyepiece. The solar image is projected onto the paper. What did he see?

4 What did Galileo see? He observed sunspots when he looked at the sun. He noticed that they moved across the face of the sun. What does this show?

5 What do the movement of sunspots show? Scientists have observed sunspots move across the sun s surface which shows that the sun rotates.

6 Does the sun revolve? The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a distance of approximately 24,000 26,000 light years from the galactic center, completing one clockwise orbit, as viewed from the galactic north pole, in about million years.

7 How big is the sun compared to the rest of the planets? The sun accounts for 99.8% of the solar system s total mass. Because of its large mass, the sun exerts a huge gravitational force strong enough to hold all the planets and other things in orbit.

8 What is the sun made of? About three-fourths of the Sun's mass consists of hydrogen, most of the rest is helium. What is Jupiter mostly made of? Less than 2% consists of other elements, including iron, oxygen, carbon, neon, and others.

9 What makes the sun so hot? The Sun, like most stars, generates its energy by nuclear fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium. Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more light nuclei combine to form a heavy nucleus with the liberation of large amount of energy. Why isn t Jupiter a star?

10 Jupiter and Saturn are made of two of the same gases as the Sun but lack the mass and gravity that cause nuclear fusion.

11 What does the sun look like inside? Core: Temperatures reach up to 15 million C (29 million F). Radiation Zone: tightly packed gas where energy is transferred by electromagnetic radiation (can take 100,000 years) Convection Zone: loops of gas that move energy to the surface

12 What does the sun look like outside? Photosphere: ( Light ) gases are thick enough to be visible to the eye Chromosphere: ( Color ) Corona: ( Crown ) extends millions of miles into space

13 What are sunspots? Areas of gas that are cooler than the gas around them.

14 What are prominences? Prominences: loops of gas that sometimes link groups of sunspots

15 What are solar flares? Solar Flares: loops in sunspot regions connect heating gas and causing it to erupt

16 What is solar wind? Solar wind is the result of thin streams of electronically charged particles that have been ejected from the corona. Travel at speeds of 400km/s (about 1 million miles/hr.)

17 What causes an Aurora Borealis? Solar wind hits the Earth s atmosphere, causing gas molecules in the atmosphere to glow.

18 What is electromagnetic radiation? Sunlight is the total spectrum of electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun. On Earth, sunlight is filtered through the Earth's atmosphere.

19 How long does it take for sunlight to get to Earth? Light travels from the Sun to the earth in about 8 minutes 19 seconds. The energy from this sunlight supports almost all life on Earth via photosynthesis, and drives the Earth's climate and weather.

20 Mauna Loa Solar Observatory MLSO houses several instruments designed to observe the sun at many different wavelengths. These instruments provide observations needed to understand the sun's continuous release of plasma and energy into interplanetary space. (MLSO)

21 McGrath-Pierce Telescope The McGrath-Pierce is the world's largest solar telescope. The McGrath-Pierce telescope is at the Kitt Peak Observatory in Arizona, USA Spectrographs are used to study the emission and absorption spectra of stars; these spectra reveal the stars' composition.

22 Advanced Technology Solar Telescope The University of Arizona's College of Optical Sciences has been awarded a multi-million dollar contract to polish the 4.2-meter primary mirror for the telescope The Advanced Technology Solar Telescope is being built on Mount Haleakala, Maui, Hawaii. Openning is scheduled for 2018.

23 Different Telescopes = Different Wavelengths

24 What is the life cycle of our sun?

25 Galileo Galilei Galileo also observed the Milky Way and found that it was made of a multitude of stars packed so densely that they appeared to be clouds from Earth. He located many other stars too distant to be visible with the naked eye.

26 Hubble Space Telescope (1990) Provides images from things farther way than ever before - hundreds of never before seen galaxies! Optical Telescope

27 Hubble Improvements

28 Starlight is more than what is visible to us!

29 Chandra Telescope

30 The Power of X-ray

31 Spitzer Telescope (2003)

32 The Power Of Infrared

33 Kepler Telescope (2009) Kepler is a space observatory launched by NASA to discover Earth-like planets orbiting other stars. Kepler's only instrument is a photometer that continually monitors the brightness of over 145,000 stars in a fixed field of view 2,326 candidates: 207 are similar in size to Earth, 680 are super-earth-size, 1,181 are Neptune-size, 203 are Jupitersize and 55 are larger than Jupiter. Moreover, 48 planet candidates were found in the habitable zones of surveyed stars.

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36 Pointed at Cygnus

37 Interstellar Greeting Mid-1970s a messages of greeting was sent to the great globular cluster M13 which is a concentration of a quarter million stars in the constellation Hercules. It would take more than 22 thousand years for the message to reach its destination. Worst places in the Galaxy to expect life!

