Space debris measurements with EISCAT radars The first 1000 (+) hours. J Markkanen and A van Eyken EISCAT
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1 Space debris measurements with EISCAT radars The first 1 (+) hours J Markkanen and A van Eyken EISCAT
2 ESA CONTRACT 1 CONTRACT ) ) 5 1 -, - * * ) ) ), 1 9 ) 8-5 = H = A A D J E A ) K K I A ) 8 A REAL-TIME SMALL-SIZE SPACE DEBRIS DETECTION WITH EISCAT RADAR FACILITIES J Markkanen and M Postila = O / A F D O I E? = > I A H L = J H O Is feasible Is practical EISCAT Scientific Association
3 CONTRACT small-size space debris data collection with EISCAT radar facilities J Markkanen M Postila A van Eyken 7 h 8 events meteor events 55 h 137 events 55 h 137 events EISCAT Scientific Association
4 Measurements 4-6 experiment date hours events Tau FA 9-13 Nov Manda FA Aug Tau 4-park 7-9 Sep Tau 4m 1 Nov Manda FA 17- Nov Tau FA 13 Mar-6 Apr Steffe 4m 17-3 Mar Steffeleo 3m 8-9 Jul Total
5 EISCAT SD on the WEB Documents, and some of the results.
6 Measurement strategy Piggy-packed measurements Dedicated receiver back-end Coherent integration in data processing
7 HARDWARE
8 Tromso 93 MHz
9 Svalbard 5 MHz
10 ! UP plasmaline AD 1 1 MHz AD AD 1 1 bits PA Ch ! 77.5 atten. 7.5 ± PLA rec atten. 7.5 ± Ch 5-8 3m antenna!! D plasmaline mux 3m atten. Ch 1-3 RF MHz Mixer Mixer IF 11.5 ± MHz 14 bits Select Select L R L R TS Combiner 5 MHz 4m 18 5 MHz RF.!! IF1 TS ION rec 4m antenna mux!! atten. AD test output Ch 4-6 IF SD@ESR SPACE DEBRIS RECEIVER 1 MHz ref. GB ethernet Mac G4 FW 4 Fiber RX Disk Measurement computer RXProt bit from TX R/C fiber 5V DC lab power supply TByte FireWire disk Receiver Room Control Room Exciter SMC GBit switch LAN Correlator Pla RC Tra RC esrtx Ion RC Correlator e511 Mac G5 Analysis @4m Recorder e881 LAN
11 COHERENT INTEGRATION
12 Coherent integration via match function MF(v,R) v r R E s kt ACF Best match range Spectrum Some match radial velocity Noise level
13 The match function defined signal model measured transmission range χ v,r (t) = x(t R c ) e iπ v λ/ t radial velocity MF(v, R) = s + γ, χ v,r χ v,r
![The match function in detection R range MF(v,R) 1 1 [auto OFF] 5111_49_91 [11.19] 793.5 +.](/docs-images/73/68634645/images/14-1.jpg "49 max MF tau radial velocity v max v FMF/σ 8 6 4 blind zone detection threshold R 5 1 15 5 PS=.96(.9) VS=.88(.44) LocRat=.5 Rat=8.6(6.33) Rat=.89(.")
14 The match function in detection R range MF(v,R) 1 1 [auto OFF] 5111_49_91 [11.19] max MF tau radial velocity v max v FMF/σ blind zone detection threshold R PS=.96(.9) VS=.88(.44) LocRat=.5 Rat=8.6(6.33) Rat=.89(.54) 1 1 max MF FMF/σ v Radial velocity (km/s)
15 SPECIAL FEATURES
16 EISCAT SD Two latitudes (7 and 78 N) Three antennas Only statistical info on RCS Gaps in altitude coverage Two wavelengths (.6 m and.3 m) Beam-multipark modes (4 positions in CP) Long time series (~month [more to come])
17 Various transmission schemes 5 Manda (Tromso UHF) Tau (ESR)! Time (ms) phase 1 1!1 PHASE!1! Time (µs)! Time (µs) IPP = 1875 µs Duty cycle = 1.% IPP = 1 µs Duty cycle = 19.%
18 Gaps in reception windows Manda (A 181 E 77) Tau (A 18 E 8)
19 Beam multipark measurements (a) A 18. E 9. A E 64. A E 61.6 A E 77.4 POS 1 POS POS 3 POS 4 : 1:3 3: 4:3 6: (b) ? (c) ! 66! 4 6!
