Galaxy Formation. Physics 463, Spring 07
|
|
- Theodora Heath
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Physics 463, Spring 07 Lecture 9 Galaxy Formation We see that scattered through space! out to in"nite distances! there exist similar systems of stars! and that all of creation! in the whole extent of its in"nite grandeur! is everywhere organized into systems whose members are in relation with one another # Immanuel Kant! $%&& Galaxy Light in the Universe today
2 galaxies change with environment galaxies change with wavelength long, cold The Milky Way galaxies change with time short, hot galaxy properties change with type most galaxies consist of two components, a disk and a bulge. Stars in the bulge are typically older (redder light) early type galaxies live in denser regions
3 basic issues in galaxy formation why is there a characteristic mass for galaxies? why is star formation so inefficient (why aren t baryons mostly stars?) what sets the very tight correlations between galaxy properties? galaxy scaling relations, bulge BH what role does environment play? how do galaxies at one epoch relate to those observed at another? observational targets luminosity functions, colors [N(m), N(z)] cold gas (H I, H 2 ), hot gas (X-ray) metallicities of stars, cold & hot gas structural/kinematic properties (radius, V c(r),!(r)) spatial clustering star formation rates all of the the above as function of wavelength (UV-submm), redshift, galaxy type, environment correlations/scaling relations (e.g. Tully-Fisher, fundamental plane) gravitationally bound structures, and hence galaxies occur at the peaks in the density distribution Collapsed protogalactic clouds RADIATION 5 density Kauffmann, Diaferio, Colberg & White 1999 position
4 two-stage galaxy formation Gas cools in virialized dark matter halos. Physics of halos is nonlinear, but primarily gravitational. galaxy formation is not equally efficient at all masses Complicated gastrophysics (star formation, supernovae enrichment, etc.) mainly determined by local environment (i.e., by parent halo), not by surrounding halos. inflation primordial power spectrum gravity collisional heating radiative cooling star formation stellar feedback chemical enrichment stellar populations dust absorption & emission BH formation AGN activity feedback galaxy observables simulation: solve equations of physics (e.g., gravity, thermo, hydro, etc.) using particles or mesh cells semi-analytic: trace bulk quantities using approximations. usually Monte-Carlo based no spatial information unless you combine with simulations
5 If elliptical galaxies and spiral bulges are linked to galaxy created in these events, too. H ole masses are strongly correlatmergers, then it follows that supermassive black holes may be ed with the mass of the surrounding elliptical galaxy or bulge; created in these events, too. H ole masses are strongly correlatthey are not correlated with the mass of the spiral disk. M erged with the mass of the surrounding elliptical galaxy or bulge; er models have been extended to incorporate supermassive they are not correlated with the mass of the spiral disk. M ergholes and therefore A G Ns. The abundant gas that is funneled er models have been extended to incorporate supermassive toward the center during a merger could revive a dormant black holes and therefore A G Ns. The abundant gas that is funneled toward the center during a merger could revive a dormant black en t i fi c Ame r ican, June 2000]. In heftier galaxies such as the T hese results are intriguing because astronomers have often M ilky W ay, star formation occurs at a more constant rate. hypothesized that the mass of a galaxy determines its fertility. T hese results are intriguing because astronomers have often In lightweight galaxies, supernova explosions can easily disrupt hypothesized that the mass of a galaxy determines its fertility. or even rid the system of its gas, thus choking off star formain lightweight galaxies, supernova explosions can easily disrupt tion. Even the smallest perturbation can have a dramatic effect. or even rid the system of its gas, thus choking off star formait is this sensitivity to initial conditions and random events tion. Even the smallest perturbation can have a dramatic effect. It is this sensitivity to initial conditions and random events HOW RELAXING HOW RELAXING its shape and density profile. (An analogous equilibrium determines separating light from dark AN INTERNAL STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM is what makes a galaxy a distinct object rather than merely an arbitrary patch of space. This AN INTERNAL STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM is what makes a galaxy a equilibrium determines the overall properties of the galaxy, such as distinct object rather than merely an arbitrary patch of space. This ORDINARY MATTER equilibrium determines the overall properties of the galaxy, such as the size and