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40 The Future: Lunar Telescope

41 What is a star? Stars are huge balls of glowing gas. The energy stars produce makes them shine.

42 How do scientists classify stars?

43 Color and Temperature Temperature determines color. red(hot) to yellow(hotter)(our sun) to blue(hottest) Orion Betelgeuse (red) Rigel

44 Size Stars vary greatly in size (white dwarf or small medium large giant). Giant stars are typically 10 to 100 times larger than the sun and more than 1,000 times the size of a white dwarf.

45 Chemical Composition Stars vary in their chemical composition. Astronomers use a spectrograph to determine the elements found in stars. A spectrograph breaks light into colors (like raindrops do to sunlight).

46 Brightness Brightness depends on size and temperature.

47 How far away is the nearest star? A light-year is the distance (9.5 million million km) that light travels in one year.

48 What is the nearest star? The nearest star, Proxima Centauri, is 4.3 light-years away. 9,460,730,472,580.8 km x 4.3

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50 How do scientists measure the distance to the nearest stars? Astronomers often use parallax to measure distances to nearby stars. Parallax is the apparent change in position of an object when you look at it from different positions

51 How do scientists figure out the Astronomers can t watch a star for billions of years They can study many stars and other objects in space (all at once). Over time, astronomers have figured out that these objects represent different stages in the lives of stars. life cycle of a star?

52 Please turn to page 764 in your textbook. Add arrows and labels to your notes.

53 How is a star born? All stars begin their lives as parts of stellar nebulas. A stellar nebula is a large cloud of gas and dust spread out in a immense volume. In the densest part of the stellar nebula, gravity pulls the gas and dust together until nuclear fusion begins.

54 Star Birth in Eagle Nebula

55 The Orion Nebula

56 Omega Nebula

57 Trifed Nebula

58 What is a protostar? A contracting cloud of gas and dust with enough mass is called a protostar. Proto means earliest A star is born when the contracting gas and dust from a nebula become so dense and hot that nuclear fusion starts.

59 How long does a star live? The length of a star s life depends on its mass. The stars with less mass last longer. Small-mass stars use up their fuel more slowly. Small 200 billion years Medium 10 billion years Our sun is about 4.6 billion years old

60 What happens when a star dies? When a star begins to run out of fuel, its core shrinks and its outer portion expands. It becomes: white dwarf neutron star black hole

61 Red Giant Low-mass stars and medium-mass stars, like our sun, expand to become red giants.

62 What is a planetary nebula? They continue to grow larger; the outer parts drift out into space, forming a planetary nebula.

63 NGC 2818

64 The Crab Nebula

65 Cat s Eye Nebula

66 What happens next? Planetary nebulas become a white dwarf (the core of the star that is left is about the size of Earth with the mass of our sun) which becomes a black dwarf which is a star that is burned out.

67 What is a supernova? Supergiant star that explodes suddenly when it runs out of fuel. Some material may become part of a nebula, which can become a new star.

68 Or Supergiant High-mass stars turn into Supergiants. Rigel

69 What are neutron stars? They are smaller and denser than a white dwarf that pulse object in space discovered which appeared to give off regular pulses of radio waves. Little green men turned out to be spinning neutron star of pulsar.

70 What is a black hole? The most massive stars (40 times the mass of the sun) may become black holes. A black hole is an object with gravity so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. After a supernova explosion, more than 5 times the mass and gravity of our sun is left. The gravity pulls the gas inward, packing the gas into a smaller and smaller space feature=list_related&playnext=1&list=sp8b1dde FD97 Spagettification

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72 How do scientists believe our solar system formed?? About a billion years ago, a giant cloud of gas and dust collapsed to form our solar system. (p. 777) Our sun is one of over 100 billion stars in our galaxy.

73 What is a galaxy? A galaxy is a huge group of single stars, star systems, star clusters, dust, and gas bound together by gravity. There are three main types

74 Classification What classes did you divide your galaxies into? (Inquiry4)

75 Spiral Galaxies Bulge in the middle and spiral arms

76 Unbarred Spiral Galaxy

77 Elliptical Galaxies Round, flattened balls with no arms

78 Irregular Galaxies No regular shape

79 What kind of galaxy is the Milky Way? The Milky Way is an example of a spiral galaxy.

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82 What is at the center of our galaxy? The center is hidden by dust and gas, but scientists study using x-rays, infrared radiation, and radio waves. It is believed that there is a supermassive black hole at the Galactic Center of the Milky Way.

83 What is the universe? The universe is all space and everything in it. The size of the observable universe is light years.

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