The Direct Search for Dark Matter
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1 picture: Thomas Tuchan The Direct Search for Dark Matter with special emphasis on the XENON project Rafael F. Lang Purdue University IPMU Tokyo, March 8,
2 baryon fraction Dark Matter Exists BBN D BBN 3 He SDSS5 WMAP5 matter density but what is it made of? Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 2
3 The Direct Search for Dark Matter thermal relic hunting basics discrimination techniques DAMA/LIBRA CoGeNT CDMS-II and EDELWEISS XENON100 and XENON1T Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 3
4 Search for The Invisible not impossible a historical perspective: 1844: F. Bessel predicts companion of Sirius discovered by A. Clark in : J. Adams, U. Leverrier predict 8 th planet discovered by J. Galle : W. Pauli predicts neutrino discovered by C. L. Cowan and F. Reines in 1956 and the discovery of ether, the black hole at the center of the Milky Way,... But: Need an idea first! Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 4
5 Idea: It s a Thermal Relic Particle from cosmology: n relic n equilibrium robust scattering prediction: rate Temperature / k b T/m c 2 Time Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 5
6 How to Search a Thermal Relic Production Collider Searches Annihilation Indirect Searches Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 6
7 How to Search a Thermal Relic Production Collider Searches Annihilation Indirect Searches Scattering Direct Searches Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 7
8 Baltz&Gondolo PRD (2003) Roszkowski et al. JHEP (2007) Kadastik et al. PRL (2010) Buchmueller et al. arxiv: Expectations in s-m -Space this is where we would expect the usual new physics (MSSM etc.) to show up Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 8
9 Direct Scattering Theory On One Slide Rate Coherent Scattering large detector, long exposure (or ) heavy target material Maximum Recoil Energy low energy detector Spectrum shielding, discrimination, multi target Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 9
10 dn/de on xenon / (kev kg d pb) Expected WIMP Spectrum isothermal halo local density coherent scattering Helm form factor m = 1000 GeV m = 100 GeV m = 10 GeV challenging signal! Recoil Energy / kev Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 10
11 Annual Modulation December 60 Galactic plane June expect modulation of rate spectral shape at the percent level Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 11
12 The Direct Search for Dark Matter thermal relic hunting basics falling exponential, annual modulation discrimination techniques DAMA/LIBRA CoGeNT CDMS-II and EDELWEISS XENON100 and XENON1T Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 12
13 The Power of Discrimination e - /g: electronic recoil a/n/wimps: nuclear recoil electronic recoils are most common background scintillate and ionize more (for given energy) discriminate between the two e.g. measure both energy and some additional parameter (ionization yield, scintillation yield, ratio ionization/ scintillation, pulse decay times, acoustic signal) Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 13
14 Particle Detection Channels DarkSide ZEPLIN-III XENON100 XENON1T WIMP XENON10 LUX ZEPLIN-II WARP DEAP-I DEAP-3600 miniclean XMASS Scintillation DAMA/LIBRA KIMS ANAIS DM-ICE CRESST-II ROSEBUD Axion Cavities ADMX Target Phonons CRESST-I DRIFT-II Ionization CDMS SuperCDMS EDELWEISS COUPP SIMPLE Direction NEWAGE DM-TPC IGEX CoGeNT TEXONO XENON10 (S2) XENON100 (S2) Bubble Nucleation PICASSO Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 14
15 Particle Detection Channels XENON100 XENON1T LUX Scintillation DAMA/LIBRA Ionization CoGeNT Target CDMS EDELWEISS Phonons Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 15
16 The Direct Search for Dark Matter thermal relic hunting basics falling exponential, annual modulation discrimination techniques various ways to reduce backgrounds DAMA/LIBRA CoGeNT CDMS-II and EDELWEISS XENON100 and XENON1T Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 16
17 DAMA/LIBRA Italy/China: 230kg ultra-pure NaI(Tl) scintillators by far largest and longest exposure but no discrimination Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 17
18 arxiv: arxiv: data from arxiv: and arxiv: DAMA/LIBRA Data noise 40 K 40m Ar flat background (beta, Compton) Energy / kev fully explained by background, no space for signal, but: (2-4)keV ee Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 18
19 arxiv: Muon Flux at Gran Sasso DAMA: May 26 ± 7d ICARUS n LVD m: July 15 ± 15d DAMA and LVD μ phase show striking similarity (amplitude!) but not consistent phase Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 19
20 The Direct Search for Dark Matter thermal relic hunting basics falling exponential, annual modulation discrimination techniques various ways to reduce backgrounds DAMA/LIBRA modulation of unknown origin CoGeNT CDMS-II and EDELWEISS XENON100 and XENON1T Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 20
21 Collar, UC Davis and other talks, 2010 CoGeNT Performance USA 440g P-type point-contact Ge detector conventional coaxial HPGe P-type pointcontact HPGe threshold 400eV Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 21
22 arxiv: arxiv: noise pedestal CoGeNT Data ~3s modulation after 15months. Background rejection? expected phase fit Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 22
23 arxiv: J. Collar, Marina del Rey 2012 CoGeNT With Background cutting at constant acceptance lower limit shifts down by >10s! Still different from zero? Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 23
24 The Direct Search for Dark Matter thermal relic hunting basics falling exponential, annual modulation discrimination techniques various ways to reduce backgrounds DAMA/LIBRA modulation of unknown origin CoGeNT signal slip-sliding away CDMS-II and EDELWEISS XENON100 and XENON1T Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 24
