The Physics and Dynamics of Planetary Nebulae

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1 Grigor A. Gurzadyan The Physics and Dynamics of Planetary Nebulae With 125 Figures, 14 Plates and 93 Tables Springer

2 Contents 1. Global Concepts The Shapes of Planetary Nebulae The Structure of Nebulae Luminosity and the Nuclei The Optical Spectrum The Spectrum of Nuclei Stratification of Radiation: Observations Excitation Class Classification of the Shapes Expansion of Nebulae The Apparent Distribution of Planetary Nebulae Planetary Nebulae in Other Galaxies Designations, Catalogues, Surveys The Origin of Emission Lines The Nature of Nebular Emission Rosseland's Theorem Fluorescence: Zanstra's Theory 30; 2.4 Excitation of Forbidden Lines Accumulation of Atoms in Metastable Levels The Role of Electron Collisions The Deactivation Effect Stratification of Radiation: The Phenomenon Emission Lines of Neutral Atoms The Chemical Composition of Planetary Nebulae Continuous Absorption and Recombination Coefficients Emission Lines of Hydrogen and Helium The Intensities of Balmer Lines of Hydrogen The Role of Collisions Comparison with Observations The Balmer Decrement: Observations The Decrement Diagram Planetary Nebulae on the Decrement Diagram 69

3 X Contents 3.7 The Self-absorption Effect Helium Emission Lines Recombination Lines of Hell in the Ultraviolet The Optical Depth of Nebulae at the Frequency of Helium Ionization Ionization Equilibrium of Planetary Nebulae Ionization of Nebulae Ionization and Excitation by Electron Collisions The Degree of Excitation The Balmer Decrement for Collisions The Ionization Structure of Planetary Nebulae Thermal Equilibrium of Nebulae Stratification of Radiation: Theory Bowen Resonance Fluorescence Excitation of the Resonance Level of Hydrogen by Electron Collisions Temperature of Nebular Nuclei Statement of the Problem The Recombination Method: Zanstra's First Method The "Nebulium Method": Zanstra's Second Method The Hell/HI Method: Ambartsumian's Method The Method of Fluxes: Seaton's Method The [OIII]/[OII] Method Temperatures of High Excitation Nebula Nuclei Nuclei Temperatures of Low Excitation Nebulae Electron Temperature. Electron Concentration Statement of the Problem The Electron Temperature Cooling of the Inner Regions of a Nebula The Temperature Gradient in a Nebula The Temperature Gradient Within the Nebula: Observations The Electron Concentration The Masses of Planetary Nebulae Planetary Nebulae in the Ultraviolet The Structure of a Nebula's Spectra in the Ultraviolet Resonance Lines in the Ultraviolet The Macrostructure of the Spectra of Nebulae in the Ultraviolet The Doublet 1550 CIV in Nebulae Ultraviolet CIII Lines in Nebulae The Ultraviolet Doublet MgH 162

4 Contents 7.7 The Doublet Mgll and the Physics of Gaseous Nebulae Ionization of Magnesium in Nebulae Determination of Dimensions of Stellar Envelopes The Problem of Calcium Lines The Short Wavelength Radiation of Nuclei The Continuous Spectra of Nuclei in the Ultraviolet Nuclei Temperatures According to Their Ultraviolet Spectra Nuclei with Superhigh Temperatures X-Rays from Planetary Nebulae Correction for Interstellar Extinction of Emission in Ultraviolet Lines Determination of Interstellar Extinction Pseudoresonance Lines Pseudoresonance Absorption Lines Transition Probabilities of Pseudoresonance Lines Possible Combinations Between Pseudoresonance and Forbidden Lines The Optical Depth of a Nebula in Pseudoresonance Lines The Pseudoresonance Line Hel in the Spectra of Gaseous Nebulae Discovery of Pseudoresonance Lines Continuous Radiation of Nebulae. Two-Photon Emission Statement of the Problem ': The Theory of Two-Photon Emission of Hydrogen The Role of Collisions The Decay of L a Photons Theoretical Continuous Spectra of Nebulae in the Ultraviolet : Theoretical Continuous Spectra of Nebulae in the Visual Region Comparison with Observations Orion-2: Two-Photon Emission of the Planetary Nebula IC The Analogue of Zanstra's Formula for Two-Photon Emission Two-Photon Emission of the Planetary Nebulae NGC and NGC Infrared Radiation of Planetary Nebulae The Structure of the Infrared Spectrum Infrared Emission Lines of Nebulae IRAS: Infrared Spectra of Planetary Nebulae The Nature of Infrared Emission of Planetary Nebulae 229 XI