temperature of stars.) The ordinary matter and dark its shape and density profile. (An analogous equilibrium determines matter attain equilibrium by different means. the size and temperature of stars.) The ordinary matter and dark matter attain equilibrium by different means. t1 t2 t3 t4 The First Structures ORDINARY MATTER 1 ordinary matter: 2 *hydrostatic+ 3equilibrium 1 pressure forces 3 gravity 2 of the gas balance The ordinary matter predominantly hydrogen gas starts off moving every The ordinary matter predominantly which way. Its density varies randomly. hydrogen gas starts off moving every which way. Its density varies randomly. DARK MATTER The gas particles bang into one another, redistributing energy and The gasaparticles into onegravity. generating pressurebang that resists another, redistributing energy and generating a pressure that resists gravity. Eventually the gas settles down into hydrostatic equilibrium, with the Eventually into density highestthe neargas thesettles centerdown of gravity. hydrostatic equilibrium, with the density highest near the center of gravity. 2 3 DARK MATTER Mvir,Vvir, rvir c, " start with a merger tree. DON DIXON DON DIXON t5 1 1 Initially the dark matter has the same arrangement as ordinary matter. The Initially the dark matter has the collide. same difference is that the particles do not arrangement as ordinary matter. The difference is that the particles do not collide. As the particles move around, the gravitational field changes, which As the particles move the causes particles to gain oraround, lose energy. gravitational field changes, which causes particles to gain or lose energy. Gradually the system settles down into virial equilibrium, in which the Graduallyfield the no system down into gravitational longersettles fluctuates. virial equilibrium, in which the gravitational field no longer fluctuates. dark matter: 2 *virial+ equilibrium 3 kinetic energy of the particles balances gravity m.com COPYRIGHT 2002 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. COPYRIGHT 2002 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Risa H' Wechsler! Spring ())& Compton Lectures Gas cooling halos are spherically symmetric hot gas initially follows the dark matter distribution gas is shock heated to virial temperature collisional equilibrium assumed Cooling rate from collisional ionization is strong function of temperature and metallicity, so cooling rate is function of position in halo (~ radius from centre) Cooling by Bremsstrahlung continuum dominates at T>108 K, metal line-cooling important at K Cooling rate defines time; since rate depends on radius, cooling time depends on radius Gas cools within cooling radius : radius where cooling time = tuniverse White & Frenk 1991
6 for an assumed gas density profile, can solve for cooling radius cooling depends on the metalicity of the gas r cool cooling radius circular velocity Somerville & Primack 99
7 Cooling catastrophe Prescription for cooling straightforward, but there is a problem: cooling times in centres of massive halos extremely short (T ~ m 2/3 ) Prescription leads to massive, luminous central galaxies which are NOT observed Solution: switch-off cooling BY HAND in all halos with!gm vir /R vir > 350 km/s or, come up with some other way to do it... simple picture of Hubble type Two parts to galaxies: bulge and disk Ellipticals all bulge, Sd galaxies basically all disk clumps gain angular momentum from interactions and tidal torques gas collapses to form a disk Disk Formation
8 t 1 star formation Key: t 2 dark matter hot gas cold gas t 3. # * = C # 1.5 g above critical threshold note: this simplified model is almost certainly wrong! t 4 Kennicutt 1989, 1998; Martin & Kennicutt 2001 SFR $ = % & cold /t dyn = % & cold (10V vir /R vir ) dm * /dt = m cold /[) 0 t dyn (1+z) * ] (V 0 /V c ) % Note t dyn = R vir /10V vir ~ 0.01/H ~ 0.01 t Universe because GM/R = V 2 so (4'G/3)(3M/4'R 3 ) =(4'G/3)200( crit =(V/R) 2 But ( crit =(3H 2 /8'G) so (10H) 2 =(V/R) 2 Fudge factor % = % 0 (V vir /220 km/s) % 1 Makes star formation efficiency depend on halo circular velocity and redshift (at fixed V, R is smaller at high z, so SFR $ is larger) ) 0 set by fitting present-day luminosity and gas fraction degeneracies in scaling with redshift can be broken by high redshift observations e.g. Kauffmann et al. 1999; rss & Primack 1999, Kauffmann & Haehnelt 2000; Cole et al. 2001; rss, Primack & Faber 2001
