Statistical and Physical Study of Different Morphological Types of Planetary Nebulae

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1 Statistical and Physical Study of Different Morphological Types of Planetary Nebulae By Norah Mutab Al-Dosary A thesis submitted for the requirements of the degree of Master of Science (Astronomy/ Astrophysics) Supervised By Associate Prof. Alaa Eldin Fouad Mohammed Ali Associate Prof. Adnan Abdullah Joharji FACULTY OF SCIENCE KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY JEDDAH- SAUDI ARABIA 27/10/1431 H 6/10/ 2010 G

2 Chapter 1 Introduction The present thesis is dedicated to study, in some details, the relation between the morphological classes of planetary nebulae (PNe) and their physical and kinematical characteristics. This is one of the most exciting and updated topics in the field of planetary nebula (PN) research. The thesis has three main objectives. The first objective is to confirm the recent detected correlations between the planetary nebulae morphologies and their nebular characteristics, in addition to detect new correlations with other parameters. The second objective is using planetary nebulae morphologies as probe for stellar populations. The third objective is using planetary nebulae as a probe for galactic disk structure and studying metallicity gradients in the Galaxy. These objectives was verified and discussed in details in chapters 4 and 5 and summarized in the conclusion. To achieve the suggested objectives, we have used the recent homogenous sample of planetary nebulae The IAC catalogue of planetary nebulae to construct a large database includes about 25 physical and kinematical parameters. The following observed parameters are collected from more than 30 different references: angular radius; distances; radial velocity; expansion velocity in OIII and NII lines; optical depth; dust temperature; Zanstra temperature in He I and He II lines; dust/gas mass ratio, 5GHz radio surface temperature; Hβ flux; 5GHz radio flux; electron density; Peimbert classes; excitation classes; helium, oxygen, nitrogen, neon, 1

3 sulfur and argon abundances. Based on the observed parameters we estimate the following PNe parameters: distances for some PNe, linear dimensions, galactic scale heights, dynamical ages, ionized masses, galactic centric distances, rotational velocities, and peculiar velocities. In order to test the quality of the collected database parameters, we have illustrated some of the important correlations that occur during the PN evolution in Section 4.3. More than 20 correlations between PNe morphologies and their parameters have been illustrated, described and commented in chapters 4 and 5. About 10 tables are presented in chapters 4 and 5 that used to compare among bipolar (B), elliptical (E) and round (R) planetary nebulae for different observed and calculated parameters. The results are compared to recent publications, which show well agreement with literature, for example, the galactic latitude and galactic scale height, 5GHz radio surface and Zanstra temperatures(the central star temperature) and elemental chemical abundances. In addition, we have discussed for the first time and in more details the correlation between planetary nebulae morphologies and some parameters such as the: optical thickness, nebular fluxes, Peimbert classes, excitation classes, peculiar velocities, dust temperature and dust/gas mass ratio. The thesis is dividing into five chapters in addition to the introduction chapter and the appendix. Chapter 2 starts by acquainting the reader by the definition and characteristics of planetary nebulae, followed by the historical overview, space distributions and creation of planetary nebular. The dredge up episodes during stellar evolution, chemical composition and different morphological classifications of planetary nebulae are discussed also in chapter 2. The topics that mentioned and discussed in chapter 2 are not just introduction to planetary nebulae field of research but are essential for understanding the next chapters in the thesis. 2

