Space Science in JAXA

Transcription

1 Space Science in JAXA Planet Earth May 15, 2017 taken by Hayabusa-2 Saku Tsuneta, PhD JAXA Vice President Director General, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science 2017 IAA Planetary Defense Conference, May 15-19, 1 Tokyo 1

2 Brief Introduction of Space Science in JAXA

3 Introduction of ISAS and JAXA As a national center of space science & engineering research, ISAS carries out development and in-orbit operation of space science missions with other directorates of JAXA. ISAS is an integral part of JAXA, and has close collaboration with other directorates such as Research and Development and Human Spaceflight Technology Directorates. As an inter-university research institute, these activities are intimately carried out with universities and research institutes inside and outside Japan. ISAS always seeks for international collaboration. Space science missions are proposed by researchers, and incubated by ISAS. ISAS plays a strategic role for mission selection primarily based on the bottom-up process, considering strategy of JAXA and national space policy. 3

4 JAXA recent science missions HAYABUSA Asteroid Explorer AKARI(ASTRO-F) Infrared Astronomy HAYABUSA Asteroid Explorer IKAROS 2010 M-V SolarRocket Sail SUZAKU(ASTRO-E2)2005X-Ray Astronomy ARASE 2016Van Allen belt KAGUYA SELENE) Lunar Exploration AKATSUKI 2010Venus Meteorogy HINODE(SOLAR-B)2006Solar Observation Hisaki 2013 Planetary atmosphere 4

5 Close ties between space science and space technology Technology driven Leads and creates space science programs Space Technology Divisions Space Flight Systems Spacecraft Engineering Space Science Divisions Space Astronomy Astrophysics Solar System Science Interdisciplinary Space Science Science driven Stimulates and encourages new technology development 5

6 The First Interplanetary Micro-Spacecraft PROCYON Launched on Dec 3rd, 2014 Mission Demonstration of 50 kg-class Deep Space Exploration Micro-Spacecraft Bus System Miniature Ion Thruster and Cold-Gas Thrusters System High-Effieciency GaN SSPA VLBI Navigation Technology Geocorona Observation Close Flyby Observation of Near Earth Asteroid Development The University of Tokyo and JAXA Spacecraft-System Weight Size Components Power Attitude Communication Propulsion Mission 65 kg 550 mm 550 mm 670 mm SAP 4 RW 4, NSAS 5, FOG 3, STT 1 XTRP (X-Band Transponder), GaN SSPA (Soid State Power Amplifier) VLBITX (Tone Signal Generator for VLBI Navigation) Ion Thruster 1 (for Deep Space Maneuver) Cold-Gas Thruster 8 (for Reaction Control System and Trajectory Correction Maneuver) Telescope 2 (for Asteroid Observation and Geocorona Observation) Achievements Demonstration of 50 kg-class Deep Space Exploration Micro-Spacecraft Bus System Success Miniature Ion Thruster and Cold-Gas Thrusters System Success High-Effieciency GaN SSPA Success VLBI Navigation Technology Success Geocorona Observation Success Address : funase@space.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp (Ryu FUNASE) CG by Go MIyazaki

7 Rikkyo U. Geocorona Observation PROCYON/LAICA ~400,000 km Geocoronal emission (in Rayleigh) on Jan 9, 2015 Neutral hydrogen geocorona observed by Lyman Alpha Imaging CAmera (LAICA) onboard PROCYON at 15 million km (0.1 AU) from the Earth 2-D image since 1972 (Apollo 16) with wide FOV Apollo 16 [Carruthers et al., 1976] 7

8 Recent accomplishments HAYABUSA & IKAROS Led by JAXA Lunar & Planetary Exploration Program Group 8

9 Japan's Contribution to Spaceguard Asteroid missions Hayabusa Explored a small S-type NEO (25143) Itokawa Hayabusa2 Will explore a small C-type NEO (162173) Ryugu Observations Bisei Spaceguard Center Groundbased telescopes (Subaru etc) APAON(Asia-Pacific Asteroid Observation Network) 9

10 Hayabusa changed concept of small NEOs before after Itokawa km The structure of Itokawa is Rubble Pile This is important from the point of spaceguard 10