9 feedback Energy input from stars which form and then explode as SNae will heat gas, preventing further cooling: +M reheat =, (4/3) (- SN E SN /V vir 2) +M star Uncertainties - SN : number of SNae per solar mass in stars, depends on IMF (~0.0063/M sun ) E SN : energy released per SN (~10 51 ergs),: efficiency of process(!) Is reheating local? Global? Does energy leave halo (e.g., SN winds may exceed escape velocity of low mass halos)? Ejection vs. Retention Retention: shocked material is reheated to virial temperature, and is then again available for cooling Ejection: +M back = * M eject (V/R) +t (ejected gas falls back on a timescale determined by *; mainly purpose is to remove some of gas from the cooling reservoir) Winds: dm wind /dt= c$ (wind strength scales with SFR ~ observed) in presence of UV ionizing background, halos with virial temp < background radiation field are unable to accrete gas (! < km/s) gas can be boiled out of halos (!<20 km/s) cooling function modified (cooling suppressed at low T) eg. Somerville 2002 Benson et al. 2002
10 t mrg /t dyn = orbit (M H /M s ) /ln(/ c ) where ln(/ c ) = ln(m H /M s ), dynamical friction. orbit = [J/J c (E)] % [r c (E)/r vir ] 2 %= van den Bosch et al. 1999; Colpi et al mergers can trigger starbursts disk regrows after a merger major merger: trigger big burst, destroy disks, form a spheroid minor merger: trigger little burst e burst = (m 1 /m 2 ) %
11 dust absorption and emission inclination dependence: slab model energy absorbed = energy emitted optical depth of dust proportional to column density of metals in disk Z gas N H increasing L bol star formation efficiency SN feedback efficiency chemical yield stellar IMF dust optical depth normalization adjusted to fit a subset of observations then left fixed Star formation (% 0 ~0.1; % 1 ~2.5): changes have weak effect on L, but strong effect on correlation between gas fraction and mass Return fraction (R~0.35): changes have small effect on metallicity Feedback efficiency (,~0.35; c~5): increase feedback! decrease L, with bigger effect at small mass Efficiency (per solar mass of gas to stars) of metal production (Y~0.04): more metals! more cooling in small mass halos! more L at small mass Timescale for reincorporating ejected gas: if long (*~0.1) then this is effectively like feedback first generation merger tree SAMs: did not attempt to model galaxy sizes or internal velocities (e.g., Cole et al. 1994; Kauffmann et al. 1998; 1999; rss & Primack 1999) disk models: monolithic formation or smooth accretion assumed (e.g. Mo, Mao & White 1998; van den Bosch 2001) merging neglected second generation merger tree SAMs: detailed modeling of sizes of disks and spheroids, rotation curves and velocity dispersions (e.g. Cole et al. 2000; rss in prep.) within merger trees
12 pure SAM: dark matter merger tree constructed using extended Press-Schechter hybrid SAM+N-body, a posteriori galaxies associated with halos in N-body at output redshift merging histories obtained using EPS hybrid SAM+N-body, a priori structural merger trees halo merger histories extracted from N-body more on heating and cooling AGN feedback models sizes & structural parameters of galaxies galaxy evolution + environmental trends
Galaxy Formation: Overview
Galaxy Formation: Overview Houjun Mo March 30, 2004 The basic picture Formation of dark matter halos. Gas cooling in dark matter halos Star formation in cold gas Evolution of the stellar populaion Metal
More informationOrigin of Bi-modality
Origin of Bi-modality and Downsizing Avishai Dekel HU Jerusalem Galaxies and Structures Through Cosmic Times Venice, March 2006 Summary Q: z
More informationASTRON 449: Stellar (Galactic) Dynamics. Fall 2014
ASTRON 449: Stellar (Galactic) Dynamics Fall 2014 In this course, we will cover the basic phenomenology of galaxies (including dark matter halos, stars clusters, nuclear black holes) theoretical tools
More informationChapter 21 Galaxy Evolution. How do we observe the life histories of galaxies?
Chapter 21 Galaxy Evolution How do we observe the life histories of galaxies? Deep observations show us very distant galaxies as they were much earlier in time (old light from young galaxies). 1 Observing
More informationOutline. Walls, Filaments, Voids. Cosmic epochs. Jeans length I. Jeans length II. Cosmology AS7009, 2008 Lecture 10. λ =
Cosmology AS7009, 2008 Lecture 10 Outline Structure formation Jeans length, Jeans mass Structure formation with and without dark matter Cold versus hot dark matter Dissipation The matter power spectrum
More informationThree Major Components
The Milky Way Three Major Components Bulge young and old stars Disk young stars located in spiral arms Halo oldest stars and globular clusters Components are chemically, kinematically, and spatially distinct
More informationFeedback, AGN and galaxy formation. Debora Sijacki
Feedback, AGN and galaxy formation Debora Sijacki Formation of black hole seeds: the big picture Planck data, 2013 (new results 2015) Formation of black hole seeds: the big picture CMB black body spectrum
More informationDisk Formation and the Angular Momentum Problem. Presented by: Michael Solway
Disk Formation and the Angular Momentum Problem Presented by: Michael Solway Papers 1. Vitvitska, M. et al. 2002, The origin of angular momentum in dark matter halos, ApJ 581: 799-809 2. D Onghia, E. 2008,
More informationTheoretical ideas About Galaxy Wide Star Formation! Star Formation Efficiency!
