How Accurate is the GFDL GCM Radiation Code? David Paynter,
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1 Radiation Processes in the GFDL GCM: How Accurate is the GFDL GCM Radiation Code? David Paynter, Alexandra Jones Dan Schwarzkopf, Stuart Freidenreich and V.Ramaswamy GFDL, Princeton, New Jersey 13th June 2016 Grand Challenges in monsoon modeling: Representation of processes in climate models workshop
2 Summary of GFDL Radiation Codes The GFDL AM3 GCM uses two in house radiation codes Shortwave: ESFSW - 18 Bands, Exponential Sum-Fit with two stream Delta-Eddington (Freidenreich and Ramaswamy;1991,1999). Liquid clouds: Slingo (1989), Ice Clouds: Fu et al. (1996), Aerosol: Internal mixing and hygroscopic growth Longwave: SEALW - 10 Bands, Random (H2O/O3) and LBL-derived (WMGHG) band parameters (Schwarzkopf and Ramaswamy; 1999, Schwarzkopf and Fels;1991,1985, Fels and Schwarzkopf; 1981,1975) -Diffuse beam approx (no scattering),liquid clouds: 0.1*cloud liquid, Ice Clouds: Fu et al. (1996). Aerosol: Internal mixing and hygroscopic growth
3 Summary of Talk 1) 2) 3) 4) A Best Estimate of Shortwave Absorption by the Atmosphere Global Line-by-Line Benchmarking of GFDL Longwave code. Looking ahead to RFMIP Conclusions
4 GCMs Underestimate Shortwave Absorption by the Atmosphere (SWA) Compared to Observations CERES EBAF78 Wm-2 CMIP5 model estimate of shortwave absorption by atmosphere From Wild et al. 2012
5 A Best Model Estimate of Atmospheric Shortwave Absorption If we use the latest physics to estimate the properties of absorbers in the atmosphere what value of shortwave absorption (SWA) do we obtain? Can we use this information to improve the GFDL model? How we Calculate the Estimate: Greenhouse Gases (H2O/H2O ctm/co2/n2o/ch4/o2/o3) -HITRAN + Global Line-by-Line calculations using ERA Climatology (Paynter and Ramaswamy, 2013) Radiation Solver: DISORT, 4 stream Delta-Eddington Clouds and Aerosols, GFDL CM3/CM4 GCM
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8 All-Sky 78.4 Wm % of incoming solar radiation Clear Sky 77.1 Wm-2 Global Annual Mean Shortwave Absorption by Atmosphere 22.7% of incoming solar radiation
9 All sky Uncertainty ±6.6 Wm-2 RMSE = ±2.6 Wm-2 Uncertainty Global Annual Mean Shortwave Absorption by Atmosphere
10 All-Sky 62.0 Wm % of incoming solar radiation Clear Sky 62.0 Wm-2 Global Annual Mean Shortwave Absorption by Atmosphere: TROPOSPHERE 18.2% of incoming solar radiation
11 All sky Uncertainty ±4.7 Wm-2 RMSE = ±2.0 Wm-2 Uncertainty Global Annual Mean Shortwave Absorption by Atmosphere: TROPOSPHERE
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14 Updating the GFDL Shortwave Radiation Code GFDL CM3 radiation code was missing gas absorption by H2O Continuum, CH4, N2O, N2 and some O2 bands. Spectral properties for H2O, CO2 were from HITRAN For AM4 we have added in the above absorbers and updated spectral properties to HITRAN 2012: This Increased global average shortwave absorption: All-Sky AM3: Clear-Sky AM3: Troposphere only All-Sky AM3: Clear-Sky AM3: 74.6 Wm Wm-2 AM4: AM4: 77.4 Wm Wm Wm Wm-2 AM4: AM4: 61.1 Wm Wm-2
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19 Impact of Radiation Code Update on GCM Around 30% of SWA is balanced Precipitation: Tropical Average by decrease in LWA. Key SWA =Shortwave absorption by atmosphere LWA = Longwave absorption by atmosphere LH = Latent Heat Flux SH = Sensible Heat Flux DIV =Flux out of region PRECIP = Precipitation, Wm-2 PRECIP % = Precipitation change as percent of climatology. Over Ocean LH decreases, largely matched by decrease in precipitation. Over Land, small LH change and bigger DIV change drives a small increase in precipitation Key SWA =Shortwave absorption by atmosphere LWA = Longwave absorption by atmosphere LH = Latent Heat Flux SH = Sensible Heat Flux DIV =Flux out of region PRECIP = Precipitation, Wm-2 PRECIP % = Precipitation change as percent of climatology.
20 Updates to the GFDL Longwave Radiation Code for AM4 Updated all Band Coefficients to HITRAN 2012 Updated H2O Continuum from CKD2.1 to MT_CKD 2.5 Added in CO2 lines at greater than 800 cm-1 Impact upon climatology of updates is quite modest, Increase OLR and SDR by 0.7 Wm-2 However radiative forcing due to the 4 times CO2 is now 10% stronger!
21 The Future of Benchmarking Radiative Codes Traditionally Radiation Code Intercomparisons have involved testing radiation codes on idealized single column atmospheres. This method has several drawbacks: 1) 2) 3) It only tests the radiation code over a small subset of atmospheres and misses extreme cases It does not allow for easy understanding of how errors in the radiation code impact both regional and global climate. Creates difficulty in communicating the accuracy of radiation codes to the wider community.
