Stalking the Cosmic 3He Abundance Dana S. Balser

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1 Stalking the Cosmic 3He Abundance Dana S. Balser

2 Collaborators Tom Bania Tom Wilson Bob Rood Miller Goss

3 Primordial Nucleosynthesis Burles et al. (2001)

4 Stellar Nucleosynthesis 1 2 H + H + 1 H 1 H 2 H + e 3 + He + γ + ν Pr oduction T > 6 x 10 5 K 3 He + 3 He 4 He + 2p Destruction 3 He + 4 He 7 Be + γ T > 7 x 10 6 K Daniele Galli The present interstellar 3He is more of stellar than primordial origin. Rood, Steigman & Tinsley (1976)

5 Galactic Chemical Evolution Steigman & Tosi (1992)

6 Observations of 3He

7 3He+ Hyperfine Transition N=3 2 S 1/ 2 F = 0 1 N=2 N=1 F=0 Singlet F=1 Triplet ν A = MHz = x s 1 (3.46 cm) (16,300 years)

8 First 3He+ Hyperfine Detection Rood et al. (1979)

9 NRAO 140 Foot Telescope (HII Regions) Galactic HII Regions ( ) (~50) Orion nebula (M42) Eagle nebula (M16) Rosette nebula W49 S209 G HPBW = 3.5 arcmin

10 M16 (Eagle Nebula) Hubble Space Telescope NRAO Very Large Array Hester & Scowen White [DSB] et al. (1999)

11 HII Region 3He+ Spectra Bania [DSB] et al. (1997)

12 HII Region 3He+ Spectra cont. Bania [DSB] et al. (1997)

13 HII Region Radio Recombination Line Spectra H91α n = H114β n = H130γ n = Bania [DSB] et al. (1997)

14 HII Region Radio Continuum MPIfR 100m Telescope NRAO Very Large Array DSB et al. (1995)

15 HII Region Radio Continuum cont.

16 MPIfR 100 meter Telescope (Planetary Nebulae) Galactic Planetary Nebulae ( ) NGC 3242 (Ghost of Jupiter) NGC 6543 (Cat s Eye) NGC 6720 (Ring) NGC 7009 (Saturn) NGC 7662 (Blue Snowball) HPBW = 80 arcsec

17 NGC3242 (Ghost of Jupiter) Hubble Space Telescope Balick et al.

18 NGC6543 (Cat s Eye) Hubble Space Telescope Corradi & Tsvetanov

19 Planetary Nebulae 3He+ Spectra DSB et al. (1997)

20 HII Region Models Density Structure : Ionization Structure : 3 3 He He + + ; / H H He + He / / H H + 3 He + Transition : n e dl RRL/Continuum : n 2 e dl

21 Density Structure Correction DSB et al. (1999)

22 Ionization Structure Correction 10 HII Regions W43 H91α H70α HPBW = 3. 5 HPBW = 1. 5 Bania [DSB] et al. (2007) DSB, Goss, & De Pree (2001) Blum et al. (1999)

23 Simple Sources

24 3He Abundance versus [O/H] Bania, Rood & DSB (2002)

25 3He Abundance versus Rgal Bania, Rood & DSB (2002)

26 The 3He Problem Daniele Galli

27 Rotational Mixing in Stars mixing standard meridional circulation driven by internal rotation might lead to the mixing of CNO-processed material of a red giant star. Sweigart & Mengel (1979) 96% of low-mass stars do experience an extra-mixing process on the RGB Charbonnel & do Nascimento (1998) meridional circulation does not lead to enough mixing to explain the abundance anomalies Palacios et al. (2006) Charbonnel (1995)

28 3-D Hydrodynamical and Nucleosynthetic Network Raleigh-Taylor Instability Eggleton et al. (2006)