Theoretical ideas About Galaxy Wide Star Formation Theoretical predictions are that galaxy formation is most efficient near a mass of 10 12 M based on analyses of supernova feedback and gas cooling times
More informationAST541 Lecture Notes: Galaxy Formation Dec, 2016
AST541 Lecture Notes: Galaxy Formation Dec, 2016 GalaxyFormation 1 The final topic is galaxy evolution. This is where galaxy meets cosmology. I will argue that while galaxy formation have to be understood
More informationGalaxy formation and evolution II. The physics of galaxy formation
Galaxy formation and evolution II. The physics of galaxy formation Gabriella De Lucia Astronomical Observatory of Trieste Outline: ü Observational properties of galaxies ü Galaxies and Cosmology ü Gas
More informationGravitational Radiation from Coalescing SMBH Binaries in a Hierarchical Galaxy Formation Model
Gravitational Radiation from Coalescing SMBH Binaries in a Hierarchical Galaxy Formation Model Motohiro ENOKI (National Astronomical Observatory of Japan) Kaiki Taro INOUE (Kinki University) Masahiro NAGASHIMA
More informationChapter 19 Galaxies. Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Each dot is a galaxy of stars. More distant, further into the past. halo
Chapter 19 Galaxies Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Each dot is a galaxy of stars. More distant, further into the past halo disk bulge Barred Spiral Galaxy: Has a bar of stars across the bulge Spiral Galaxy 1
More informationThe Iguaçu Lectures. Nonlinear Structure Formation: The growth of galaxies and larger scale structures
April 2006 The Iguaçu Lectures Nonlinear Structure Formation: The growth of galaxies and larger scale structures Simon White Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics z = 0 Dark Matter ROT EVOL Cluster structure
More informationKilling Dwarfs with Hot Pancakes. Frank C. van den Bosch (MPIA) with Houjun Mo, Xiaohu Yang & Neal Katz
Killing Dwarfs with Hot Pancakes Frank C. van den Bosch (MPIA) with Houjun Mo, Xiaohu Yang & Neal Katz The Paradigm... SN feedback AGN feedback The halo mass function is much steeper than luminosity function
More informationQuestion 1. Question 2. Correct. Chapter 16 Homework. Part A
Chapter 16 Homework Due: 11:59pm on Thursday, November 17, 2016 To understand how points are awarded, read the Grading Policy for this assignment. Question 1 Following are a number of distinguishing characteristics
More informationChapter 15 Galaxies and the Foundation of Modern Cosmology
15.1 Islands of stars Chapter 15 Galaxies and the Foundation of Modern Cosmology Cosmology: study of galaxies What are they 3 major types of galaxies? Spiral galaxies: like the milky way, look like flat,
More informationGalaxy Ecology. an Environmental Impact Assessment. Frank van den Bosch (MPIA)
Galaxy an Environmental Impact Assessment Frank van den Bosch (MPIA) in collaboration with Xiaohu Yang (SHAO), Houjun Mo (UMass), Simone Weinmann (Zürich) Anna Pasquali (MPIA), Daniel Aquino (MPIA) Aspen,
More informationSupernova Feedback in Low and High Mass Galaxies: Luke Hovey 10 December 2009
Supernova Feedback in Low and High Mass Galaxies: Luke Hovey 10 December 2009 Galactic Winds: Mathews, W. et al. 1971 Effects of Supernovae on the Early Evolution of Galaxies: Larson, R. 1974 The origin
More informationFormation and cosmic evolution of supermassive black holes. Debora Sijacki
Formation and cosmic evolution of supermassive black holes Debora Sijacki Summer school: Black Holes at all scales Ioannina, Greece, Sept 16-19, 2013 Lecture 1: - formation of black hole seeds - low mass
More informationGalaxy Evolution. Part 4. Jochen Liske Hamburger Sternwarte
Galaxy Evolution Part 4 Jochen Liske Hamburger Sternwarte jochen.liske@uni-hamburg.de Astronomical picture of the week NGC 1275 Central galaxy of the Perseus cluster Active Source: APOD Astronomical picture
More informationAccretion Disks. Review: Stellar Remnats. Lecture 12: Black Holes & the Milky Way A2020 Prof. Tom Megeath 2/25/10. Review: Creating Stellar Remnants
Lecture 12: Black Holes & the Milky Way A2020 Prof. Tom Megeath Review: Creating Stellar Remnants Binaries may be destroyed in white dwarf supernova Binaries be converted into black holes Review: Stellar
More informationASTR 610 Theory of Galaxy Formation Lecture 18: Disk Galaxies
ASTR 610 Theory of Galaxy Formation Lecture 18: Disk Galaxies Frank van den Bosch Yale University, spring 2017 The Structure & Formation of Disk Galaxies In this lecture we discuss the structure and formation
More informationMajor Review: A very dense article" Dawes Review 4: Spiral Structures in Disc Galaxies; C. Dobbs and J Baba arxiv "
The Components of a Spiral Galaxy-a Bit of a Review- See MBW chap 11! we have discussed this in the context of the Milky Way" Disks:" Rotationally supported, lots of gas, dust, star formation occurs in
More informationChapter 16 Lecture. The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition. Star Birth Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 16 Lecture The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition Star Birth 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Star Birth The dust and gas between the star in our galaxy is referred to as the Interstellar medium (ISM).
More informationThe Formation of Galaxies: connecting theory to data
Venice, October 2003 The Formation of Galaxies: connecting theory to data Simon D.M. White Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics The Emergence of the Cosmic Initial Conditions > 105 independent ~ 5 measurements
More informationGalaxy Formation and Evolution
Galaxy Formation and Evolution Houjun Mo Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts 710 North Pleasant Str., Amherst, MA 01003-9305, USA Frank van den Bosch Department of Physics & Astronomy,
More informationTwo Phase Formation of Massive Galaxies
Two Phase Formation of Massive Galaxies Focus: High Resolution Cosmological Zoom Simulation of Massive Galaxies ApJ.L.,658,710 (2007) ApJ.,697, 38 (2009) ApJ.L.,699,L178 (2009) ApJ.,725,2312 (2010) ApJ.,744,63(2012)
More informationAy 127 Systematics of Galaxy Properties and Scaling Relations
Ay 127 Systematics of Galaxy Properties and Scaling Relations Morphological Classification and Galaxy Types The first step in any empirical science: look for patterns and trends, then try to understand
More informationA100H Exploring the Universe: Evolution of Galaxies. Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy
A100H Exploring the Universe: Evolution of Galaxies Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy astron100h-mdw@courses.umass.edu April 12, 2016 Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/12/16 slide 1 Remainder of the semester: Chaps.