4 Chapter 3 has two parts. In the first part we introduced a survey on the history of the main topic of the thesis, which is the correlation between planetary nebulae morphologies and other nebular parameters. The second part presents the planetary nebulae database of observed and calculated parameters. It includes all formulae that essential for this work. This part ends by a summary of the database. Chapter 4 present and discuss the first part of results. This chapter illustrates the correlations between planetary nebulae morphologies and the following parameters: galactic distribution, galactic scale height, optical thickness, radial and peculiar velocity, ionized mass, dust/gas mass ratio, Hβ flux, 5GHz radio fluxes, dust and radio surface temperature, Peimbert type and excitation class. We discussed also the important correlations occur during the planetary nebulae evolution. Chapter 5 is dedicated to the second part of results. This chapter illustrates and discusses the Zanstra temperatures and chemical elemental abundances of different nebular morphologies. The Zanstra two temperatures and their ratio are discussed with different planetary nebulae morphologies. The elemental abundances of helium, oxygen, nitrogen, neon, argon and sulfur are compared between different morphological classes of planetary nebulae. Chapter 6 summarizes the important results of the thesis. It shows the verification of the three main objectives of the thesis. It shows also the main characteristics of bipolar planetary nebulae against elliptical and circular planetary nebulae. 3

5 الملخص تتناول رسالة الماجستير الحالية دراسة إحصاي ية وفيزياي ية لا وجه الا رتباط بين أشكال السدم الكوآبية وخصاي صها الفيزياي ية والحرآية المواضيع البحثية أحد يعتبر والذي الشيقة والحديثة في مجال دراسة السدم الكوآبية. الرسالة ولهذه ثلاثة أهداف ري يسية تا آيد أو لا العلاقات المكتشفة حديثا بين أشكال السدم الكوآبية وخصاي صها ثم أآتشاف ارتباطات جديدة ثانيا أستخدام أشكال السدم الكوآبية آمو شر (دليل) للجمهرات النجمية ثالثا استخدام اشكال السدم الكوآبية آمو شر لترآيب قرص المجرة ودراسة إنحدار وفرة العناصر الكيمياي ية في المجرة. لقد تحققت جميع الا هداف السابق ذآرها وتم مناقشتها بالتفصيل في آلا من الباب الرابع والخامس وتم تلخيصها ووضع الاستنتاجات في الباب السادس. وللحصول على الا هداف المقترحة من الرسالة فقد أستخدمنا عينة حديثة ومتجانسة لا شكال السدم الكوآبية وهي آاتلوج IAC لبناء قاعدة بيانات آبيرة تحتوي على حوالي 25 عامل فيزياي ي وحرآي للسدم الكوآبية حيث تم تجميع بياناتها (الا رصاد والقياسات) من أآثر من 30 مرجع. وهذه العوامل هي: نصف القطر الزاوي المسافة السرعة الخطية (القطرية) سرعة تمدد السديم لخطي الا آسجين ح

6 والنيتروجين المتا يين العمق الضوي ي درجة حرارة الغبار درجة حرارة النجم المرآزي لخطي الهيدروجين المتعادل والهيليوم المتا ين نسبة الغبار إلى الغاز درجة الحرارة الراديوية الفيض الراديوي وفيض الهيدروجين لخط بالمر الثاني الكثافة أصناف بايمبرت أصناف الا ثارة وفرة آلا من العناصر الكيمياي ية التالية: الهيليوم الا آسجين النيتروجين النيون الكبريت الا رجون. وفقا للبينات السابقة فقد تم أيضا حساب العوامل التالية: المسافات المجهولة لبعض السدم الا قطار الحقيقية مقدار الا رتفاع الرأسي عن قرص المجرة العمر الديناميكي الكتلة البعد عن مرآز المجرة سرعة الدوران حول مرآز المجرة والسرعة الشاذة. لكي نختبر جودة بيانات العوامل المختلفة فقد رسمنا بعض العلاقات البيانية المهمة والتي توضح أرتباط بعض هذه العوامل أثناء تطور السدم الكوآبية وذلك في الفصل 3.4. بشكل عام فقد رسمنا حوالي 20 علاقة بيانية توضح مدى أرتباط أشكال السدم الكوآبية مع خصاي صها المختلفة وقد تم وصف هذه العلاقات والتعليق عليها في الباب الرابع والباب الخامس. بالا ضافة إلى ذلك فقد أستخدمنا حوالي 10 جداول للمقارنة بين أشكال السدم الثلاثة الري يسية وهي السدم ثناي ية القطبية والسدم البيضاوية والسدم الكروية للعوامل المختلفة المرصودة والمحسوبة. لقد قمنا بمقارنة نتاي ج الرسالة بجميع النتاي ج المتاحة في الا بحاث الحديثة والتي أظهرت توافق ممتاز على سبيل المثال الا رتباط بين أشكال السدم وآلا من خط العرض المجري الا رتفاع الرأسي عن قرص المجرة درجة حرارة النجم المرآزي وفرة العناصر الكيمياي ية. علاوة على ذلك فقد ناقشنا لا ول مرة الا رتباط بين أشكال السدم وآلا من العمق الضوي ي الفيض السديمي أصناف بايمبرت أصناف الا ثارة السرعة الشاذة درجة حرارة الغبار نسبة الغبار إلى الغاز. لقد تم تقسيم الرسالة إلى خمسة أبواب بالا ضافة إلى باب المقدمة والملحق. يا خذ الباب الثاني القارئ لتعريف وذآر الخصاي ص الفيزياي ية للسدم الكوآبية ثم نظرة تاريخية للسدم الكوآبية التوزيع الفضاي ي ونشا ة السدم الكوآبية حوادث انتقال بعض العناصر الكيمياي ية أثناء خ

