Electromagnetic Shielding
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1 Electromagnetic Shielding SALVATORE CELOZZI RODOLFO ARANEO GIAMPIERO LOVAT Electrical Engineering Department "La Sapienza" University Rome, Italy IEEE Press iwiley- 'INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
2 Contents Preface xi 1 Electromagnetics behind Shielding Definitions Notation, Symbology, and Acronyms Basic Electromagnetics Macroscopic Electromagnetism and Maxwell's Equations Constitutive Relations Discontinuities and Singularities Initial and Boundary Conditions Poynting's Theorem and Energy Considerations Fundamental Theorems Wave Equations, Helmholtz Equations, Electromagnetic Potentials, and Green's Functions Basic Shielding Mechanisms Source Inside or Outside the Shielding Structure and Reciprocity 18 References 19 2 Shielding Materials Standard Metallic and Ferromagnetic Materials Ferrimagnetic Materials Ferroelectric Materials Thin Films and Conductive Coatings Other Materials Suitable for EM Shielding Applications Structural Materials Conductive Polymers 32 v
3 vi CONTENTS Conductive Glasses and Transparent Materials Conductive (and Ferromagnetic or Ferrimagnetic) Papers Special Materials Metamaterials and Chiral Materials Composite Materials Nanomaterials High-Temperature Superconductors 37 References 38 3 Figures of Merit for Shielding Configurations (Local) Shielding Effectiveness The Global Point of View Other Proposais of Figures of Merit Statistical Methods Energy-Based, Content-Oriented Definition Performance of Shielded Cables 53 References 53 4 Shielding Effectiveness of Stratified Media Electromagnetic Plane Waves: Definitions and Properties Uniform Plane Waves Incident on a Planar Shield Transmission-Line Approach The Single Planar Shield Multiple (or Laminated) Shields Plane Waves Normally Incident on Cylindrical Shielding Surfaces Plane Waves against Spherical Shields Limits to the Extension of the TL Analogy to Near-Field Sources 75 References 84 5 Numerical Methods for Shielding Analyses Finite-Element Method Method of Moments Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method Finite Integration Technique Transmission-Line Matrix Method Partial Element Equivalent Circuit Method Case Study: Scattering from a Perfectly Conducting Enclosure with a Rectangular Aperture 134 References Apertures in Planar Metal Screens Historical Background Statement of the Problem Low-Frequency Analysis: Transmission through Small Apertures 147
4 CONTENTS vii 6.4 The Small Circular-Aperture Case Small Noncircular Apertures Finite Number of Small Apertures Rigorous Analysis for Apertures of Arbitrary Shape: Integral Equation Formulation RulesofThumb 160 References Enclosures Modal Expansion of Electromagnetic Fields inside a Metallic Enclosure Oscillations inside an Ideal Source-Free Enclosure The Enclosure Dyadic Green Function Excitation of a Metallic Enclosure Damped Oscillations inside Enclosures with Lossy Walls and Quality Factor Apertures in Perfectly Conducting Enclosures Small-Aperture Approximation Rigorous Analysis: Integral-Equation Formulation Aperture-Cavity Resonances Small Loading Effects The Rectangular Enclosure Symmetry Considerations Shielding Effectiveness of a Rectangular Enclosure with a CircularHole External Sources: Plane-Wave Excitation Internal Sources: Electric and Magnetic Dipole Excitations 192 References Cable Shielding Transfer Impedance in Tubulär Shielded Cables and Aperture Effects Relationship between Transfer Impedance and Shielding Effectiveness Actual Cables and Harnesses 207 References Components and Installation Guidelines Gaskets Shielded Windows Electromagnetic Absorbers Shielded Connectors Air-Ventilation Systems 216
5 viii CONTENTS 9.6 Fuses, Switches, and Other Similar Components 217 References Frequency Selective Surfaces Analysis of Periodic Structures Floquet's Theorem and Spatial Harmonics Plane-Wave Incidence on a Planar 1D Periodic Structure Plane-Wave Incidence on a Planar 2D Periodic Structure High- and Low-Pass FSSs Band-Pass and Band-Stop FSSs Center-Connected Elements or N-Pole Elements Loop-Type Elements Solid-Interior-Type Elements Combinations and Fractal Elements Degrees of Freedom in Designing FSSs Reconfigurable and Active FSSs FSSs and Circuit Analog Absorbers Modeling and Design of FSSs 235 References Shielding Design Guidelines Establishment of the Shielding Requirements Assessment of the Number and Types of Functional Discontinuities Assessment of Dimensional Constraints and Nonelectromagnetic Characteristics of Materials Estimation of Shielding Performance 245 References Uncommon Ways of Shielding Active Shielding Partial Shields Chiral Shielding Metamaterial Shielding 256 References 260 Appendix A Electrostatic Shielding 263 A.l Basics Laws of Electrostatics 264 A.2 Electrostatic Tools: Electrostatic Potential and Green's Function 266 A.3 Electrostatic Shields 270 A.3.1 Conductive Electrostatic Shields 270 A.3.2 Dielectric Electrostatic Shields 274 A.3.3 Aperture Effects in Conductive Shields 279 References 281
6 CONTENTS ix Appendix B Magnetic Shielding 282 B.l Magnetic Shielding Mechanism 283 B.2 Calculation Methods 286 B.3 Boundary-Value Problems 288 B.3.1 Spherical Magnetic Conducting Shield 288 B.3.2 Cylindrical Magnetic Conducting Shield in a Trans verse Magnetic Field 293 B.3.3 Cylindrical Magnetic Conducting Shield in a Parallel Magnetic Field 297 B.3.4 Infinite Plane 301 B.4 Ferromagnetic Shields with Hysteresis 314 References 314 Appendix C Standards and Measurement Methods 317 C.l MIL-STD 285 and IEEE STD C.2 NSA 65-6 and NSA C.3 ASTME C.4 ASTMD C.5 MIL-STD 461E 328 C.6 Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47, Part C.7 ANSIXSCTE C.8 MIL-STD C.9 IEC Standards 339 CIO ITU-T Recommendations 344 C.l 1 Automotive Standards 346 References 350 Index 353
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