More informationStellar Populations: Resolved vs. unresolved
Outline Stellar Populations: Resolved vs. unresolved Individual stars can be analyzed Applicable for Milky Way star clusters and the most nearby galaxies Integrated spectroscopy / photometry only The most
More informationWhat do we need to know about galaxy formation?
What do we need to know about galaxy formation? rachel somerville University of Michigan Hubble Science Legacy Workshop April 2002 what s next? test the CDM paradigm constrain the nature of the dark matter
More informationChapter 21 Galaxy Evolution. Agenda
Chapter 21 Galaxy Evolution Agenda Announce: Test in one week Part 2 in 2.5 weeks Spring Break in 3 weeks Online quizzes & tutorial are now on assignment list Final Exam questions Revisit Are we significant
More informationAge-redshift relation. The time since the big bang depends on the cosmological parameters.
Age-redshift relation The time since the big bang depends on the cosmological parameters. Lyman Break Galaxies High redshift galaxies are red or absent in blue filters because of attenuation from the neutral
More informationFormation of z~6 Quasars from Hierarchical Galaxy Mergers
Formation of z~6 Quasars from Hierarchical Galaxy Mergers Yuexing Li et al Presentation by: William Gray Definitions and Jargon QUASAR stands for QUASI-stellAR radio source Extremely bright and active
More informationAstro-2: History of the Universe
Astro-2: History of the Universe Lecture 13; May 30 2013 Previously on astro-2 Energy and mass are equivalent through Einstein s equation and can be converted into each other (pair production and annihilations)
More informationComponents of Galaxies: Dark Matter
Components of Galaxies: Dark Matter Dark Matter: Any Form of matter whose existence is inferred solely through its gravitational effects. -B&T, pg 590 Nature of Major Component of Universe Galaxy Formation
More informationGalaxies: Structure, Dynamics, and Evolution. Elliptical Galaxies (II)
Galaxies: Structure, Dynamics, and Evolution Elliptical Galaxies (II) Layout of the Course Feb 5: Review: Galaxies and Cosmology Feb 12: Review: Disk Galaxies and Galaxy Formation Basics Feb 19: Disk Galaxies
More informationBlack Holes and Active Galactic Nuclei
Black Holes and Active Galactic Nuclei A black hole is a region of spacetime from which gravity prevents anything, including light, from escaping. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently
More informationASTR 200 : Lecture 25. Galaxies: internal and cluster dynamics
ASTR 200 : Lecture 25 Galaxies: internal and cluster dynamics 1 Galaxy interactions Isolated galaxies are often spirals One can find small galaxy `groups' (like the Local group) with only a few large spiral
More informationChapter 19: Our Galaxy
Chapter 19 Lecture Chapter 19: Our Galaxy Our Galaxy 19.1 The Milky Way Revealed Our goals for learning: What does our galaxy look like? How do stars orbit in our galaxy? What does our galaxy look like?
More informationAGN feedback and its influence on massive galaxy evolution
AGN feedback and its influence on massive galaxy evolution Darren Croton (University of California Berkeley) Simon White, Volker Springel, et al. (MPA) DEEP2 & AEGIS collaborations (Berkeley & everywhere
More informationChapter 19 Reading Quiz Clickers. The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition. Our Galaxy Pearson Education, Inc.
Reading Quiz Clickers The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition Our Galaxy 19.1 The Milky Way Revealed What does our galaxy look like? How do stars orbit in our galaxy? Where are globular clusters located
More informationA100H Exploring the Universe: Quasars, Dark Matter, Dark Energy. Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy
A100H Exploring the :, Dark Matter, Dark Energy Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy astron100h-mdw@courses.umass.edu April 19, 2016 Read: Chaps 20, 21 04/19/16 slide 1 BH in Final Exam: Friday 29 Apr at
More informationGalaxies. With a touch of cosmology
Galaxies With a touch of cosmology Types of Galaxies Spiral Elliptical Irregular Spiral Galaxies Spiral Galaxies Disk component where the spiral arms are Interstellar medium Star formation Spheroidal
More informationReview of Lecture 15 3/17/10. Lecture 15: Dark Matter and the Cosmic Web (plus Gamma Ray Bursts) Prof. Tom Megeath
Lecture 15: Dark Matter and the Cosmic Web (plus Gamma Ray Bursts) Prof. Tom Megeath A2020 Disk Component: stars of all ages, many gas clouds Review of Lecture 15 Spheroidal Component: bulge & halo, old
More informationGaia Revue des Exigences préliminaires 1
Gaia Revue des Exigences préliminaires 1 Global top questions 1. Which stars form and have been formed where? - Star formation history of the inner disk - Location and number of spiral arms - Extent of
More informationChapter 23 Lecture. The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition. Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Fate of the Universe Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 23 Lecture The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Fate of the Universe Curvature of the Universe The Density Parameter of the Universe Ω 0 is defined as the ratio
More informationAstronomy 1 Fall 2016
Astronomy 1 Fall 2016 Lecture11; November 1, 2016 Previously on Astro-1 Introduction to stars Measuring distances Inverse square law: luminosity vs brightness Colors and spectral types, the H-R diagram
More informationAGN in hierarchical galaxy formation models
AGN in hierarchical galaxy formation models Nikos Fanidakis and C.M. Baugh, R.G. Bower, S. Cole, C. Done, C. S. Frenk Physics of Galactic Nuclei, Ringberg Castle, June 18, 2009 Outline Brief introduction
More informationToday. Lookback time. ASTR 1020: Stars & Galaxies. Astronomy Picture of the day. April 2, 2008
ASTR 1020: Stars & Galaxies April 2, 2008 Astronomy Picture of the day Reading: Chapter 21, sections 21.3. MasteringAstronomy Homework on Galaxies and Hubble s Law is due April 7 th. Weak Lensing Distorts
More informationA100 Exploring the Universe: Evolution of Galaxies. Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy
A100 Exploring the Universe: Evolution of Galaxies Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy weinberg@astro.umass.edu November 29, 2012 Read: Chaps 21, 22 11/29/12 slide 1 Exam #3: Thu 6 Dec (last class) Final
More informationChapter 19 Lecture. The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition. Our Galaxy Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 19 Lecture The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition Our Galaxy Our Galaxy 19.1 The Milky Way Revealed Our goals for learning: Where are we located within our galaxy? What does our galaxy look like?