7 المراحل المتا خرة من تطور النجم من اللب إلى السطح وفرة العناصر الكيمياي ية والتصنيفات الشكلية للسدم الكوآبية. لا تعتبر المواضيع التي تم ذآرها بالباب الا ول هي مقدمة للسدم الكوآبية فقط بل جوهرية لفهم بقية أبواب الرسالة. ينقسم الباب الثالث إلى جزي ين يعرض الجزء الا ول مسح تاريخي للا بحاث التي تتناول موضوع الرسالة وهي الا رتباط بين أشكال السدم الكوآبية وخصاي صها المختلفة بينما يتناول الجزء الثاني قاعدة البيانات ويحتوي أيض ا على آل المعادلات الجوهرية في الرسالة وملخص لقاعدة البيانات في النهاية. يعرض الباب الرابع الجزء الا ول من نتاي ج الرسالة حيث يتناول الا رتباطات بين أشكال السدم وآلا من العوامل التالية: التوزيع المجري الا رتفاع الرأسي عن قرص المجرة العمق الضوي ي السرعة الخطية والسرعة الشاذة آتلة السديم نسبة الغبار إلى الغاز الفيض السديمي درجة حرارة الغبار ودرجة الحرارة الراديوية أصناف بايمبرت أصناف الا ثارة وقد تم أيضا مناقشة العلاقات المهمة أثناء تطور السدم الكوآبية. لقد خصصنا الباب الخامس لعرض الجزء الثاني من النتاي ج وهي أرتباط أشكال السدم بدرجة حرارة النجم المرآزي ووفرة العناصر الكيمياي ية. لقد قارنا وفرة عناصر الهيليوم الا آسجين النيتروجين النيون والا رجون والكبريت للا شكال الثلاثة الري يسية للسدم الكوآبية في الباب السادس لخصنا أهم نتاي ج الرسالة حيث أوضحنا تحقيق الا هداف الثلاثة الري يسية للرسالة. وأوضحنا أيضا الخصاي ص الري يسية للسدم ثناي ية القطبية مقارنتا بالسدم البيضاوية والسدم الكروية ثم بعد ذلك وضعنا ملحق مكون من ستة جداول يتناول الا ول عرض للعينة المستخدمة وهي 243 سديم آوآبي ذات أشكال مختلفة حيث تم أختصار دراستنا بعد ذلك على ثلاثة أشكال فقط وهي التي لها عدد يسمح بدراستها إحصاي يا. ويتناول الجدول الثاني تعيين القيم المتوسطة للمسافات المنفردة والاحصاي ية للعينة والتي تم تجميعها من عدد آبير من الا بحاث بينما يعرض الجدول الثالث متوسط بعض العوامل الفيزياي ية والحرآية للسدم د

