Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence. diffraction reflection refraction

Transcription

1 Q1. Light changes direction as it passes from one medium to another. (a) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence. diffraction reflection refraction The change of direction when light passes from one medium to another is called.... (b) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. When light passes from air into a glass block, it changes direction away from the normal. towards the normal. to always travel along the normal. (c) Diagram 1 shows light rays entering and passing through a lens. Diagram 1 (i) Which type of lens is shown in Diagram 1? Draw a ring around the correct answer. concave convex diverging (ii) In Diagram 1, what is the point X called? Page 1 of 34

2 (d) A lens acts like a number of prisms. Diagram 2 shows two parallel rays of light entering and passing through prism A and prism C. Diagram 2 Draw a third parallel ray entering and passing through prism B. (4) (e) What two factors determine the focal length of a lens? (f) A converging lens has a focal length of 20 cm. Calculate the power, in dioptre, of the lens. Use the correct equation from Section B of the Physics Equations Sheet... Power of the lens =... dioptre (Total 12 marks) Q2. Different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum have different uses. (a) The diagram shows the electromagnetic spectrum. Radio waves Microwaves Infrared Visible light Ultraviolet X-rays Gamma rays Page 2 of 34

3 (i) Use the correct answers from the box to complete the sentence. amplitude frequency speed wavelength The arrow in the diagram is in the direction of increasing... and decreasing.... (ii) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. The range of wavelengths for waves in the electromagnetic to 10 4 spectrum is approximately 10-4 to to metres. (b) The wavelength of a radio wave is 1500 m. The speed of radio waves is m / s. Calculate the frequency of the radio wave. Use the correct equation from Section B of the Physics Equations Sheet. Give the unit Frequency =... (3) (c) (i) State one hazard of exposure to infrared radiation. (ii) State one hazard of exposure to ultraviolet radiation. (d) X-rays are used in hospitals for computed tomography (CT) scans. (i) State one other medical use for X-rays. Page 3 of 34

4 (ii) State a property of X-rays that makes them suitable for your answer in part (d)(i). (iii) The scientific unit of measurement used to measure the dose received from radiations, such as X-rays or background radiation, is the millisievert (msv). The table shows the X-ray dose resulting from CT scans of various parts of the body. The table also shows the time it would take to get the same dose from background radiation. Part of the body X-ray dose in msv Time it would take to get the same dose from background radiation Abdomen years Sinuses months Spine months A student suggests that the X-ray dose and the time it would take to get the same dose from background radiation are directly proportional. Use calculations to test this suggestion and state your conclusion. (3) (Total 13 marks) Page 4 of 34

5 Q3. (a) Diagram 1 shows a magnetic closure box when open and shut. It is a box that stays shut, when it is closed, due to the force between two small magnets. These boxes are often used for jewellery. Diagram 1 Diagram 2 shows the two magnets. The poles of the magnets are on the longer faces. Diagram 2 (i) (ii) Draw, on Diagram 2, the magnetic field pattern between the two facing poles. The magnets in the magnetic closure box must not have two North poles facing each other. Explain why. Page 5 of 34

6 (b) A student is investigating how the force of attraction between two bar magnets depends on their separation. She uses the apparatus shown in Diagram 3. Diagram 3 She uses the following procedure: ensures that the newtonmeter does not have a zero error holds one of the magnets puts sheets of paper on top of the magnet places the other magnet, with the newtonmeter magnetically attached, close to the first magnet pulls the magnets apart notes the reading on the newtonmeter as the magnets separate repeats with different numbers of sheets of paper between the magnets. The results are shown in the table. Number of sheets of paper between the magnets Newtonmeter reading as the magnets separate Page 6 of 34

7 (i) Describe the pattern of her results. (ii) No matter how many sheets of paper the student puts between the magnets, the force shown on the newtonmeter never reaches zero. Why? (iii) The student is unable to experiment with fewer than 10 sheets of paper without glueing the magnet to the newtonmeter. Suggest why. (iv) Suggest three improvements to the procedure that would allow the student to gain more accurate results. (3) Page 7 of 34

8 (v) The thickness of one sheet of paper is 0.1 mm. What is the separation of the magnets when the force required to separate them is 2.1 N? Separation of magnets =... mm (3) (Total 15 marks) Q4. (a) The diagram shows a section through a human eye. (i) Use words from the box to label the diagram. Ciliary muscle Cornea Iris Lens Pupil Retina (4) Page 8 of 34

9 (ii) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. Describe the functions of the ciliary muscle and the iris. (6) (b) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. Long sight can be caused by the eyeball being too long. eyeball being too short. cornea being irregularly shaped. Page 9 of 34