More informationAS1001:Extra-Galactic Astronomy
AS1001:Extra-Galactic Astronomy Lecture 5: Dark Matter Simon Driver Theatre B spd3@st-andrews.ac.uk http://www-star.st-and.ac.uk/~spd3 Stars and Gas in Galaxies Stars form from gas in galaxy In the high-density
More informationSpiral Structure. m ( Ω Ω gp ) = n κ. Closed orbits in non-inertial frames can explain the spiral pattern
Spiral Structure In the mid-1960s Lin and Shu proposed that the spiral structure is caused by long-lived quasistatic density waves The density would be higher by about 10% to 20% Stars, dust and gas clouds
More informationOur goals for learning: 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. We see our galaxy edge-on. Primary features: disk, bulge, halo, globular clusters All-Sky View
Our Galaxy Chapter 19 Lecture The Cosmic Perspective 19.1 The Milky Way Revealed What does our galaxy look like? What does our galaxy look like? How do stars orbit in our galaxy? Seventh Edition Our Galaxy
More informationRecent Progress in Modeling of Galaxy Formation. Oleg Gnedin (University of Michigan)
Recent Progress in Modeling of Galaxy Formation Oleg Gnedin (University of Michigan) In current simulations, galaxies look like this: 10 kpc Disk galaxy at z=3: stars, molecular gas, atomic gas (Zemp,
More informationChapter 18 The Bizarre Stellar Graveyard
Chapter 18 The Bizarre Stellar Graveyard 18.1 White Dwarfs Our goals for learning What is a white dwarf? What can happen to a white dwarf in a close binary system? What is a white dwarf? White Dwarfs White
More informationASTR 610 Theory of Galaxy Formation Lecture 14: Heating & Cooling
ASTR 610 Theory of Galaxy Formation Lecture 14: Heating & Cooling Frank van den Bosch Yale University, spring 2017 Heating & Cooling In this lecture we address heating and cooling of gas inside dark matter
More informationGalaxies 626. Lecture 5
Galaxies 626 Lecture 5 Galaxies 626 The epoch of reionization After Reionization After reionization, star formation was never the same: the first massive stars produce dust, which catalyzes H2 formation
More informationPart two of a year-long introduction to astrophysics:
ASTR 3830 Astrophysics 2 - Galactic and Extragalactic Phil Armitage office: JILA tower A909 email: pja@jilau1.colorado.edu Spitzer Space telescope image of M81 Part two of a year-long introduction to astrophysics:
More informationLecture 9. Quasars, Active Galaxies and AGN
Lecture 9 Quasars, Active Galaxies and AGN Quasars look like stars but have huge redshifts. object with a spectrum much like a dim star highly red-shifted enormous recessional velocity huge distance (Hubble
More informationChapter 15 The Milky Way Galaxy. The Milky Way
Chapter 15 The Milky Way Galaxy The Milky Way Almost everything we see in the night sky belongs to the Milky Way We see most of the Milky Way as a faint band of light across the sky From the outside, our
More informationChapter 18 Lecture. The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition. The Bizarre Stellar Graveyard Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 18 Lecture The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition The Bizarre Stellar Graveyard The Bizarre Stellar Graveyard 18.1 White Dwarfs Our goals for learning: What is a white dwarf? What can happen to
More informationGalaxies. CESAR s Booklet
What is a galaxy? Figure 1: A typical galaxy: our Milky Way (artist s impression). (Credit: NASA) A galaxy is a huge collection of stars and interstellar matter isolated in space and bound together by
More informationSupplements to A Critical Supermassive Black Hole Mass Regulating Galaxy Evolution
Supplements to A Critical Supermassive Black Hole Mass Regulating Galaxy Evolution 1 Galaxy Formation Modelling The main strategy behind the modelling approach we follow is to first calculate the collapse
More informationUNder CLose Examination: Semi Analytical Models
UNder CLose Examination: Semi Analytical Models Jerusalem Winter School 2003-2004 Frank van den Bosch (ETH Zürich) Outline Semi-Analytical Models: Ingredients Merger Trees; the skeleton of hierarchical
More informationWhite dwarfs are the remaining cores of dead stars. Electron degeneracy pressure supports them against the crush of gravity. The White Dwarf Limit
The Bizarre Stellar Graveyard Chapter 18 Lecture The Cosmic Perspective 18.1 White Dwarfs Our goals for learning: What is a white dwarf? What can happen to a white dwarf in a close binary system? Seventh
More informationLarge Scale Structure
Large Scale Structure Measuring Distance in Universe-- a ladder of steps, building from nearby Redshift distance Redshift = z = (λ observed - λ rest )/ λ rest Every part of a distant spectrum has same
More information18. Stellar Birth. Initiation of Star Formation. The Orion Nebula: A Close-Up View. Interstellar Gas & Dust in Our Galaxy