11 Hayabusa2-OSIRIS-REx falcon collaboration in operation Hayabusa 2 mission hayabusa ISAS/JAXA HAYABUSA2 mission Launched: 2014, arrival:2018, departure: 2019, return: 2020 Earth swing-by completed in Dec 2015 on its way for arrival at Ryugu in 2018 NASA OSIRIS-Rex mission Launch: 2016, arrival:2018, departure: 2021, return: 2023 Target: BENNU Sample & return is regarded as a high-risk mission and the collaboration including sample-exchange serves as a means for insurance for both science teams. 11 1/5

12 Mission Scenario of Hayabusa2 Launch Arrival at Ryugu 03 Dec Dec June-July 2018 Sample analysis Earth swing-by 2019 The spacecraft observes the asteroid, releases the small rovers and the lander, and executes multiple samplings. Earth Return Nov.-Dec Nov.-Dec : Departure New Experiment Impactor collides with the asteroid Sample will be obtained from the newly created crater 12

13 Future Space Science in JAXA 13

14 Space Policy Commission under cabinet office intends to guarantee predetermined steady annual budget for space science and exploration to maintain its scientific activities Strategic Large Missions ( M$ class) for JAXA-led flagship science mission with HIIA or H3 vehicle (3 in ten years) Competitively-chosen medium-sized focused missions (<150M$ class) with Epsilon rocket (every 2 year) Missions of opportunity for foreign agency-led mission X-ray Recovery (2020) MMX(2024) LiteBIRD, Solar-Sail (~2027) SPICA (~2028) Hisaki(2013) ERG (2016) SLIM(2020) DESTINY(2022) #5(2024) BepiColombo (ESA, 2018) JUICE (ESA, 2022) WFIRST(NASA, ~2025) ATHENA(ESA, ~2028) (Notional) 14

15 Strategic L-class missions with HIIA/H3 #4 ESA-Led SPICA FY2028 FY2027 Large-size #3 Lite BIRD or Solar Power Sail Trojan asteroids #2 Martian Moons explorer (MMX) Strategic Large Missions (300M$ class) for JAXAled flagship science mission with HIIA/H3 vehicle (3 in ten years) FY2024 FY2020 #1 X-ray astronomy Recovery mission 15

16 AO for M-Class #5 soon announced Competitive M-class missions with Epsilon # Phaethon flyby (DESTINY) #3 Moon landing (SLIM) FY2022 FY2020 Competitively-chosen medium-sized focused missions (<150M$ class) with Epsilon rocket (every 2 year) FY2016 #2 van Allen belt (ERG) #1 Hisaki (UV planet) FY

17 MMX JAXA s exploration of the two moons of Mars with sample return from Phobos JAXA s mission to the Martian moons (MMX) will make close-up remote sensing and insitu observations of both moons, and return samples from Phobos.

18 ISAS Minor Body Exploration Strategy Outside the snow line Primordial asteroids (Water in hydrated minerals) Comet (water in the form of ice) Credit: ESA/ATG medialab ROSETTA (ESA) Jupiter Trojans (Missing link between comets and asteroids) Martian Moons (Fossil of water delivery capsule) Solar Power Sail (under study) LUCY (NASA, selected) HAYABUSA2 OSIRIS-Rex (NASA) DESTINY + (under study) Dust ejecting bodies (Organic compound Transport via dust particles) Martian Moons exploration(mmx) The Rocky Planet Region 18

19 ISAS Planetary science 2020s Lead sample & return SPICA(ESA-led) Solar-power sail to Jupiter Trojan asteroids (JAXA-led) under assessment BepiColombo MMO(ESA-led) Martian Moons explorer(mmx) (JAXA-led) SLIM Moon landing (JAXA-led) JUICE (ESA -led) Asteroid Sample Return Hayabusa, Hayabusa2 (JAXA-led) 19 19

20 Foreign agency-led? Large missions #3 Athena (ESA) FY2028 #2 Jupiter Icy moons JUICE (ESA) #1 Bepi-Colombo (ESA) FY2022 Missions of opportunity for foreign agency-led mission 20 FY2018

21 Limiting Line Flux (5σ-1hr) / Wm SOFIA AKARI IRC R=25000 JWST/MIRI R=3000 ESA-JAXA SPICA Sensitivity Dramatic improvement Spitzer SPICA AKARI FIS-FTS R=300 HERSCHEL SPICA/SAFARI 2010's 100 Improvement 2020's ALMA Wavelength / µm Baseline specifications Telescope : 2.5 m aperture cooled <8 K Core wavelength: mm Orbit : S-E L2 Halo Orbit Launcher : JAXA H3 Vehicle Launch Year :