10 (c) The diagram shows how a convex lens forms an image of an object. This diagram is not drawn to scale. (i) Which two words describe the image? Draw a ring around each correct answer. diminished inverted magnified real upright (ii) The object is 4 cm from the lens. The lens has a focal length of 12 cm. Calculate the image distance. Use the correct equation from Section B of the Physics Equations Sheet. Image distance =... cm (3) (d) What does a minus sign for an image distance tell us about the nature of the image?. (Total 17 marks) Page 10 of 34

11 Q5. The diagram shows a G-machine. The G-machine is used in astronaut training. The G-machine moves the astronaut in a horizontal circle. (a) In which direction, A, B or C, does the centripetal force on the astronaut act? Write your answer in the box. (b) The centripetal force on the astronaut is measured. Graph X shows how the centripetal force is affected by the speed of rotation. The radius of rotation is kept the same. Speed of rotation in metres per second (i) Use Graph X to determine the centripetal force on the astronaut when rotating at a speed of 30 metres per second. Centripetal force =... newtons Page 11 of 34

12 (ii) Complete the following sentence to give the conclusion that can be made from Graph X. Increasing the speed of rotation of a G-machine will... the centripetal force on the astronaut. (iii) Graph Y shows how the centripetal force is affected by the radius of rotation, when the speed of rotation is kept the same. Radius of rotation in metres Complete the following sentence to give the conclusion that can be made from Graph Y. The greater the radius of rotation, the... the centripetal force on the astronaut. Page 12 of 34

13 (c) The G-machine is rotated by an electric motor. The diagram shows a simple electric motor. The following statements explain how the motor creates a turning force. The statements are in the wrong order. M The magnetic field interacts with the magnetic field of the permanent magnets. N A magnetic field is created around the coil. O The power supply applies a potential difference across the coil. P This creates a force that makes the coil spin. Q A current flows through the coil. Arrange the statements in the correct order. Two of them have been done for you. (d) The electric motor produces a turning force. Give two ways of increasing the turning force Page 13 of 34

14 (e) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. It costs a lot of money to send astronauts into space. an economic This is an environmental issue. a social (Total 9 marks) Q6. The hammer throw is an athletic event. The athlete throws a heavy metal ball attached by a wire to a handle. (a) The hammer thrower swings the hammer round in a circle before letting go. He swings the hammer slowly at first and then faster. Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the correct word or line in the box. As the speed of the swing increases, the centripetal force on the decreases. hammer does not change. increases. Page 14 of 34

15 (b) The diagram shows an overhead view of a hammer thrower swinging the hammer anticlockwise in a circle. (i) In which direction, A, B, C or D, does the centripetal force act on the hammer? (ii) Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the correct line in the box. air resistance. The centripetal force is provided by the gravitational force. tension in the wire. (iii) At the instant shown in the diagram above, the athlete lets go of the handle. In which direction, A, B, C or D, does the hammer move? (Total 4 marks) Q7. The diagram shows an ultrasound monitor being used to scan a fetus. Page 15 of 34

16 The table shows the velocity of ultrasound waves in different tissues of the fetus. Tissue Amniotic fluid (liquid surrounding fetus) Velocity of ultrasound in m/s 1540 Bone 3080 Kidney 1561 Liver 1549 Muscle 1585 Explain why we are able to see the different parts of the fetus in an ultrasound scan. You may use information from the table in your answer. To gain full marks in this question you should write your ideas in good English. Put them into a sensible order and use the correct scientific words (Total 4 marks) Q8. (a) Explain what ultrasound is. Page 16 of 34

17 (b) Ultrasound is used for pre-natal scanning. This is much safer than using X-rays. However, doctors were only sure ultrasound was safe after experiments on mice. Do you think the ultrasound experiments on mice were justified? Explain your answer. (c) Explain what scientists should do if they find evidence that ultrasound may be harmful to human health. (Total 6 marks) Page 17 of 34

18 Q9. An event involved paddling a homemade raft down a fast-flowing river. The rafts were made using empty barrels. Below are the designs of two rafts. By Reidrac [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Flickr (a) Compare the stability of the two raft designs. Give reasons for your answer. Page 18 of 34

19 (b) A camera was used to take photographs of the rafts. The camera contains a convex (converging) lens. Complete the ray diagram to show how the lens produces an image of the object. F = Principal focus (4) (c) State two words to describe the nature of the image produced by the lens in the camera. 1 2 (Total 8 marks) Q10. A spanner gives a turning effect to undo a nut. (a) Complete the sentence. The turning effect of a force is called the... of the force. Page 19 of 34

20 (b) The diagram shows a spanner being used. Use the equation in the box to calculate the spanner s turning effect in newton metres. turning effect = perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis of rotation Show clearly how you work out your answer Turning effect =... Nm (c) Give two ways in which you can increase the spanner s turning effect (Total 5 marks) Q11. (a) The diagram shows a transformer. (i) What is part A?... Page 20 of 34