22 Global LBL Benchmarking Previously it was too computationally expensive to run a Line-by-Line (LBL) radiation code on a GCM model grid. However, with increased computational power this is no longer an obstacle How we perform the calculations: 1) 2) Take the GCM meteorology at a single-timestep and run it through the RFM LBL radiation code and RRTMG band model (that is used in many GCM radiation codes). Compare the results to output from the GFDL radiation code at the same timestep
23 LBL calculation of Clear-Sky OLR for 22nd March at 0:30 GMT Global Mean: Wm-2
24 Outline: Error in GFDL calculation of Clear-Sky OLR for 22nd March at 0:30 GMT Global Mean: -2.0 Wm-2
25 Error in RRTMG calculation of Clear-Sky OLR for 22nd March at 0:30 GMT Global Mean: 1.0 Wm-2
26 LBL calculation of Clear-Sky LWDN for 22nd March at 0:30 GMT Global Mean: Wm-2
27 Error in GFDL calculation of Clear-Sky LWDN for 22nd March at 0:30 GMT Global Mean: 1.6 Wm-2
28 Error in RRTMG calculation of Clear-Sky LWDN for 22nd March at 0:30 GMT Global Mean: -1.0 Wm-2
29 Global Mean: 10.1 Wm-2 LBL calculation of Clear-Sky 4xCO2 Tropopause Forcing for 22nd March at 0:30 GMT
30 Global Mean: 0.1 Wm-2 Error in GFDL calculation of Clear-Sky 4xCO2 Tropopause Forcing for 22nd March at 0:30 GMT
31 Global Mean: 0.9 Wm-2 Error in RRTMG calculation of Clear-Sky 4xCO2 Tropopause Forcing for 22nd March at 0:30 GMT
32 Global Mean: 4.9 Wm-2 LBL calculation of Clear-Sky 4xCO2 Surface Forcing for 22nd March at 0:30 GMT
33 Global Mean: -0.6 Wm-2 Error in GFDL calculation of Clear-Sky 4xCO2 Tropopause Forcing for 22nd March at 0:30 GMT
34 Global Mean: 0.4 Wm-2 Error in RRTMG calculation of Clear-Sky 4xCO2 SFC Forcing for 22nd March at 0:30 GMT
35 RFMIP - Aerosol Component Spread in direct aerosol forcing can be split into two causes: Differences in aerosol optical properties or differences in the radiative code solver. For RFMIP, we will take the aerosol optical properties of each participating GCM and run them through a LBL radiation code. This results in a benchmark aerosol radiative forcing value for each model Error in Radiative Transfer AFTER RFMIP Error in Aerosol Properties Error in Aerosol Properties BEFORE RFMIP Error in Radiative Transfer
36 Initial Results.. Have tested the protocol using GFDL CM3. The initial results suggests that the GFDL radiation code underestimates the absorption by aerosol. Implies that too much energy is reaching surface Global Mean Error in Aerosol Absorption is -0.8 Wm-2, 25% of the total forced absorption
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38 Conclusions Shortwave: We estimate Shortwave Absorption by the atmosphere of 78.4 ± 5.2 Wm-2. No leading causes of uncertainty, increasing accuracy a matter of improved understanding of each contributor Any GCM with a value of less than 75 Wm-2 either has no absorbing aerosol or is missing out some minor absorbing species. We increased SWA by ~3 Wm-2 though adding the H2O continuum, CH4, N2O and additional O2 bands. Longwave: Global LBL calculations show that both the GFDL and RRTMG band models obtain a reasonable level of accuracy (~2 Wm-2) in most atmospheres. However, the GFDL model has clear large-scale biases in OLR and LWDN. Both RRTMG and GFDL struggle where there are big temperature differences between the surface and atmosphere. Both models perform badly at predicting the change in LWDN due to CO2 increasing.
39 LBL calculation of Clear-Sky Longwave Column Divergence for 22nd March at 0:30 GMT
40 Looking at select land regions, all show very different changes in JJA precipitation. Big differences in how the regional energy budget adjusts to similar SWA. EAS shows an increase in LH and rainfall, suggesting local and remote causes. Key SWA =Shortwave absorption by atmosphere LWA = Longwave absorption by atmosphere LH = Latent Heat Flux SH = Sensible Heat Flux DIV =Flux out of region PRECIP = Precipitation, Wm-2 PRECIP % = Precipitation change as percent of climatology.
41 Updates to the GFDL Longwave Radiation Code for AM4 Updated all Band Coefficients to HITRAN 2012 Updated H2O Continuum from CKD2.1 to MT_CKD 2.5 Added in CO2 lines at greater than 800 cm-1 AM3 ignored CO2 above this point Impact upon climatology of updates is quite modest, Increase OLR and SDR by 0.7 Wm-2 However radiative forcing due to the 4 times CO2 is now 10% stronger!
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44 Global Mean: -0.7 Wm-2 Error in GFDL calculation of Clear-Sky 4xCO2 Tropopause Divergence for 22nd March at 0:30 GMT
45 Global Mean: -0.4 Wm-2 Error in RRTMG calculation of Clear-Sky 4xCO2 Tropopause Divergence for 22nd March at 0:30 GMT
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