![Long measurements Tromso Sep 5 4-Pos 4 Tromso Mar 6 FA [6313_cp1] 13!Mar!6 9:8! 6!Apr!6 13:5 UT 387.5 h / 579.9 h, 6817 events, 17.](/docs-images/73/68634645/images/20-1.jpg "6 events / h N / hour N / hour N / hour N / hour PP (MW) 1 5 5 5 5 146 events, 546 h d 1514 events (159 rm), 545 h 16 events (38 rm), 544 h 971 events (395 rm), 546 h 8 1 1 14 16 18 4 6 8 3 UT day,")
20 Long measurements Tromso Sep 5 4-Pos 4 Tromso Mar 6 FA [6313_cp1] 13!Mar!6 9:8! 6!Apr!6 13:5 UT h / h, 6817 events, 17.6 events / h N / hour N / hour N / hour N / hour PP (MW) events, 546 h d 1514 events (159 rm), 545 h 16 events (38 rm), 544 h 971 events (395 rm), 546 h UT day, September 5 N / hour PP, Tsys 1 PP, Tsys N / hour UT day, Mar! Apr [6316_steffe] 17!Mar!6 13:41! 3!Mar!6 8:34 UT ESR h / m h, 54 events, 37.8 events / h 6 FA 4 d (-8) 6 d UT day, Mar 6
21 EXAMPLES
22 Sensitivity (Beam park, 4h) W =.6 Tromso 6 Apr 1 λ = 3 cm W =.8 ESR 4m 6 Mar 18 λ = 6 cm ESR 3m W = Jul 8 λ = 6 cm tau cp1 steffe 4p steffeleo
23 Sensitivity W =.6 Tromso 6 Apr λ = 3 cm (day ) W =.8 ESR 4m 6 Mar 19 λ = 6 cm ESR 3m W = Jul 9 λ = 6 cm tau cp1 steffe 4p steffeleo
24 Sensitivity W =.6 Tromso 6 Apr 3 λ = 3 cm (day 3) W =.8 ESR 4m 6 Mar λ = 6 cm ESR 3m W = Jul 1 λ = 6 cm tau cp1 steffe 4p steffeleo
25 Sensitivity W =.6 Tromso 6 Apr 4 λ = 3 cm (day 4) W =.8 ESR 4m 6 Mar 1 λ = 6 cm ESR 3m W = Jul 1 λ = 6 cm tau cp1 steffe 4p steffeleo
26 Sensitivity W =.6 Tromso 6 Apr 5 λ = 3 cm (day 5) W =.8 ESR 4m 6 Mar 18 λ = 6 cm ESR 3m W = Jul 13 λ = 6 cm tau cp1 steffe 4p steffeleo
27 Sensitivity (all days) W =.6 Tromso ESR 4m ESR 3m λ = 3 cm W =.8 λ = 6 cm W = Mar 14 - Apr 5 6 Mar Jul 8 λ = 6 cm / h / 145/ h 4h tau cp1 steffe 4p steffeleo
28 Tromso 4-park Sep 5: Range rate 4 Vertical 4 A166 E64 v D (km s 1 ) v D (km s 1 ) Altitude (km) Altitude (km) 4 A133 E6 4 A185 E77 v D (km s 1 ) v D (km s 1 ) Altitude (km) Altitude (km)
29 Range v (km s ) D rate (km/s) 4!! Altitude (km) Altitude (km) EISCAT Tromso UHF 5 Sep 7-9 (98 h) 15 obj PROOF 5 5 Sep 3-7 (1h) 39 obj Azim 166, Elev 64
30 4-park: Rate rate distribution Neff / hour / bin Neff / hour / bin Radial velocity (km/s) Radial velocity (km/s) 1.5 Neff / hour / bin 1.5 Neff / hour / bin Radial velocity (km/s) Radial velocity (km/s)
31 4-park: Eff. event rate v altitude Neff / hour / 5 km bin 3 1 Neff / hour / 5 km bin Altitude (km) Altitude (km) Neff / hour / 5 km bin 3 1 Neff / hour / 5 km bin Altitude (km) Altitude (km)
32 Manda - event rate v altitude Tromso UHF 5 Nov h 8 7 Events / hour / 5 km bin Events / hour meteor events 135 debris events Altitude (km) Altitude (km) Events / hour / km bin Events / hour Altitude (km) Altitude (km)
33 Beam Park 8-July-6 (4h) ESR 3m ENR Range v rate D (km s 1 (kms ) 1 ) Altitude (km) Altitude (km) Duration Event duration (s) Neff / hour / 5 km bin N/hour/bin Altitude (km) Altitude (km)
34 Beam Park 8-July-6 ESR 3m Time UT, 8 9 July 6 1: 9: 6: 3: : 1: 18: 15: 1: Effective diameter (m) Eff. diameter (m) Az 9, El 75 EISCAT (16 obj) Time Diameter (m) PROOF 5 (15 obj)
35 Beam Park 8-July-6 ESR 3m Number of objects Number of objects Altitude (km) Altitude (km) EISCAT PROOF 5
36 Beam Park 8-July-6 ESR 3m Number of objects Number of objects Number of objects !!1.5!1! Range rate (km s!1 ) Range rate (km/s) Range rate (km/s) EISCAT PROOF 5
37 FUTURE
38 Measuring SD with EISCAT Does it make enough sense? Problem: Cannot, in practice, differentiate between main-lobe and side-lobe detections. Problem: Cannot get quantitative hold of integration loss. Data not readily PROOF-able.
39 Measuring SD with EISCAT IPY h 137 events X XXX h YYY YYY events
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