29 Thermohaline Mixing Charbonnel & Zahn (2007)

30 No Mixing in NGC3242 3He+ line at 8665 MHz C III] multiplet near 1908 A 3 He/H = 2-5 x He/H = 2-5 x C/ 13 C > C/ 13 C > C/ 13 C > 38 DSB et al. (1999) Palla et al. (2002)

31 12C/13C Ratios in Planetary Nebulae DSB, McMullin & Wilson (2002)

32 Cosmic Microwave Background (WMAP) Ωbh = η = ± x Spergel et al. (2006)

33 Primordial Abundances Izotov et al. (2007) Peimbert et al. (2007) Olive & Skillman (2004) Kirkman et al. (2003) Bania, Rood & DSB (2002) Ryan et al. (2000) Boesgaard et al. (2005) Burles et al. (2001) Spergel et al. (2006)

34 Search for 3He in Planetary Nebulae NRAO Green Bank Telescope NRAO Very Large Array NAIC Arecibo Telescope NGC 6572 J320 NGC 3242 NGC 6543 NGC 7009 NGC 6826 NGC 6210 NGC 6891

35 Planetary Nebulae Sample PNe progenitor stars with NO extra mixing: 1. 4He/H < [N/O] < C/12C as low as possible 4. Peimbert Class: IIb, III, IV (old population) 5. Helium is singly ionized

36 VLA PNe Continuum DSB et al. (2006)

37 VLA J320 3He+ Spectra DSB et al. (2006)

38 VLA J320 Model 3 He/H DSB et al. (2006)

39 HII Region S209: 140 Foot versus GBT 140 Foot March 1995 GBT June 2004

40 Higher Order Radio Recombination Lines Δn Δn Δn Δn Δn Δn Δn Δn Δn Δn Δn = 1: 91α, 92α = 2 : 114β,115β = 3: 130γ,131γ,132γ = 4 : 144δ,145δ = 5 : 154ε,155ε,156ε = 6 : 164ζ,165ζ = 7 : 171η,173η = 8 : 179θ,180θ,181θ = 9 : 186ι,187ι,188ι = 10 : 193κ,194κ = 11: 211λ 1. 4He/H abundances 2. Model physical properties 3. Reliability level of ~0.5 mk

41 GBT PNe NGC 6826: (91+92) alpha lines hr integration 2.1 km/s resolution

42 GBT NGC hr integration

43 GBT (NGC NGC NGC6826) hr integration

44 Arecibo (NGC NGC6891)

45 Summary 1. Primordial estimate of 3He/H consistent with WMAP and D observations. 2. Some stars appear to produce high values of 3He/H. 3. We still do not understand how stars process 3He but

46 Future 1. Additional observations of 3He in PNe? (EVLA) 2. Observations of 12C/13C in PNe. (CARMA, ALMA) 3. Observations of 3He in select outer Galaxy HII regions. (GBT) 4. Observations of 3He in the low metallicity LMC/SMC. (Parkes)

47 Done

48 4He Observations (optical recombination lines) Metal poor blue compact galaxies Izotov et al. (1999)

49 4He Results Olive & Skillman (2004) Peimbert & Peimbert (2002) Yp [mass] Reference (0.0012) Izotov et al. (2007) (0.0028) Peimbert et al. (2007) (0.009) Olive & Skillman (2004)

50 7Li Observations (resonance line) Metal poor Halo stars Boesgaard et al. (2005)

51 7Li Results (The Spite Plateau) Log(7Li/H) + 12 Reference 2.09 (+0.19,-0.13) Ryan et al. (2000) 2.37 (0.1) Melendez & Ramirez (2004) 2.44 (0.18) Boesgaard et al. (2005) Ryan et al. (2000)

52 Deuterium Observations (Lyman Series) Q HS Kirkman et al. (2003) O Meara et al. (2001)

53 Deuterium Results D/H = Kirkman et al. (2003); Steigman (2005)

54 GBT HII Region S206: calibrated raw spectrum 14.5 hr integration

55 GBT HII Region S206: baseline removed and smoothed 14.5 hr integration 5 km/s resolution