8 الكوآبية ويعرض الجدول الرابع حساب السرعة الشاذه وسرعة الدوران حول مرآز المجرة وبعض الخصاي ص الحرآية الا خري ويختص الجدول الخامس بعرض الجزء الثاني من الخصاي ص الفيزياي ية للسدم الكوآبية وينتهي الملحق بجدول متوسط قيم وفرة العناصر الكيمياي ية المختلفة للسدم الكوآبية. لقد أظهرت نتاي ج الرسالة أن السدم الثناي ية القطبية تمثل نجوم الجمهرة الا ولى متوسطة العمر بينما تميل السدم البيضاوية والداي رية لا ن تمثل نجوم الجمهرة الا ولى أو المرحلة المبكرة والمتوسطة لنجوم الجمهرة الثانية. أيضا أشارت النتاي ج تمرآز السدم ثناي ية القطبية في الجزء الضيق من قرص المجرة حيث تكون نسبة الغاز والغبار عالية وتوجد النجوم الا حدث عمرا بينما السدم البيضاوية تتمرآز في أماآن أعلى في هذا الجزء أو في بداية الجزء السميك لقرص المجرة في حين تتمرآز السدم الكروية داخل الجزء السميك لقرص المجرة حيث نسبة الغاز والغبار أقل وتوجد النجوم الا قدم عمرا. أظهرت النتاي ج أيضا نقصان في وفرة العناصر الكيمياي ية آلما أرتفعنا عن قرص المجرة حيث تتمرآز السدم ثناي ية القطبية زات وفرة العناصر العالية قريبة من القرص بينما توجد السدم الكروية والا قل وفرة للعناصر على أرتفاع آبير عن قرص المجرة فيما يعرف با نحدار وفرة العناصر في المجرة. ويمكن تلخيص أهم صفات السدم ثناي ية القطبية مقارنتا بالسدم البيضاوية والكروية في النقاط التالية: إن السدم ثناي ية القطبية أقرب إلى قرص المجرة حيث يبلغ متوسط أرتفاعها عن القرص حوالي بارسك (خط عرض مجري سماوي 2.8 درجة) بينما يبلغ أرتفاع السدم 139 البيضاوية بارسك (خط عرض مجري درجة) والكروية 730 (خط بارسك عرض مجري درجة) يعتبر هذا التدريج في الا رتفاع من السدم ثناي ية القطبية إلى الكروية دليل مهم أن هذه الا شكال الثلاثة تنتمي إلى جمهرات نجمية مختلفة. ذ

9 هناك إزدياد في العمق الضوي ي من السدم الكروية إلى البيضاوية إلى ثناي ية القطبية حيث أن أغلبية هذه السدم أقرب إلى الحد الفاصل بين السدم الرقيقة والسميكة ضوي يا أآثر من السدم البيضاوية والكروية. تمتلك السدم ثناي ية القطبية آتلة أآبر من السدم البيضاوية والكروية وهذا نتيجة لا ن السدم ثناي ية القطبية نشا ت من نجوم ذات آتلة أآبر من البيضاوية والداي رية. تبلغ نسبة الغبار إلى الغاز في السدم الكروية تقريبا ضعف السدم البيضاوية وربما تكون أيضا أآثر من السدم ثناي ية القطبية. هناك أتجاه واضح لزيادة درجة حرارة النجم المرآزي وزيادة درجة الحرارة الراديوية من السدم الكروية إلى السدم ثناي ية القطبية على النقيض فا ن هناك أتجاه لنقصان درجة حرارة الغبار من السدم الداي رية إلى ثناي ية القطبية. تتبع غالبية السدم ثناي ية القطبية الصنف الا ول لتصنيف بايمبرت والباقي الصنف الثاني بينما غالبية السدم البيضاوية والكروية تنتمي إلى الصنف الثاني والباقي الصنف الثالث والرابع. لا تميل السدم ثناي ية القطبية لا ن يكون نجمها المرآزي من الا صناف الا على إثارة والسدم الكروية من الا صناف الا قل إثارة لقد أظهرت قيمة العمق الضوي ي المكتسبه من حرارة النجم المرآزي أن هناك أتجاه زياده للعمق الضوي ي من السدم الكروية إلى ثناي ية القطبية تتوافق مع النتيجة السابقة وتو آد أن هذه الا شكال الثلاثة نشا ت من نجوم ذات آتل مختلفة. تتفاوت وفرة العناصر الكيمياي ية بين الا شكال الثلاثة للسدم الكوآبية حيث تتميز السدم ثناي ية القطبية با على وفرة للعناصر والسدم الكروية با قل وفرة للعناصر. بشكل عام فا ن وفرة عناصر الهيليوم والنيتروجين أعلى بكثير في السدم ثناي ية القطبية من البيضاوية والكروية. ر

