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1 Moon Phases Phys1411/1403 Lab Read the Introduction section, it will help you collect the data and answer the questions Introduction Lunar Phase: The relative position of the earth and moon in relation to the sun determines how much of the moon s surface is illuminated. On Earth, we see this an apparent change in the brightness of the moon and call it phase. The synodic period of the moon is 29.5 days, so it takes the moon 29.5 days to orbit the Earth, as a result we can name the 8 major phases at roughly 3.5-day intervals as illustrated in the figure 1 below. Figure 1 Source: Education.com's Moon Rise and Set Times Figure 1 shows when in time the moon will be on the local meridian (meridian is a circle in the sky starting from North going overhead on Zenith and ending in South). Earth rotates on its axis in 24 hours so based on this fact and using the figure, the new moon will be on the meridian at noon. Then subtracting 6 hours tell us that it rose above the horizon at 6am and it will set in the west around 6pm. This means that it is possible to figure out the approximate rise and set time for all the 8 phases if we know the time the moon will be on the meridian. In general, though the exact time are little different from day to day because of the 29.5 day cycle but they are easily available from Stellarium or a lunar phase calculators online. 1

2 Moon Elongation Elongation is an angle between the Sun, Earth and the Moon. It is a general astronomical term that applies to planets as well in addition to the moon. Figure 2 illustrates the elongation angle and Figure 3 shows one example for quarter phase of the moon. Figure 2 Source: Open Course Figure 3 Source: Elongation angles for other phases of the moon are illustrated in Figure 1. The moon rise and moon set time can be computed from phase/elongation angle and assuming that the sun rises at 6am and sets at 6 pm. The moon goes around the earth 360 o in 24h or 360/24 = 15 o. So, the moon rises by 15 o every hour. The angle in hours can also be found likewise using the equation angles in hours = angle in degrees / 15. Example 1: If the moon rises in the east at 6pm, what will be its altitude at 8pm? 8pm 6pm = 2h, 2 x 15 o = 30 o Example 2: What is the measure in hours if the angle is 60 o Angles in hours = 60 / 15 = 4h Example 3: Full moon has an elongation of 180 from figure 1. Therefore 180/15 = 12 h When does the moon rise? moon rise = 6h + 12h = 18h or full moon rises at 6 pm. When does the moon set? moon set = moon rise + 12h = 18h + 12h = 30h, subtract 24 from 30, the hour is 6h or 6 am. Example 4: Moon rises at 23h. What is the phase? Moon rise = Sun rise + elongation Elongation = Moon rise Sun rise = 23h 6h = 17 h 17h x 15 = 255 o. From figure 1, the phase is waning gibbous 2

3 Part 1: Planetarium Observations Your GSI will show you the Moon rise and set on the dates below. Record the time and azimuth. on the dates shown She/he will also show you the phase on a given local time on that date. Draw the phase of the moon you see in the table column J and answer column G, H and I. An example for Sept 13 has been done for you. Note that if you know the Moon's elongation, you know its phase, and vice versa. Year: 2017 Date Moon Rise Time Azimuth in degrees Moon Set Time Azimuth in degrees Local Time Lit on side (E, W, new, Full) Phase At Local Time Elongation in degrees Phase appearance A B C D E F G H I J Sep. 13 0: : :36 E Third quarter 270 Sep :47 Sep :00 3

4 Sep :10 Sep :48 Oct :00 Oct :40 Oct :30 Oct :19 4

5 Questions 1. The moon rises at 6 pm, what will be its altitude when it is on the meridian? Hint see example 1 2. What is the measure in hours if the angle is 150 o. Hint: see example 2 3. When does the moon rise and set when the moon is in waxing crescent phase? Hint: See the example What is the phase of the moon when it is on the meridian at noon. Hint: use figure Moon rises at 6am. What is its phase? Use the Figure 1 or example 4 5

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