Photographing the Moon and the ISS. By Thierry Legault
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2 Photographing the Moon and the ISS By Thierry Legault
3 Photographing the whole Moon: basics Needs a DSLR at prime focus of the telescope The field of view depends on the telescope FL and the size S of the sensor The field shall be at least 0.55 for the whole Moon, ie FL < 100 S Example with APS-C sensor (24x15 mm): FL < 2400 mm for a lunar crescent or quarter FL < 1500 mm for a gibbous, Full Moon or Earthshine Example with 24x36 sensor: FL < 3600 mm for a lunar crescent or quarter FL < 2400 mm for a gibbous or Full Moon or Earthshine Longer FL or smaller sensor can be used, but through mosaics
4 Photographing the whole Moon: field
5 Photographing the whole Moon: instrument Needs a telescope with a very good field coverage: Celestron Edge HD!
6 Photographing the whole Moon: instrument A focal reducer may be necessary
7 Photographing the Moon in high resolution: basics Needs a video camera (preferably B&W) and longer FL The final resolution depends on: Telescope diameter Optical quality Focal length (sampling) User adjustments: collimation, focusing Thermal equilibrium Seeing (turbulence)
8 Photographing the Moon in high resolution: the seeing One of those images were taken with a 50$ webcam in average seeing conditions, the other with a CCD camera in very good seeing conditions
9 Photographing the Moon in high resolution: the seeing The best and
10 Photographing the Moon in high resolution: the seeing the worst image from the same 3-min video sequence: Because of turbulence, image selection is critical!
11 Photographing the Moon in high resolution: the seeing Turbulence shows many possible forms, depending on the behaviour of the atmosphere and the instrument used: the images are fuzzy the images are sharp but agitated and distorded Both are generally mixed up, in variable amounts During an average night, only a small fraction (1% to 10%) of the images taken can be considered as very good (during a stable night, the percentage can rise to 20 to 40%, even more during exceptional nights) With CCD or DSLR, dozens of images are necessary to hope a few good ones 1 minute of video at 30 fps give 1800 images! => With turbulence, superiority of video is tremendous, many nights unexploitable with DSLR or CCD are exploitable in video
12 Photographing the Moon in high resolution: the seeing At a given moment in a given site, the effective turbulence depends on: The wavelength: a yellow or red filter helps to decrease it The altitude of the Moon over the horizon: o Lights crosses a double thickness of air from zenith to 30, and again from 30 to 15 o Prefer the First Quarter in Spring and Last Quarter in Fall, higher in the sky
13 Photographing the Moon in high resolution: collimation The Good
14 Photographing the Moon in high resolution: collimation The Bad
15 Photographing the Moon in high resolution: collimation and the Ugly
16 Photographing the Moon in high resolution: processing collimation Camera parameters Balance exposure time and gain for a good brightness without overexposition Higher gain allows shorter exp. time (good for turbulence) but gives noisier images Lower gain gives less noisy images but increases exposure time
17 Photographing the Moon in high resolution: processing Last generation (Autostakkert, Avistack, Registax) software make miracles! Generation 1: selection of best frames Generation 2: selection of best frames and turbulence de-distortion Generation 3: selection of best parts of frames and turbulence de-distortion Generation 1
18 Photographing the Moon in high resolution: processing Last generation (Autostakkert, Avistack, Registax) software make miracles! Generation 1: selection of best frames Generation 2: selection of best frames and turbulence de-distortion Generation 3: selection of best parts of frames and turbulence de-distortion Generation 3
19 Photographing the Moon in high resolution: processing Why combining many frames? Because of noise! Combining N frames decrease the noise by the square root of N
20 Photographing the Moon in high resolution: processing Beware of overprocessing!
21 Photographing the Moon in high resolution: focal length Adjusting the FL for best resolution FL too short: loss of details FL too long: loss of field of view and loss of light (=> exposure time increased) Sampling calculation: S = 206 p/fl (p is the pixel size) Example: p = 5µm, FL = 2000 mm => S = 0.5 arcsec/pixel Best sampling rule: half the theoretical resolution (double stars) of the telescope Example: 8 telescope offers a resolution of 0.65 arcsec => good sampling is about 0.3 arcsec/pixel => needs a Barlow 2x with 5 µm pixels
22 Photographing the Moon in high resolution: results
23 The International Space Station (ISS): basics Apparent size at zenith: similar to Jupiter Very bright parts (radiators, live modules), magnitude close to Venus Visible from all USA (orbital inclination 51.6 ) Altitude: about 250 miles Very high speed: 17,000 mph,: 1.3 /s at zenith One orbit every 1.5 hour but not always in Sunshine: only at twilight (Sun between 0 and -18 )
24 The International Space Station (ISS): HR photography Passages forecast calculated by Calsky or Heavens Above websites Photography in details with a telescope uses the same techniques as lunar imaging, with short exposure time (1 to 5 ms) The speed of the ISS makes manual tracking possible with a smooth mount but difficult: training on airplanes highly recommended! Tracking with goto mount by calculated trajectory is good for wide field imaging but not high resolution
25 The International Space Station (ISS): HR photography
26 The International Space Station (ISS): HR photography
27 The International Space Station (ISS): transits basics Lunar and solar transits forecast calculated by Calsky website Duration of transit: 0.5s to a few seconds Visibility band width: 3 to 10 miles For solar transits, use a safe solar filter (preferably with high transmission such as Baader Astrosolar photo density, for the shortest exposure time) Use a DSLR in continuous shooting mode or a video camera
28 The International Space Station (ISS): transits
29 The International Space Station (ISS): transits
30 The International Space Station (ISS): transits
31 The International Space Station (ISS): transits
32 The International Space Station (ISS): transits
33 The International Space Station (ISS): transits
34 The International Space Station (ISS): transits
35 Photographing the Moon in high resolution Thank you!
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