10 من تحليل نتاي ج وفرة العناصر وجدنا أرتباط جيد بين عنصري النيون والا آسجين النيتروجين والا آسجين الكبريت والا آسجين للا شكال المختلفة. أظهرت آل النتاي ج السابقة بشكل عام أن السدم ثناي ية القطبية نشا ت من نجوم أآبر آتلة وأعلى حرارة وسطوعا من السدم الكروية بينما نشا ت السدم البيضاوية من نجوم ذات آتل مختلفة آبيرة مثل السدم ثاي ية القطبية وصغيرة مثل السدم الكروية. ز

11 Statistical and Physical Study of Different Morphological Types of Planetary Nebulae Norah Mutab Al-Dosary Abstract The main purpose of the current thesis is to study the relation between the morphological classes of planetary nebulae and their physical and kinematical characteristics. The main goals of the thesis are: (1) Detecting new correlations (and confirm old correlations) between the planetary nebulae morphological classes and their nebular characteristics; (2) Using planetary nebulae morphologies as probe for stellar populations; (3) Using planetary nebulae as probe for galactic disk structure and to study the metallicity gradients in the Galaxy. In order to attain the goals of the thesis, we have constructed database contains a large sets of observed parameters that collected from more about 30 references. The database is based on a homogenous sample of planetary nebulae The IAC catalogue of planetary nebulae. The main goals was verified and discussed in more details in chapters 4 and 5 and summarized in the conclusion. The results show very good agreement with the recent publications. We have presented the main characteristics of bipolar planetary nebulae comparing to elliptical and circular planetary nebulae. iv

12 TABLE OF CONTENTS Examination Committee Approval Dedication English abstract.. Table of contents... v vi List of figures. vii List of tables... viii Chapter I: Introduction 1 Chapter II: Introduction to Planetary Nebulae 2.1 Planetary Nebula: Definition and Characteristics Historical overview Space distribution and kinematics of PNe Stellar evolution and planetary creation Chemical Composition of PNe PNe element abundances Peimbert classification of PNe Classification of PNe morphologies Khromov & Kohoutek classification Balick classification Schwartz et al. classification Manchado et al classification. 27 v

13 2.6.5 Halos around planetary nebulae. 29 Chapter III: The relation between the morphology and physical parameters of planetary nebulae 3.1 Review of literature Database and essential formulae The sample of planetary nebulae The distances of the sample Angular radius, linear radius and galactic scale height of PNe Expansion velocity, ionized mass and dynamical age of PNe Radio continuum flux density at 5 GHz and Hβ fluxes The radial and peculiar velocities Dust, Zanstra, and radio surface brightness temperatures of the PNe sample Dust to gas mass ratio, excitation class, electron density, optical thickness and Peimbert classes of the PNe sample Elemental abundances Summary of the database. 42 Chapter IV: PNe morphologies versus nebular parameters (Part I) 4.1 Distribution of the PNe sample in the galactic coordinates Galactic scale heights of the PNe sample Important correlations occur during the PN evolution Optical thickness of planetary nebulae Radial and peculiar velocities of planetary nebulae Ionized mass and dust/gas mass ratio of B, E and R PNe Hβ and 5GHz radio fluxes and dust and radio surface temperatures of B, E and R PNe Peimbert types and excitation class of B, E and R PNe. 66 vi