22 SPICA s challenge to reveal the history of our solar system and its analogs Big Questions When and how does gas evolve from primordial discs into emerging planetary systems? How do ices and minerals evolve in the planet formation era, as seed for Solar Systems? SPICA s approaches Detailed study of proto-planetary and debris discs in extra-solar systems to shed light on the history of our Solar System Observations of planets and minor bodies in our own Solar System to characterize the early solar system and its evolution to the current system. 22

23 SPICA s challenge to reveal the history of our own Solar System Characterization of the early solar system: comets SPICA will make systematic observations of the D/H ratio of comets, the most primitive bodies in the Solar System, and thereby quantify the original water characteristics in the early Solar System. Evolution of the solar system: trans-neptunian objects (TNOs) SPICA will detect hundreds of the trans-neptunian objects (TNOs), which are expected to bear an unaltered record of the formation and evolution of the outer Solar System, and infer their composition by measuring their sizes and albedos. Evolution to planets: planetary atmospheres SPICA will have resolution ten times better than those of previous exploration missions in the mid-infrared, which contains key features of critical molecules, and will reveal detailed composition and structure of planetary atmospheres. 23

24 ISAS Minor Body Exploration Strategy (revised) SPICA Infrared Astronomy Outer to main-belt asteroids Outside the snow line Primordial asteroids (Water in hydrated minerals) Comet (walter in the form of ice) HAYABUSA2 OSIRIS-Rex (NASA) DESTINY + (under study) Credit: ESA/ATG medialab ROSETTA (ESA) Jupiter Trojans (Missing link between comets and asteroids) Martian Moons (Fossil of water delivery capsule) Dust ejecting bodies (Organic compound Transport via dust particles) Solar Power Sail (under study) LUCY (NASA, selected) Martian Moons exploration (MMX) The Rocky Planet Region 24

25 Collision Probability and Damage Size of 10m or less Always almost no damage Size of about 100m once in a few 100 years regional damage Size of about 1km once in a few 10 5 years global damage Size of about 10km once in 10 8 years catastrophe 25

26 Asteroids and super flares Life and civilization on Earth 26

27 Largest flare ever observed: Carrington flare (1859, Sep 1, am 11:18 ) Richard Carrington in 1859: first record of flare observation Very bright aurora appeared next day in Cuba, the Bahamas, Jamaica, El Salvador, and Hawaii. Estimated to be the largest magnetic storm (> 1000 nt) in modern history Telegraph systems all over Europe and North America failed. Telegraph pylons threw sparks and telegraph paper spontaneously caught fire(loomis 1861) The solar storm (flare) on 2012 July 23 observed by STEREO is supposed to be a supercarrington class, though it occurred on the invisible side of the Sun from the Earth If it hit the Earth, the estimated economic impact is estimated to be >$2 trillion 27

28 Superflare times larger than Intensity (visible light) the largest solar flare Maehara et al. (2012) Super flare: Total energy~10 36 erg times larger than the largest solar flares Super flares Sun Day A star with a big star spot generates super flares 28 Maehara et al. (2012)

29 Comparison between solar flares and superflares 1000 in 1 year 100 in 1 year 10 in 1 year 1 in 1 year 1 in 10 year 1 in 100 year 1 in 1000 year 1 in year Superflares 1000 times more energetic than the largest solar flares occur once in 5000 years! Shibata et al Largest solar flare Superflare C M X X10 X1000 X

30 Size of 10m or less Collision Probability and Damage Always almost no damage Size of about 100m once in a few 100 years regional damage The Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 Once in years 15,894 deaths, 2,562 people missing Size of about 1km once in a few 10 5 years global damage Super Flares: flares far larger than the largest observed flares( erg ) Once in 10 6 years erg superflare may cause ozone depletion and disaster for the civilization? Size of about 10km once in 10 8 years catastrophe 30

31 Summary JAXA appreciates and respects consolidated efforts so far made by various organizations and individuals for planetary defense. Possibility of catastrophic asteroid collision is comparable those of super flares and major earthquake, and should by no means be neglected. JAXA s space science has contributed to planetary defense directly and indirectly. 31