5 XII Contents 10.5 Parameters of Dust Particles Heating of Dust Particles in Nebulae The Morphology of the Dust Component of a Nebula Infrared Lines of [OIII] The Temperature of Dust in Planetary Nebulae The Survival of Dust Particles in Nebulae Infrared Lines and the Temperatures of Nuclei Evolution of Dust Particles in Planetary Nebulae Radiative Equilibrium: Classical Theory Statement of the Problem The L c Radiation Field The L a Radiation Field The Radiation Field in an Expanding Nebula Diffusion of L a Radiation The Relaxation Time The Degree of Excitation of Resonance Level of Hydrogen Distances and Dimensions of Planetary Nebulae Formulation of the Problem Basic Methods ' The Expansion Parallax Method Spectral Distances The Balmer Decrement Method The Radio Flux Method: Individual and Statistical The Interstellar Extinction Method The Astrophysical Method The Surface Gravity Method The Helium Lines Method The 21 cm HI Absorption Line Method The Pseudoresonance Line Method The Constant Mass Method The Non-constant Mass Method The Mass-Radius Correlation Method The Radio Temperature-Radius Correlation The Combined Statistical Method Standard Distances Catalogues of Distances of Planetary Nebulae Double-Envelope Nebulae Observational Aspects Morphological Peculiarities The Origin of the Second Envelope The Similarity of Both Envelopes Are Repeated Low Velocity Outbursts Possible? 282

6 Contents XIII 13.6 Physical Conditions in the Outer Envelope The Mass of the Outer Envelope The Ratio of Diameters of Both Envelopes Haloes Around Nebulae The Envelope Separation Concept Evolution of Envelopes The Frequency of Double Envelopes Evolution of the Central Star The Theory of Envelope Separation The Structure of the Transition Zone Separation of the Second Envelope Three-Envelope Planetary Nebulae: Observations Three-Envelope Nebulae: Their Origin The Concept of Interacting Stellar Winds The Syndrome of the Nebula NGC The Mystery of the Nebula NGC Radio Emission of Planetary Nebulae The Possibility of Radio Emission The Expected Radio Spectrum of Nebulae Radio Observations of Planetary Nebulae Observed Radio Spectra of Planetary Nebulae Radio Recombination Lines The Planetary Nebula NGC Neutral Hydrogen in Planetary Nebulae ; Interstellar Extinction from Radio Data Anomalous Planetary Nebulae Superdense Planetary Nebulae M 1-2: The Densest Planetary Nebula Superdense Nebulae on the Decrement Diagram Nebulae Without Hydrogen: A New Class of Nebulae? Nebulae with Contrasting Nuclei Bipolar Outflow Gaseous Envelopes with a Mixture of Dust Planetary Nebulae with Gas-Dust Envelopes A Method for Determining the Electron Temperature Planetary Nebulae with Absorption Lines of Mgll and Mgl A "Cross-Like" Planetary Nebula Dynamics of Planetary Nebulae Light Pressure in Nebulae Expansion of Nebulae: Theory Expansion of Nebulae: Observations Fast Winds from Central Stars : 367

7 XIV Contents 16.5 Shock Waves in Nebulae Thermal Expansion: Voids in Nebulae Deceleration of Nebulae The Hydrodynamics of Planetary Nebulae Stability of the Forms of Gaseous Envelopes. Statement of the Problem Stability of the Forms of Gaseous Envelopes Stability of Planetary Nebulae Stable Nova and Supernova Envelopes Stability of the Envelopes of Wolf-Rayet Stars Application of the Theory to Diffuse Nebulae Macroturbulence and the Stability of Envelopes Motion of PNs in the Interstellar Medium Magnetic Fields in Planetary Nebulae Bipolarity of Nebulae The Role of the Galactic Magnetic Field The Role of the Central Star The Intrinsic Magnetic Field of a Nebula Equilibrium of a Planetary Nebula with a Magnetic Field The Energy Balance in Planetary "Nebulae The Point Dipole The Extended Dipole Brightness Distribution of a Nebula with a Magnetic Field Elongated Nebulae "Rectangular" Nebulae The Magnetic Field of NGC Spiral Planetary Nebulae Transfer of the Magnetic Field from the Star to Nebula Observational Evidence for the Presence of Magnetic Fields in PNs Dissipation of Magnetic Energy Filamentary Nebulae Interstellar Magnetic Field of the Intermediate System of the Galaxy The Problem of Magnetic Fields in Planetary Nebulae Origin and Evolution of Planetary Nebulae The Problem of Progenitors Comparison with Observations Further Evolution The Final Phase of Evolution Red Giants as Progenitors of Planetary Nebulae Planetary Nebulae in the Galaxy 431

8 Contents 18.7 Mirids and Maser OH/IR Sources as Ancestors of Planetary Nebulae? Planetary Nebulae as Maser Sources Dispersion of the Mass of a Planetary Nebula Two Maxima on the Expansion Velocity Curve More About the Expansion Velocities Two-Component Systems of Progenitors Comparison with OH/IR Sources "Helium" Nebulae Distribution of Planetary Nebulae by Excitation Class Dependence of the Excitation Class on Nebula Size Dependence of Expansion Velocity on Excitation Class The Macrostructure of Expansion Spectral Variability of the Nebula IC The Paradox of the Nebula IC Transition Radiation Relativistic Electrons in Planetary Nebulae? Protoplanetary Objects The Nebula NGC An Evolved Symbiotic System? Condensations in Planetary Nebulae. Stellar Wind Former Nuclei of Planetary Nebulae The Last Sigh of the Dying Star 470 Catalogue of Excitation Classes p for 750 Galactic Planetary Nebulae 473 Plates 477 References 493 Books, Catalogues, Proceedings 493 Early Period, up to 1969.\ 494 Later Period, \ 497 The Most-Recent Period, Object Index 505 Subject Index 511 XV

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