18. Stellar Birth Star observations & theories aid understanding Interstellar gas & dust in our galaxy Protostars form in cold, dark nebulae Protostars evolve into main-sequence stars Protostars both gain
More informationHigh-Energy Astrophysics Lecture 6: Black holes in galaxies and the fundamentals of accretion. Overview
High-Energy Astrophysics Lecture 6: Black holes in galaxies and the fundamentals of accretion Robert Laing Overview Evidence for black holes in galaxies and techniques for estimating their mass Simple
More informationLECTURE 1: Introduction to Galaxies. The Milky Way on a clear night
LECTURE 1: Introduction to Galaxies The Milky Way on a clear night VISIBLE COMPONENTS OF THE MILKY WAY Our Sun is located 28,000 light years (8.58 kiloparsecs from the center of our Galaxy) in the Orion
More informationActive Galactic Nuclei-I. The paradigm
Active Galactic Nuclei-I The paradigm An accretion disk around a supermassive black hole M. Almudena Prieto, July 2007, Unv. Nacional de Bogota Centers of galaxies Centers of galaxies are the most powerful
More informationSummary of Last Lecture - Local Group!
Summary of Last Lecture - Local Group Discussion of detailed properties of M31, M33 comparison to MW; differences in how they formed; MW very few 'major mergers' M31 more; not all galaxies even those close
More informationThe Universe of Galaxies: from large to small. Physics of Galaxies 2012 part 1 introduction
The Universe of Galaxies: from large to small Physics of Galaxies 2012 part 1 introduction 1 Galaxies lie at the crossroads of astronomy The study of galaxies brings together nearly all astronomical disciplines:
More informationA100 Exploring the Universe: Evolution of Galaxies. Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy
A100 Exploring the Universe: Evolution of Galaxies Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy weinberg@astro.umass.edu November 20, 2014 Read: Chaps 20, 21 11/20/14 slide 1 3 more presentations Yes, class meets
More informationLearning Objectives: Chapter 13, Part 1: Lower Main Sequence Stars. AST 2010: Chapter 13. AST 2010 Descriptive Astronomy
Chapter 13, Part 1: Lower Main Sequence Stars Define red dwarf, and describe the internal dynamics and later evolution of these low-mass stars. Appreciate the time scale of late-stage stellar evolution
More informationChapter 14: The Bizarre Stellar Graveyard
Lecture Outline Chapter 14: The Bizarre Stellar Graveyard 14.1 White Dwarfs Our goals for learning: What is a white dwarf? What can happen to a white dwarf in a close binary system? What is a white dwarf?
More informationFeedback and Galaxy Formation
Heating and Cooling in Galaxies and Clusters Garching August 2006 Feedback and Galaxy Formation Simon White Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics Cluster assembly in ΛCDM Gao et al 2004 'Concordance'
More informationASTRO 310: Galactic & Extragalactic Astronomy Prof. Jeff Kenney
ASTRO 310: Galactic & Extragalactic Astronomy Prof. Jeff Kenney Class 3 January 23, 2017 The Milky Way Galaxy: Vertical Distributions of Stars & the Stellar Disk disks exist in many astrophysical systems
More informationIsotropy and Homogeneity
Cosmic inventory Isotropy and Homogeneity On large scales the Universe is isotropic (looks the same in all directions) and homogeneity (the same average density at all locations. This is determined from
More informationChapter 18 The Bizarre Stellar Graveyard. White Dwarfs. What is a white dwarf? Size of a White Dwarf White Dwarfs
Chapter 18 The Bizarre Stellar Graveyard 18.1 White Dwarfs Our goals for learning What is a white dwarf? What can happen to a white dwarf in a close binary system? What is a white dwarf? White Dwarfs White
More informationThe Classification of Galaxies
Admin. 11/9/17 1. Class website http://www.astro.ufl.edu/~jt/teaching/ast1002/ 2. Optional Discussion sections: Tue. ~11.30am (period 5), Bryant 3; Thur. ~12.30pm (end of period 5 and period 6), start
More informationNumerical Cosmology & Galaxy Formation
Numerical Cosmology & Galaxy Formation Lecture 13: Example simulations Isolated galaxies, mergers & zooms Benjamin Moster 1 Outline of the lecture course Lecture 1: Motivation & Historical Overview Lecture
More informationBROCK UNIVERSITY. Test 2, March 2015 Number of pages: 9 Course: ASTR 1P02 Number of Students: 420 Date of Examination: March 5, 2015
BROCK UNIVERSITY Page 1 of 9 Test 2, March 2015 Number of pages: 9 Course: ASTR 1P02 Number of Students: 420 Date of Examination: March 5, 2015 Number of hours: 50 min Time of Examination: 18:00 18:50
More informationPeculiar (Interacting) Galaxies
Peculiar (Interacting) Galaxies Not all galaxies fall on the Hubble sequence: many are peculiar! In 1966, Arp created an Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies based on pictures from the Palomar Sky Survey. In 1982,
More informationAST-1002 Section 0459 Review for Final Exam Please do not forget about doing the evaluation!
