Contents. List of Participants

Transcription

1 Introduction List of Participants page xiii xiv 1 Mount Wilson Observatory contributions to the study of cosmic abundances of the chemical elements George W. Preston 1 References 7 2 Synthesis of the elements in stars: B 2 FH and beyond E. Margaret Burbidge Introduction Iron-peak Elements and Supernovae Paul Merrill and Technetium Recent Work 10 References 11 3 Stellar nucleosynthesis: a status report 2003 David Arnett Introduction Fundamentals Problems Progress Conclusions 24 References 24 4 Advances in r-process nucleosynthesis John J. Cowan and Christopher Sneden Introduction Neutron-capture Abundances Stellar Abundance Observations The r-process r-process Abundance Scatter in the Galaxy r-process Chronometers Summary and Conclusions 40 in this web service

2 vi References 41 5 Element yields of intermediate-mass stars Richard B. C. Henry The Nature of Intermediate-mass Stars Stellar Models and Yields IMS and Chemical Evolution Summary 57 References 57 6 The impact of rotation on chemical abundances in red giant branch stars Corinne Charbonnel Abundance Anomalies in RGB Stars Due to In Situ Processes Origin and Nature of the Extra-mixing Process Rotation-induced Mixing The Li Flash Conclusions 65 References 65 7 s-processing in AGB stars and the composition of carbon stars Maurizio Busso, Oscar Straniero, Roberto Gallino, and Carlos Abia Introduction The Classical Analysis of the s-process Success and Crisis of the Classical s-process Analysis AGB Models: Features and Uncertainties as a Function of Mass s-processing in the Galaxy at Different Metallicities s-processing in C(N) Stars 78 References 82 8 Models of chemical evolution Francesca Matteucci Introduction The Star Formation Rate The IMF Infall and Outflow Stellar Yields Analytical Models of Chemical Evolution Numerical Models of Chemical Evolution Different Approaches to the Formation and Evolution of the Galaxy Observational Constraints Time-delay Model Interpretation Common Conclusions from Galaxy Models Specific Conclusions from Galaxy Models Star Formation Rate in Galaxies High-redshift Objects 99 References 99 in this web service

3 vii 9 Model atmospheres and stellar abundance analysis Bengt Gustafsson Introduction: A Bird s-eye Perspective with Bibliometrical Comments Enormous Improvements Better Abundances? Conclusions 112 References The light elements: lithium, beryllium, and boron Ann Merchant Boesgaard Introduction Origins and Current Observational Status The Destruction of Li, Be, and B Abundance Determinations Some Recent Results on Li Some Recent Results on Be Some Recent Results on B Concluding Remarks 135 References Extremely metal-poor stars John E. Norris Introduction Discovery The Halo Metallicity Distribution Function Lithium Relative Abundances versus [Fe/H] Abundance as a Function of Atomic Number Conclusion 151 References Thin and thick Galactic disks Poul E. Nissen Introduction The α-capture Elements Manganese and Zinc The s- and r-process Elements Conclusions 165 References Globular clusters and halo field stars Christopher Sneden, Inese I. Ivans, and Jon P. Fulbright Introduction Cluster and Field Star Samples Fe-peak Elements: Nickel and Copper Alpha Elements: Calcium Neutron-capture Elements: Europium, Barium, and Lanthanum 177 in this web service

4 viii 13.6 Proton-capture Elements: Oxygen, Sodium, and Aluminum Summary and Conclusions 183 References Chemical evolution in ω Centauri Verne V. Smith Introduction The Abundance Distribution and Chemical Enrichment Abundance Ratios and the Nature of Chemical Evolution in ω Cen A Simple Model for the Chemical Evolution of ω Cen Conclusions 200 References Chemical composition of the Magellanic Clouds, from young to old stars Vanessa Hill Introduction Present-day Composition Star Formation History and Age-metallicity Relations Detailed Composition of the Older Populations Conclusions 215 References Detailed composition of stars in dwarf spheroidal galaxies Matthew D. Shetrone Introduction Dangers and Caveats Simple Systems Complex Systems Connection to the Milky Way A History of Conclusions 232 References The evolutionary history of Local Group irregular galaxies Eva K. Grebel Introduction Distribution and Census of Irregulars in the Local Group The Interstellar Medium of Local Group Irregulars Large-scale Star Formation and Spatial Variations Metallicity and Age Other Global Correlations Summary 249 References Chemical evolution of the old stellar populations of M31 R. Michael Rich Introduction 255 in this web service

