"Dark Energy" and "Dark Matter" in Friedmann Universes

Transcription

1 "Dark Energy" and "Dark Matter" in Friedmann Universes Understanding modern puzzles with physics from the 1920's William Q. Sumner January 16, 2012 St. Petersburg, Russia 1

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3 The puzzles of Dark Energy and Dark Matter are beautifully solved using the geometry found by Friedmann in

4 Key Points Schrödinger and Sumner proved that size of atoms are directly proportional to the Friedmann radius. Размер атомов меняется с течением времени! Это ключ! This changes the interpretation of Hubble redshifts. The Universe is collapsing. Text Recent accelerating redshift measurements dramatically confirm this reasoning. No Dark Energy is needed to explain redshift data. The Universe is more than 1300 billion years old and will end in about 9.8 billion years. Most Dark Matter likely consists of burned-out stars. 4

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6 Edwin Hubble 6

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8 Earth Nebula 8

9 More Blue More Red Hubble redshifts were explained as Doppler shifts caused by nebular velocities away from the earth. 9

10 VELOCITY DISTANCE 10

11 Albert Einstein 11

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13 Alexandr Friedmann 13

14 Isotropic & homogeneous dust 14

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16 a(t) time (t) 16

17 a(t) time (t) (t 1 ) (t 2 ) = a(t 1) a(t 2 ) 17

18 a(t) emission today time (t) redshift 18

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23 Expanding Friedmann Universes 23

24 An explanation is needed for this accelerating redshift. Dark Energy has been proposed to modify gravity. 24

25 Erwin Schrödinger 25

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27 Vladimir Fock 27

28 What are the basis functions for ψ? 28

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30 In an expanding space all momenta decrease... This simple law has an even simpler interpretation in wave mechanics: all wavelengths, being inversely proportional to the momenta, simply expand with space. Erwin Schrödinger a(t) time (t) 30

31 Astronomers assume that light changes exactly as Schrödinger showed but they ignore the changes in atomic size. This is wrong. The wavelengths of both atoms and photons change. Астрономы согласны с Шрёдингером, что размер волны фотонов изменяется, но они игнорируют изменения размера атомов. Это неверно. Длина волн фотонов и атомов изменяется одновременно. 31

32 William Sumner (Same result as Schrödinger) 32

33 James Clerk Maxwell 33

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35 Vacuum permittivity is proportional to the Friedmann radius a Stronger Weaker Weaker Stronger 35

36 Atomic Sizes Change Bohr radius a o (t) = " 0(t)h 2 m e e 2 And " 0 (t) a(t) a o (t 1 ) a o (t 2 ) = a (t 1) a (t 2 ) 36

37 Atomic Energy Levels Change e = h E = 8"2 0h 3 me 4 n 2 1 n 2 2 n 2 1 n 2 2 e (t 1 ) e (t 2 ) = a2 (t 1 ) a 2 (t 2 ) 37

38 Photons change exactly Like Schrödinger found (t 1 ) (t 2 ) = a(t 1) a(t 2 ) Именно поэтому красное смещение переворачивается But for atomic emissions e (t 1 ) e (t 2 ) = a2 (t 1 ) a 2 (t 2 ) 38

39 a(t) time (t) 39

40 a(t) emission today time (t) redshift Conventional Interpretation 40

41 a(t) emission today time (t) blueshift Schrödinger/Sumner Interpretation 41

42 a(t) time (t) emission today redshift Schrödinger/Sumner Interpretation 42

43 SN SN 43

44 SN Today SN SN Today 44

45 Today SN Today SN SN Today 45

46 Today SN Today SN Redshift SN Today 46

47 Today SN Today SN Redshift Redshift means collapse SN Today 47

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49 Calculate Redshift for a Collapsing Friedmann Universe 49

50 Define redshift Characterize the Friedmann curve using the Hubble constant, Ho, and the deceleration parameter, qo. Derive from Friedmann solution Vary Ho and qo for best fit for supernova brightness, m - M, and redshifts, k, using Details: arxiv:astro-ph/ v1 50

51 Data error average This fit Details: arxiv:astro-ph/ v1 51

52 Dark Energy is not needed to explain accelerating redshift 52

53 The Universe Is Nearly Flat (qo ~ 1/2) 53

54 Estimating the Age of the Universe Age (10 9 years) 54

55 Estimating minimum age by using the maximum observed redshift q0 decreases Age (10 9 years) 1300 Max Redshift Details: arxiv:astro-ph/ v1 8.6 maximum redshift 55

56 Max Redshift Details: arxiv:astro-ph/ v1 8.6 maximum redshift 56

57 Time Until Collapse For the time until collapse, 2/3 x Ho -1 is a good estimate when qo is near 0.5. For Ho = km s -1 Mpc -1, this is 9.8 billion years. 9.8 billion years 57

58 We are here Time to collapse is ~9.8 billion years 58

59 Dark Matter is mass that neither emits nor scatters electromagnetic radiation. It cannot be directly detected by optical or radio astronomy. 59

60 There is Dark Matter The closed Friedmann Universe requires much more matter than has been directly observed. Many astronomical studies indicate there is much more matter than has been directly observed. These include: Motions of clusters of galaxies. Rotational speeds of galaxies. Gravitational lensing. Temperature distributions of hot gases. 60

61 There is Dark Matter The closed Friedmann Universe requires much more matter than has been directly observed. Many astronomical studies indicate there is much more matter than has been directly observed. Motions of clusters of galaxies. Rotational speeds of galaxies. Gravitational lensing. Temperature distributions of hot gases. 61

62 There is Dark Matter The closed Friedmann Universe requires much more matter than has been directly observed. Many astronomical studies indicate there is much more matter than has been directly observed. Motions of clusters of galaxies. Rotational speeds of galaxies. Gravitational lensing. Temperature distributions of hot gases. 62

63 A Simple Explanation of Dark Matter The universe is at least 1300 billion years old. The lifetime of our sun, an average star, is estimated to be of the order of 10 billion years. Stars began forming soon after the Big Bang. Those and most stars from the following billion years have gone dark. This leads to the hypothesis that Most Dark Matter likely consists of burned-out stars. 63

64 Summary Schrödinger and Sumner have shown that the wavelengths of photons and atoms are directly proportional to the Friedmann radius. The evolution of atoms changes the interpretation of Hubble redshift. Redshift is characteristic of a collapsing Universe. Recent redshift measurements provide dramatic confirmation of this reasoning. No Dark Energy is needed to explain redshift data. The Universe is more than 1300 billion years old and will end in about 9.8 billion years. Considering the age of the universe, most "Dark Matter" likely consists of burned-out stars. 64

65 katoon.org/stp/ 65