25 Armengaud, IDM2010 CDMS-II USA/Canada/Switzerland located at Soudan 19 Ge and 11 Si ZIP detectors with phonon (TES) and ionization signal data-taking finished final analysis of 2 years data from g Ge detectors next step: SuperCDMS with bigger and interleaved detectors Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 25
26 arxiv: and Saab, IDM2010 CDMS-II Results Ge dark matter search data two detectors with signal candidate events combined: bulk electronic recoils surface events bulk nuclear recoils two events observed, consistent with (revised) background expectation of 0.9 ± 0.2 events. Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 26
27 +4V -1.5V +4V -1.5V EDELWEISS-II (~ SuperCDMS) France, Germany, Russia, UK in the Frejus Lab germanium crystals with phonon/ionization readout NTD phonon sensors interleaved electrodes (ionization) collect veto phonon sensor Ge crystal fiducial volume -4V +1.5V -4V +1.5V collect veto Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 27
28 Kraus, IDM2010 Armengaud, IDM2010 ionization/phonon yield EDELWEISS-II Data data from 1 year with ten 400g Ge crystals meanwhile four 800g modules installed with 210 Pb b-source at LSM preliminary energy (phonon channel) before after fiducialization 3 events near threshold Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 28
29 arxiv: arxiv: CDMS Limits DAMA CoGeNT CDMS CRESST CDMS strong limit dedicated analysis constrains CoGeNT interpretation Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 29
30 Armengaud IDM2010 EDELWEISS Limit CDMS DAMA CoGeNT CRESST CDMS EDELWEISS interleaved detectors ready for the next step in sensitivity Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 30
31 The Direct Search for Dark Matter thermal relic hunting basics falling exponential, annual modulation discrimination techniques various ways to reduce backgrounds DAMA/LIBRA modulation of unknown origin CoGeNT signal slip-sliding away CDMS-II and EDELWEISS cleanest solid-state technology XENON100 and XENON1T Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 31
32 Gran Sasso Underground Lab Gran Sasso mountain range cable car to ski resort highway lab hiking path tunnel Assergi Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 32
33 Dual-Phase Xenon TPC top PMT array (position) anode + 3D position information S2 hit pattern: drift time: gas xenon liquid xenon e - e - e - cathode - hn hn bottom PMT array (S1, S2) S1 drift time S2 Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 33
34 XENON PMT top array 80 PMT bottom array Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 34
35 XENON100 veto PMT bell 98 PMT top array +4500V PTFE TPC, field shaping 161kg liquid xenon 80 PMT bottom array veto PMT V Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 35
36 XENON100 Shield 20cm H 2 O, 15cm Pb, 5cm French Pb, 20cm PE, 5cm Cu Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 36
37 Background Spectrum Understood low-energy background before discrimination events/kev ee /kg/day 2 orders of magnitude below other Dark Matter searches Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 37
38 in preparation Absolute (!) Rate Matching XENON100 AmBe calibration: understanding at %-level Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 38
39 arxiv: z / cm The Power of Fiducialization events after 225 live days of data taking 2011/2012: (trigger rate ~1Hz) radius / cm 34kg fiducial radius 2 / cm 2 Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 39
40 log 10 (S2 b /S1) ER mean Discrimination using S2/S1 60 Co, 232 Th and 241 AmBe calibration S1 / PE electronic recoils (background) nuclear recoils (calibration) energy / kev nr ~99.5% ER 50% NR acceptance Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 40
41 arxiv: log 10 (S2 b /S1) ER mean No Signal Observed 225 live days, 34kg fiducial: S1 / PE electronic recoils (background) 1.0 ± 0.2 expected 2 observed Poisson p=26% energy / kev nr likelihood analysis: background-only p-value Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 41
42 Candidate Event: Waveform S1 S2 S1 S2 Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 42
43 Candidate Event: PMT Pattern excellent positioning ( ) even near threshold S2 S1 Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 43
44 arxiv: XENON100 SI Limit 2012 XENON100 yields strongest limit to date Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 44
45 arxiv: XENON100 SD Limits ~50% of xenon has spin competitive proton-only limits leading neutron-only limits Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 45
46 Larger: LUX US collaboration two-phase liquid xenon target now being commissioned underground thermosyphon low-background Ti vessels PMTs (R8778) 350kg xenon PTFE TPC Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 46
47 Even Larger: XENON1T Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 47
48 Key Challenges XENON100 XENON1T liquid xenon 161 kg ~3500 kg background dru dru krypton/xenon (19±4) ppt <0.5 ppt radon/xenon ~65 µbq/kg ~1 µbq/kg electron drift 30 cm 1 m cathode -16 kv -100 kv filling-to-search several months 2 months Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 48
49 The Need for a Muon Veto shielding of high-energy n insufficient: requires veto muon-induced neutrons, E>10MeV neutrons from rock radioactivity, E<10MeV gammas from rock radioactivity, E<3MeV Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 49
50 XENON1T fully funded construction started 10m high, Ø9.6m tank at Gran Sasso commissioning next year! ICARUS XENON1T WARP LNGS Hall B Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 50
51 A Bustling Field of Research improve by 2 orders of magnitude within 5 years Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: The Direct Search for Dark Matter 51
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