5 ix 18.2 Overview Globular Clusters The Stellar Halo Population The Distant Companions The Bulge The Halo of M31 and Extragalactic Halos Summary 278 References Stellar winds of hot massive stars nearby and beyond the Local Group Fabio Bresolin and Rolf P. Kudritzki A Portrait of Mass Loss in Hot Stars Why Do Stellar Winds Depend on Metallicity? Does Nature Conform to Theory? Looking Beyond the Local Group Multiwavelength Studies Additional Matters 294 References Presolar stardust grains Donald D. Clayton and Larry R. Nittler Introduction Classification of Isotopic Families of Stardust Mainstream SiC Presolar Oxide Grains Presolar Supernova Grains Conclusions 313 References Interstellar dust B. T. Draine Introduction Presolar Grains in Meteorites are Nonrepresentative Interstellar Reddening Spectroscopy of Dust in Extinction and Emission Infrared Emission Spectrum of Interstellar Dust Dust Grain Size Distribution Dust Abundances vs. Depletion Patterns Time Scale for Depletion Local Variations in D/H: Does Dust Play a Role? Transport of Elements in Dust Grains Ion Recombination on Dust Grains Summary 332 References 333 in this web service

6 x 22 Interstellar atomic abundances Edward B. Jenkins Introduction Ionization Corrections Depletions of Free Atoms onto Dust Grains Insights on the Composition of Interstellar Dust Outside the Galactic Plane Application to Observations of Abundances Elsewhere 351 References Molecules in the interstellar medium Tommy Wiklind Introduction Components of the Molecular ISM Molecular ISM Chemistry The Missing Ingredients Molecules Far Away Challenges for the Future 364 References Metal ejection by Galactic winds Crystal L. Martin Introduction Chemodynamical Modeling of Galactic Outflows Observational Diagnostics Escape to the IGM? Impact on Galactic Chemical Properties Summary: Global Impact of Metal Loss via Galactic Winds 385 References Abundances from the integrated light of globular clusters and galaxies Scott C. Trager Introduction Stellar Population Modeling of Integrated-light Spectra Globular Cluster Systems Early-type Galaxies and Bulges Summary 400 References Abundances in spiral and irregular galaxies Donald R. Garnett Introduction Spatial Abundance Profiles Element Abundance Ratios in Spiral and Irregular Galaxies Open Questions and Concluding Remarks 419 References 420 in this web service

7 xi 27 Chemical composition of the intracluster medium Michael Loewenstein Introduction Earliest Results on Cluster Enrichment ICM Abundances from the ASCA Database On the ICM Abundance Anomalies Chandra and XMM-Newton Results on Abundance Gradients XMM-Newton RGS Measurements of CNO XMM-Newton Observations of M Concluding Remarks 435 References Quasar elemental abundances and host galaxy evolution Fred Hamann, Matthias Dietrich, Bassem M. Sabra, and Craig Warner Introduction Quasar Abundance Studies Intrinsic Narrow Absorption Lines Broad Absorption Lines and Mini-BALs Broad Emission Lines Summary and Implications 451 References Chemical abundances in the damped Lyα systems Jason X. Prochaska Introduction The Data and Standard Analysis Dust Chemical Evolution Nucleosynthesis 465 References Intergalactic medium abundances Robert F. Carswell Introduction Abundances and Ionization C IV Searches O VI Searches Stacked Spectra Pixel Optical Depths Anomalous Abundances Conclusions 480 References Conference summary Bernard E. J. Pagel Introduction 482 in this web service

8 xii 31.2 History The Overall Picture Nucleosynthetic Yields Modeling Galactic Chemical Evolution Stellar Abundance Analysis Abundance Effects from Internal Stellar Evolution Abundances in Stellar Populations The Interstellar Medium The Local Universe The High-redshift Universe Conclusions 492 References 493 Credits 495 in this web service