Contents. 1 Introduction... 1 Mauro D Onofrio and Carlo Burigana

Transcription

1 Contents 1 Introduction... 1 Mauro D Onofrio and Carlo Burigana 2 Fundamental Cosmological Observations and Data Interpretation... 7 Contributions by Matthias Bartelmann, Charles L. Bennett, Carlo Burigana, Cesare Chiosi, Mauro D Onofrio, Alan Dressler, Isabella Gioia, Günther Hasinger, Juan Francisco Macias-Perez, Piero Madau, Paola Marziani, John Mather, Francesca Matteucci, Keith Olive, John Peacock, Wolfgang Reich, Pierre-Marie Robitaille, Michael Rowan-Robinson, Gary Steigman, Matthias Steinmetz, Jack W. Sulentic, Massimo Turatto, and Simon D.M. White 2.1 Outline of the Chapter From CDM to CDM Paradigm Type Ia SNe as Probe of the Paradigm Shift SNe Physics and the CDM Scenario Cosmology with Quasars The Challenge Exploiting Quasar Variability Quasar Diversity and Quasar Evolution The Baldwin Effect Exploiting the Luminosity-to-Mass Ratio Guessing Further The Heretical View on Cosmological Redshifts On the Wolf Effect Anomalies with Quasars? Cosmological Nucleosynthesis Theory of Cosmological Nucleosynthesis Tests of Cosmological Nucleosynthesis Alternatives to Standard BBN CMB Observations and Main Implications The COBE Legacy WMAP xiii

2 xiv Contents Balloon-borne Experiments Far-IR Foreground Interstellar Medium Radio Foregrounds A Radically Different Point of View on the CMB Cosmological Information from X-Ray Astronomy Evolution of LSS and Nucleosynthesis Coeval Evolution of Galaxies and Their Supermassive BHs First Structures Preamble The Dark Age and the Emergence of Cosmic Structure High Redshift Quasars and BH Feedback Galaxy Clusters, The Largest Self-gravitating Structures of the Universe A Multifrequency View of Galaxy Clusters Clusters of Galaxies: An Introduction Clusters of Galaxies in X-Rays Clusters of Galaxies as Cosmological Tools Dark Matter in Modern Cosmology Issues of the CDM Scenario Lensing Constraints on the Universe Age from Stellar Evolution The Very First Generation: PopIII Ages from Star Clusters Ages from Integrated Properties The Distance Scale, A Road Towards Modern Cosmology HST Key Program Type Ia Supernovae References Astrophysical Cosmology Contributions by Amedeo Balbi, Charles L. Bennett, Martin Bucher, Carlo Burigana, Peter Coles, Mauro D Onofrio, Ruth Durrer, John Mather, Pavel Naselsky, Francesca Perrotta, Lucia A. Popa, David Spergel, Kandaswamy Subramanian, and Nicola Vittorio 3.1 Outline of the Chapter Inflation Topological Defects Imprints on the CMB Non-Gaussian Anisotropies Adiabatic vs. Isocurvature Perturbations CMB Theory Implications of CMB Spectrum Observations

3 Contents xv CMB Anisotropy Cosmological Parameters from WMAP Geometry of the Universe The Ionization History Recombination Reionization Alternative Ionization Histories Large Scale Structure Baryon Acoustic Oscillations Large Scale Structure Through Simulations Neutrino Physics and Its Cosmological Implications Cosmic Magnetism The Magnetic Universe References From Galileo to Modern Cosmology: Alternative Paradigms and Science Boundary Conditions Contributions by Carlo Burigana, Salvatore Capozziello, Cesare Chiosi, Mauro D Onofrio, Malcolm Longair, Philip Mannheim, Paola Marziani, Moti Milgrom, Keith Olive, Thanu Padmanabhan, John Peacock, Francesca Perrotta, Luisa Pigatto, Rafael Rebolo, Luigi Secco, Jack W. Sulentic, Gerard t Hooft, and Simon D.M. White 4.1 Outline of the Chapter Remembering Galileo Galileo s Lesson Today Tests of General Relativity Cosmological Constant Historical Overview The Problem of Theoretical Physics Dark Energy Models Dark Energy Candidates Dark Energy and Inflation Analogies? Alternatives to Standard Gravity Theories MOND f.r/theories DE as a Curvature Effect DM as a Curvature Effect Conformal Gravity Early Universe: Connecting Particle Physics and Cosmology Constants in Physics? On the Anthropic Principles Cosmological Principle Modern Cosmology and Center of the Universe The Large Numbers Puzzle

4 xvi Contents Anthropic Principle Growth of Complexity The Fine Tuned Expansion Carbon and Oxygen Nucleosynthesis Many-Universes Science and Society and Self-Organization of Astrophysical Community Comments on Sociological and Economical Influences Comments on Astrophysical Community Self-Organization Boundary Condition for Astrophysics Development: A Modern Example Astronomy in the Canaries Cosmology in the Canaries References Next Challenges Contributions by Matthias Bartelmann, Charles L. Bennett, Martin Bucher, Carlo Burigana, Massimo Capaccioli, Mauro D Onofrio, Ruth Durrer, Isabella Gioia, Günther Hasinger, Charles Lawrence, Giuseppe Longo, Juan Francisco Macias-Perez, Piero Madau, John Mather, John Peacock, Lucia A. Popa, Rafael Rebolo, Wolfgang Reich, Matthias Steinmetz, Massimo Turatto, and Simon D.M. White 5.1 Outline of the Chapter New Perspectives from Radio Astronomy New Radio Telescopes Trace the Epoch of Reionization New Perspectives in CMB Cosmology Ideas for New Spectrum Experiments The Future of CMB Experiments: Ground vs. Space? Planck, A Forthcoming Space Mission Surveys to Map Dust Foreground Emission Beyond Planck Perspectives from New Galaxy Surveys Ground-based Optical Surveys and Related Technological Aspects New Key Observations Dedicated to the First Structures N-Body Simulations Future Perspectives from SNe New Perspectives in High Energy Astrophysics and Galaxy Clusters Cosmological Expectations from Lensing Future Tests for Topological Defects What are the Characteristics of Lensing by Cosmic Strings?

5 Contents xvii Would Cosmic Strings Lead to an Observable Gravitational Wave Background? New Perspectives for Neutrino from Astrophysical Cosmology References Concluding Remarks Mauro D Onofrio and C. Burigana Web Pages Further Reading Index

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