How CubeSats are Helping Address the Space Debris Problem: Results from the Polar Orbiting Passive Atmospheric Calibration Spheres
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1 How CubeSats are Helping Address the Space Debris Problem: Results from the Polar Orbiting Passive Atmospheric Calibration Spheres 13th Annual Summer CubeSat Developers' Workshop Logan, UT 5/26/2016 Marcin Pilinski ASTRA LLC. Gil Moore Project POPACS
2 Space Debris and Satellite Drag from Picone et al Satellite drag errors degrade capability to: At the start of 2016 Maintain accurate catalog of all space objects including debris Total Number of CubeSats Launched Total Number of Debris Generated by DMSP Satellites Predict and avoid 417 space collisions 346 Predict satellite reentry time & location Total Number of Debris Generated by Cosmos-Iridium Total Number of Debris Generated by Fengyun ASAT Atmospheric calibration efforts were lacking atmospheric data at high latitudes This is not small satellite problem vs. big satellite problem, it is an issue for all space assets M. Pilinski, G. Moore 2
3 What is POPACS Polar Orbiting Passive Atmospheric Calibration Spheres Launch 9/29/2013 into a high inclination elliptical orbit by Falcon 9 ~340 km perigee altitude ~1510 km apogee altitude ~0.08 eccentricity 81.0 deg inclination Investigate thermospheric density variability Calibrate satellite drag models to improve orbits M. Pilinski, G. Moore 3
4 What is DANDE Drag and Atmospheric Neutral Density Explorer built by COSGC and CU, Boulder and funded by AFOSR and AFRL as part of the University Nanosat Program Launched into nearly identical orbit as POPACS Investigate thermospheric density variability Calibrate satellite drag models to improve orbits Test design of atmospheric instruments M. Pilinski, G. Moore 4
5 Orbit Evolution Numerical prediction of the orbital decay of the POPACS orbits three years after launch image credit: Wes Bradley, Willowhill Precision. M. Pilinski, G. Moore 5
6 Orbit Evolution Perigee Local-Time and Latitude Sampling Superimposed on Atmospheric Density Structure Date: 12/20/2015 M. Pilinski, G. Moore 6
7 Maximum Angular Separation of Perigees in the Equatorial Region [ ] Maximum Local Time Separation of Perigees in the Equatorial Region [hr] Local Time Separation Latitude Separation Geographic Coverage Maximum Angular Separation of Perigees in the Equatorial Region [ ] Total Angular Separation Year M. Pilinski, G. Moore 7
8 Aerodynamic Properties (ballistic coefficients) from Pilinski et al., JSR, 2016 accurate ballistic coefficients lead to accurate atmospheric density measurements M. Pilinski, G. Moore 8
9 Aerodynamic Analysis, DANDE Separation before separation after separation before separation before separation after separation after separation before separation after separation from Pilinski et al., JSR, 2016 M. Pilinski, G. Moore 9
10 Atmospheric Measurements F107 solar flux Ap Geomagnetic Index M. Pilinski, G. Moore 10
11 Atmospheric Assimilation for Improved Conjunction Analysis M. Pilinski, G. Moore 11
![Atmospheric Assimilation for Improved Conjunction Analysis Satellite Perigee Altitude [km] MSIS Standard Deviation JB08 Standard Deviation HASDM](/docs-images/82/86602057/images/12-2.jpg "Standard Deviation (no POPACS) Dragster Standard Deviation (with POPACS) DANDE (39267) 338 29.3% 17.3% 18.8% 10.")
12 Atmospheric Assimilation for Improved Conjunction Analysis Satellite Perigee Altitude [km] MSIS Standard Deviation JB08 Standard Deviation HASDM Standard Deviation (no POPACS) Dragster Standard Deviation (with POPACS) DANDE (39267) % 17.3% 18.8% 10.9% Dragster model (blue) assimilates data from a number of objects including POPACS The DANDE satellite was used as a validation object to check on the assimilation results Proximity of POPACS to DANDE as well as their excellent aerodynamic characterization greatly improves the results over the other models M. Pilinski, G. Moore 12
13 Conclusions CubeSats can be used as atmospheric calibration objects to improve orbit determination and tracking for the whole space community More POPACS-like spheres would be great but documenting the orientations, mass, and size of other CubeSats can still make them useful for atmospheric calibration The initial proximity of the POPACS satellites presents opportunities for studying spatial variability of the atmosphere at various scales M. Pilinski, G. Moore 13
14 Backup Slides M. Pilinski, G. Moore 14
15 Solar Conditions POPACS & DANDE M. Pilinski, G. Moore 15
16 Initial Orbit Evolution M. Pilinski, G. Moore 16
17 M. Pilinski, G. Moore 17
18 M. Pilinski, G. Moore 18
19 Spatial Variability in the Atmosphere (14 day window) Min Mean Median Max M. Pilinski, G. Moore 19
20 Spatial Variability in the Atmosphere (121 day window) M. Pilinski, G. Moore 20
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