21 (ii) What is part B and what is it made of? (iii) When there is an alternating current in the primary coil, what is produced in part B? (b) Transformers are used in the National Grid. The diagram shows part of the National Grid. Complete the two spaces in the sentence. Transformer C is a... transformer and transformer D is a... transformer. Page 21 of 34

22 (c) This is an item from a newspaper. Which two suggestions would reduce the possible risk to people s health? Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your answers. Do not build new houses near to existing power lines. Move the power lines so that they take the shortest routes. Move each power station to the centre of the nearest city. Build new power lines away from where people live. Use more transformers in the National Grid. (Total 8 marks) Page 22 of 34

23 Q12. The diagram shows a gardener using a steel bar to lift a tree stump out of the ground. When the gardener pushes with a force of 300 N, the tree stump just begins to move. (a) Use the equation in the box to calculate the moment produced by the 300 N force. moment = force x perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis of rotation Show clearly how you work out your answer. Moment =... newton metres (b) Using a longer steel bar would have made it easier for the gardener to lift the tree stump out of the ground. Explain why. (Total 4 marks) Page 23 of 34

24 Q13. (a) The diagram shows a converging lens being used as a magnifying glass. (i) On the diagram, use a ruler to draw two rays from the top of the object which show how and where the image is formed. Represent the image by an arrow drawn at the correct position. (3) (ii) Use the equation in the box to calculate the magnification produced by the lens. Show clearly how you work out your answer. Magnification =... Page 24 of 34

25 (b) A camera also uses a converging lens to form an image. Describe how the image formed by the lens in a camera is different from the image formed by a lens used as a magnifying glass. (Total 7 marks) Q14. (a) A pendulum is a device that can be used for timing. Some clocks rely on the swing of a pendulum to keep time. The pendulum shown in the diagram below is suspended from point Y and swings from A to B, through the centre point Z. The displacement x of the pendulum bob was plotted against time as shown in the graph below. Page 25 of 34

26 By analysing the evidence in the graph, find the amplitude of the oscillation of the pendulum and the time period of the pendulum. (b) A student carried out an investigation to find out how the time period of the pendulum depends on the length of the pendulum. During the investigation she kept the mass of the pendulum bob and the angle of release constant. Her data is recorded in Table 1. Table 1 Length of pendulum in metres Time for 10 swings in seconds Time period in seconds (i) Explain why the student timed ten swings, rather than just timing one swing, for each length of pendulum. Page 26 of 34

27 (ii) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. Describe the steps that the student would take to obtain the data shown in Table 1. In your description, comment on the number of decimal places and significant figures the student has used in each column. (6) (iii) The student also carried out two more pendulum investigations. During the second investigation she kept the length of the pendulum and the angle of release constant. The data for this investigation is recorded in Table 2. Table 2 Mass of pendulum bob in grams Time for 10 swings in seconds Time period in seconds Page 27 of 34

28 During the third investigation she kept the length of the pendulum and the mass of the pendulum bob constant. The data for this investigation is recorded in Table 3. Table 3 Angle of release in degrees Time for 10 swings in seconds Time period in seconds What conclusions can be made from the data recorded in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3? Your answer should include a comment on the quality of the evidence. (3) (c) The student replaced the pendulum bob with a light paper cone as shown in the diagram. Page 28 of 34

29 She plotted the displacement x of the pendulum bob against time as shown in the graph below. The student concluded that the frequency of this pendulum decreased with time. Does the graph support her conclusion? Explain the reason for your answer. (Total 15 marks) Page 29 of 34

30 Q15. The drawing shows a plastic toy which can stand on its feet. (a) (i) Draw an X on the diagram so that the centre of the X marks the likely position of the centre of mass of the toy. Photograph supplied by Hemera/Thinkstock (ii) Explain the reason for your choice in part (a)(i). (b) Suggest two ways in which the design of the toy could be altered to make the toy more stable (Total 4 marks) Page 30 of 34

31 Q16. The diagram shows two lenses, A and B. Two rays of light are shown incident on the lefthand surface of each lens. Lens A Lens B (a) (b) On the diagram, draw lines to show how the light passes through each lens into the region within the dotted lines. A student has short sight because his eyeball is too long. This produces a blurred image. To be able to see clearly, the student wears glasses. Which lens, A or B, should be used in the student s glasses? (3) Write your answer in the box. (c) Explain how your chosen lens corrects the student s short sight. It is sometimes possible to correct short sight by having the cornea of the eye reshaped. What device is used by a surgeon to reshape the cornea? Draw a ring around one answer. (5) drill laser scalpel (Total 9 marks) Page 31 of 34

32 Q17. (a) The diagram shows part of the hydraulic brake system for a car. What property of a liquid is essential for a hydraulic brake system to work? (b) Describe how a force exerted on the brake pedal leads to a force acting on each of the brake discs. (5) Page 32 of 34

33 (c) Applying the brakes of a car leads to an increase in the temperature of the brakes. Explain why. (4) (Total 10 marks) Page 33 of 34

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