DM-Ice. Reina Maruyama University of Wisconsin - Madison. ^ and Dark Matter. Carolina International Symposium on Neutrino Physics May 20-22, 2013
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1 DM-Ice Reina Maruyama University of Wisconsin - Madison Carolina International Symposium on Neutrino Physics May 20-22, 2013 ^ and Dark Matter
2 CUORE Bolometer 5 cm 790g crystals Amplitude (a.u.) Single pulse example Time (ms) TeO 2 Bolometer: Source = Detector Heat sink: Cu structure (~10 mk) Thermal coupling: Teflon (G = 4 pw/mk) Thermometer: NTD Ge-thermistor (100 MΩ, 100 kω/µk) Absorber: TeO 2 crystal (C 2 nj/k 1 MeV / 0.1 mk) NIM 224 (1984) Reina Maruyama... and of course the walk by the river 2
3 Best Wishes from Wisconsin! 2013 Happy Birthday, Frank and Ettore! And on with CUORE! Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin USC, May 21,
4 Evidence for Dark Ma<er 1933 Coma galaxy cluster Fritz Zwicky Compare mass calculated from: Luminosity M 4 & M = v 2 R/G Vera Rubin What you see in a spiral galaxy... is not what you get s Measured Calculated from visible stars Structure formanon GravitaNonal lensing and much more. All consistent with 26.8% dark ma<er content. 4
5 Beginning for Direct DM Experiments see also Silver Jubilee: h1p://events.pnnl.gov/jubilee/index.stm Reina Maruyama Columbia, SC, May
6 Direct DM Experiments now Laura Baudis DM Overview Neutrino 2012 Reina Maruyama Columbia, SC, May
7 Tension in the field CDMS, CRESST, CoGeNT? XENON 10/100 Sees no evidence for dark ma<er Silicon Analysis 140 kg.days 3 events 5-7σ XENON % DAMA/LIBRA CRESST CoGeNT 90% XENON- 100 CDMS- II (Ge) CDMS- II (Si) EDELWEISS arxiv: DAMA 8.9σ ModulaNon: First claim for modulanon in 1997, signal has persisted since 7
8 Annual ModulaNon Dark Ma<er Searches with NaI Detectors Northern Hemisphere Gran Sasso DAMA/Libra 250kg running Gran Sasso Princeton- NaI R&D Canfranc ANAIS ~100kg starkng in 2014? PICO- LON KIMS etc... Southern Hemisphere South Pole DM- Ice 17 kg running R&D for 250 kg ANDES Lab (proposed) expected start 2018 ice rock Several groups conduckng ultra- pure crystal R&D with several vendors to go to the full scale Only experiments in the Southern Hemisphere can defininvely confirm DAMA. 8
9 DAMA DAMA/NaI kg NaI 290 kg.yr LNGS Gran Sasso DAMA/LIBRA kg NaI 870 kg.yr 8.9σ ModulaNon arxiv: kg target material 5x5 array of NaI crystals 10.2 x 10.2 x 25.4 cm 9.70 kg each pe/kev 10cm quartz lightguides (Suprasil B) Veto muln crystal hits to suppress backgrounds Eur. Phs. C (2008) 2012 JINST 7 P03009 New Hi- QE PMTs Taking data again since Dec 2010 First results. 9
10 DM- Ice (250 kg NaI) Use NaI(Tl) Eliminate uncertainnes due to detector effects and dark ma<er models Crystal Array for sophisncated event tagging DM- Ice (250 kg) arxiv: DetecNon (5σ) or exclusion 500 kg*yr NaI (same scale as DAMA) Threshold < 2 kev ee Background < 5 cpd/kg/kev Go to the South Pole Seasonal effects have opposite phase 2200 mwe overburden Ice < 1 ppt U/Th (radon ~0) Ice < 1 ppb K Ice == great neutron moderator DM- Ice SensiNvity 500 kg yr NaI (2-4 kev) with 1, 2, and 5 dru bkg 10
11 DM-Ice-17 Detector 36 cm (14 ) IceCube DOM m 2 IceCube mainboards + HV control boards PMTs: 5 ETL 9390UKB NAIAD NaI Crystal (5 x5, 8.5 kg) quartz light guides PTFE light reflectors Stainless Steel Pressure Vessel IceCube DOM 60 7 m DM-Ice
12 DM-Ice-17 Detector 36 cm (14 ) IceCube DOM m 2 IceCube mainboards + HV control boards PMTs: 5 ETL 9390UKB NAIAD NaI Crystal (5 x5, 8.5 kg) quartz light guides PTFE light reflectors Stainless Steel Pressure Vessel IceCube DOM 60 7 m DM-Ice
13 DM- Ice17 SPT 12
14 Installing IceCube 24 hours to drill 12 hours to bring up the drill 10 hours to instrument a string Reina Maruyama
15 Bert Ernie Best Wishes to Frank and Ettore! - Halzen and the Ice 3 Gang 14
16 DM-Ice-17 Construction & Deployment Design begin Feb Revive NAIAD xtals Detector assembly Shipment to Antarctica July 2010 Sep - Oct Deployment Dec. 1, 2010 Dec. 11, 2010 Detector in the hole 15