14 Chapter V: PNe morphologies versus nebular parameters (Part II) 5.1 Zanstra temperature of B, E and R PNe The correlation between chemical abundances and different morphological classes of PNe Chapter VI: Conclusions.. 90 References.96 Appendix. 100 vii

15 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 The life cycle of low and intermediate mass stars Distribution of planetary nebulae in the galactic coordinates Observed radial velocities of planetary nebulae, relative to the sun, plotted against galactic longitude The figure display the formation of planetary nebula in light of the three winds Model Stellar evolution of low and intermediate mass stars Hertzsprung-Russel diagram shows the evolution of a low mass star Onion shell- like structure of an AGB star Schematic illustrations of two-dimensional cuts through the centers of various morphological archetypes of PNe The percentage of each morphological class in the sample The distribution of the sample throughout the galactic coordinates The distribution of B, E and R PNe throughout the galactic coordinates Dynamical ages of B, E and R PNe against their expansion velocities Dynamical ages of B, E and R PNe against their linear radius Dynamical ages of B, E and R PNe against their ionized masses Optical depth against linear size of B, E and R PNe Optical depth against electron density of B, E and R PNe Optical depth against radio surface temperature of B, E and R PNe Peculiar velocity against galactic height of B, E and R PNe Radial velocities, corrected for LSR, as a function of galactic longitude for B PNe Radial velocities, corrected for LSR, as a function of galactic longitude for E PNe Radial velocities, corrected for LSR, as a function of galactic longitude for R PNe The correlation between the ionized mass and linear size of B, E and R viii

16 PNe The dust temperature against the electron density of B, E and R PNe Comparison between the HeI and HeII Zanstra temperatures Comparison between B, E and R PNe and He I Zanstra temperature Comparison between B, E and R PNe and He II Zanstra temperature Tz (HeII)/Tz (HeI) vs. Tz (He I) for the B, E and R PNe The correlation of He/H vs. N/O for B, E and R planetary nebulae The correlation of O/H vs. N/O for B, E and R PNe Helium abundance for B, E and R PNe vs. Galactic height (Z) Nitrogen abundances of B, E and R PNe vs, Galactic height (Z) The correlation of O/H vs. Ne/H for B, E and R planetary nebulae The correlation of N/H vs. O/H for B, E and R planetary nebulae The correlation of O/H vs. S/O for B, E and R PN The correlation of S/H vs. N/H for B, E and R PNe The correlation of Ar/H vs. N/H for B, E and R planetary nebulae The correlation of Ne/H vs. N/H for B, E and R planetary nebulae 88 ix

17 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Abundances of the elements in planetary nebulae. Abundances are given by number density relative to H Classification criteria for Peimbert classes The main classification types of Khromov & Kohoutek (1968) The peripherical structures of Khromov & Kohoutek (1968) classification s Scheme Number of PNe in each morphological class Individual, statistical and calculated distances for B, E and R PNe Summary of the PNe parameters and their references The mean and median absolute galactic latitude (in degrees) and galactic scale height (in parsecs) of B, E, R, E+R and irregular morphological classes The absolute mean galactic latitude b (in degrees) and galactic scale height z (in parsec) of our sample and other references The mean dynamical age, ionized mass, linear radius, expansion velocity and optical depth of B, E and R PNe. The number of objects is given in parentheses The mean peculiar velocity of B, E and R PNe Dust temperature, radio surface temperatures, 5 GHz flux, H beta fluxe and dust/gas mass ratio of B, E and R PNe Peimbert types of B, E and R PNe. The number of objects is given in parentheses Excitation classes of B, E and R PNe. The number of objects is given in Parentheses The Zanstra temperatures of B, E and R PNe. The values that given in parentheses are of Phillips (2003a) A comparison between the average chemical abundances (by number) of our sample and other sources. The number of objects is given in parentheses 77 x

18 5.3 Elemental abundances of the sample are compared to the solar and HII region abundances. The abundances is expressed as (log (X/H)+12) 79 xi

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