AST-1002 Section 0459 Review for Final Exam Please do not forget about doing the evaluation! Bring pencil #2 with eraser No use of calculator or any electronic device during the exam We provide the scantrons
More informationDr G. I. Ogilvie Lent Term 2005 INTRODUCTION
Accretion Discs Mathematical Tripos, Part III Dr G. I. Ogilvie Lent Term 2005 INTRODUCTION 0.1. Accretion If a particle of mass m falls from infinity and comes to rest on the surface of a star of mass
More informationResults better than Quiz 5, back to normal Distribution not ready yet, sorry Correct up to 4 questions, due Monday, Apr. 26
Brooks observing April 19-22: 9:00 PM to at least 10:15 PM Tonight is a go! April 26-29: 9:30 PM to at least 10:45 PM Regular Friday evening public observing after planetarium shows also an option Begins
More informationAGN Feedback In an Isolated Elliptical Galaxy
AGN Feedback In an Isolated Elliptical Galaxy Feng Yuan Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, CAS Collaborators: Zhaoming Gan (SHAO) Jerry Ostriker (Princeton) Luca Ciotti (Bologna) Greg Novak (Paris) 2014.9.10;
More informationChapter 19 Lecture. The Cosmic Perspective. Seventh Edition. Our Galaxy Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 19 Lecture The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition Our Galaxy 19.1 The Milky Way Revealed Our goals for learning: Where are we located within our galaxy? What does our galaxy look like? How do stars
More informationChapter 18 Reading Quiz Clickers. The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition. The Bizarre Stellar Graveyard Pearson Education, Inc.
Reading Quiz Clickers The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition The Bizarre Stellar Graveyard 18.1 White Dwarfs What is a white dwarf? What can happen to a white dwarf in a close binary system? What supports
More informationThe Birth Of Stars. How do stars form from the interstellar medium Where does star formation take place How do we induce star formation
Goals: The Birth Of Stars How do stars form from the interstellar medium Where does star formation take place How do we induce star formation Interstellar Medium Gas and dust between stars is the interstellar
More informationCooling, dynamics and fragmentation of massive gas clouds: clues to the masses and radii of galaxies and clusters
of massive gas and radii of M. Rees, J. Ostriker 1977 March 5, 2009 Talk contents: The global picture The relevant theory Implications of the theory Conclusions The global picture Galaxies and have characteristic
More informationDark Matter ASTR 2120 Sarazin. Bullet Cluster of Galaxies - Dark Matter Lab
Dark Matter ASTR 2120 Sarazin Bullet Cluster of Galaxies - Dark Matter Lab Mergers: Test of Dark Matter vs. Modified Gravity Gas behind DM Galaxies DM = location of gravity Gas = location of most baryons
More informationSurvey of Astrophysics A110
Goals: Galaxies To determine the types and distributions of galaxies? How do we measure the mass of galaxies and what comprises this mass? How do we measure distances to galaxies and what does this tell
More informationLecture Outlines. Chapter 24. Astronomy Today 8th Edition Chaisson/McMillan Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture Outlines Chapter 24 Astronomy Today 8th Edition Chaisson/McMillan Chapter 24 Galaxies Units of Chapter 24 24.1 Hubble s Galaxy Classification 24.2 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space 24.3 Hubble
More informationChapter 15 2/19/2014. Lecture Outline Hubble s Galaxy Classification. Normal and Active Galaxies Hubble s Galaxy Classification
Lecture Outline Chapter 15 Normal and Active Galaxies Spiral galaxies are classified according to the size of their central bulge. Chapter 15 Normal and Active Galaxies Type Sa has the largest central
More informationOur Galaxy. We are located in the disk of our galaxy and this is why the disk appears as a band of stars across the sky.
Our Galaxy Our Galaxy We are located in the disk of our galaxy and this is why the disk appears as a band of stars across the sky. Early attempts to locate our solar system produced erroneous results.
More informationGalaxies and the expansion of the Universe
Review of Chapters 14, 15, 16 Galaxies and the expansion of the Universe 5/4/2009 Habbal Astro 110-01 Review Lecture 36 1 Recap: Learning from Light How does light tell us what things are made of? Every
More information