17 DM-Ice17 DAQ Overview Remotely programable sample rate, HV & threshold Each PMT set to trigger ~1/10 spe Waveform recorded only when coincidence between both PMTs w/in 800 ns on a single crystal Waveform from each PMT digitized separately in the ice by IceCube mainboards and sent to hub Time stamp synchronized to IceCube GPS and calibrated for transit time Data sent over satellite to Madison, WI Reina Maruyama Columbia, SC, May
18 Waveform Examples ADC ATWD ch0 center xtal, pmt-0 center xtal, pmt-1 Time (ADC units, 600 ns window) high energy events (>100 kev) Typical scintillation pulses with decay time ~350 ns low energy events (<100 kev) single photo-electrons visible thin pulses Fast pulses with large amplitudes ADC units (window = 600 ns) cut via waveform EMI events Interference with detector monitoring. Well characterized by timing and shape. (no interference with IceCube or ARA seen) Reina Maruyama Columbia, SC, May
19 DM-Ice17 Spectrum DM- Ice17 Prototype1 Spectrum cnts/day/kg/kev 212 Pb (Th- chain) Pb (U- chain) 214 Pb (U- chain) 214 Pb (U- chain) 208 Tl (Th- chain) Bi (U- chain) 60 Co Main backgrounds: U- chain Th- chain 40 K 60 Co 40 K 213 Bi (U- chain) 214 Bi (U- chain) 208 Tl (Th- chain) 18 months of data from both PMTs on a single crystal Internal contaminanon lines used for calibranon 18
20 Region of Interest cpd/kg/kev 18 months of data from both PMTs on a single crystal 3 kev from 40 K 7.2 ± 0.4 cpd/kg/kev 125 I cosmogenic 210 Pb surface event; simulanon in progress Data SimulaNon Energy (kev) Good agreement with simulanon above 20 kev Surface event simulanon at 12 kev in progress We understand our detector to 4 kev NAIAD published to 4 kev; we are pushing lower We model our 3 kev peak to within a factor of 2 of simulanon Understanding efficiencies <3 kev in progress Looking ahead: Backgrounds in ROI 5x higher than simulated for full scale DM- Ice MulN- crystal veto will suppress 3 kev events 19
21 Cosmogenic 125 I (in the NaI crystal) Decay of 125 I July April Residual cnts/kg/day/kev surface X- rays 125 I (67.3 kev) 125 I X- rays July 2011 April Pb (46.5 kev) Verified by 59 day half- life Cosmogenic lines verify our energy calibranon; this is parncularly useful for the prototype since we do not have an in- ice source. kev 20
22 Detector Monitoring Monitored quantities: Temperature of the boards ~10 C above surrounding ice Fast (2-3 weeks) decrease during freeze-in slower decrease over a few months after freeze-in Pressure follows similar trend as temperature (ADC resolution limited) Values recorded every 2 sec. before April Every 60 sec. since April data run data run Reina Maruyama Columbia, SC, May 2013
23 Global NaI Powder R&D From simulanon, internal backgrounds dominate, parncularly 3 kev 40 K DAMA s crystals (NIMA 592 (2008) ) : 238 U : 1-10 ppt 232 Th : 1-10 ppt DM- Ice17 now has 2 NAIAD crystals nat K : < 20 ppb NAIAD crystals : 5-10x DAMA bkg (PLB 616 (2005) 17 24) 32 diameter NaI Crystal Manufacturer Form Measurement 238 U (ppt) 232 Th (ppt) nat K (ppb) Saint Gobain Powder DAMA (HPGe) < 20 < 20 < 100 Saint Gobain Crystal DAMA/LIBRA < 20 Saint Gobain Crystal ANAIS Bicron/Saint Gobain Crystal NaIAD/DM- Ice 20* 20* 650* Sigma- Aldrich Powder (standard grade) DM- Ice (HPGe) Sigma- Aldrich Powder (astro grade) DM- Ice (HPGe) 63 < 95 < 126 Sigma- Aldrich Powder (astro grade) A- S (ICPMS) - - ~ 4 Alpha- Spectra Powder DM- Ice (HPGe) < 100 < 200 < 120 Alpha- Spectra Powder ANAIS- 25 (HPGe) < 55 < 130 < 90 *preliminary Also working with SICCAS (Shanghi) Technical challenge == a method to measure K < 100 ppb level ICPMS is promising < 10 ppb Samples have been sent 22
24 Background Model for DM-Ice17, Looking ahead to DM-Ice (full-scale) Data PMTs Crystal Total Sim. All components measured/esnmated and simulated Quartz Pressure Vessel Drill Ice AddiNonal reducnon from crystal- crystal coincidence 23
25 Conclusions Frank and Ettore are inspiration to us all! Success installation of DM-Ice17 along with IceCube and running stably Background level nominally as expected and in agreement with simulations R&D and design for the full-scale experiment underway DM-Ice arxiv: SUCCESSFUL DEPLOYMENT 500 kg year NaI detector sensitivity Reina Maruyama (2-4 kev) with 1, 2, and 5 dru bgd. Columbia, SC, May
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