List of Figures List of Tables. Acknowledgments Abbreviations

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Ferdinand Small
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1 Contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface Acknowledgments Abbreviations Symbols xiii xvii xix xxi xxiii xxv 1. Introduction Design and Optimization Scenarios Engineering applications Medical applications Finance Humanities and social sciences Electromagnetic Design Challenges Fabrication sensitivity Material sensitivity Objectives and Scope Organization of the Book Summary 7 References 7 2. Soft Computing Techniques Artificial Neural Networks Concept of ANN Back-propagation algorithm Matlab code for ANN Genetic Algorithm (GA) Overview Terminologies of GA Reproduction or selection Crossover Mutation 20

2 viii Matlab code for GA Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Basic concept of PSO Binary PSO and real valued PSO (RPSO) Single objective PSO and multi-objective PSO Matlab code of PSO Bacterial Foraging Optimization Basic concept Terminologies in BFO Chemotaxis Swarming Reproduction Elimination and dispersal Algorithm of BFO Matlab code for BFO Summary 42 References Soft Computing in Electromagnetics: A Review Overview Radar Absorbers Frequency Selective Surfaces Antenna Design and Optimization Antenna miniaturization Antenna pattern synthesis Performance enhancement Metamaterial Structures Invisibility Cloaks Microwave Devices Summary 58 References Bacterial Foraging Optimization For Metamaterial Antennas Overview Challenges in Metamaterial Antenna design BFO for Metamaterial Antenna Design Multiband metamaterial fractal antenna Fractal antenna design Performance enhancement using BFO Mutual coupling reduction Design of microstrip antenna array Mutual coupling reduction using metamaterial Summary 81 Reference 81

3 ix 5. PSO for Radar Absorbers Introduction Types of Radar Absorbers Salisbury screen Magnetic absorbers Dallenbach layer Circuit analog RAM Jaumann absorber Radar Absorber Design Procedure PSO for Design Optimization Jaumann absorber optimization Multilayer RAM optimization Challenges and Issues in Conventional Absorber Microwave Metamaterial Absorber Overview Design of microwave metamaterial absorber PSO implementation Simulation results and discussion Terahertz Absorber Design for Biomedical Application Overview Biomedical spectroscopy system Design of metamaterial based terahertz absorber Performance enhancement using PSO Simulation results and discussion Summary 107 References Characterization of Planar Transmission Lines Using ANN Planar Transmission Line Microstrip lines Slot line transmission line ANN Implementation Generation of data Training of the neural network Testing Analysis and Design of Microstrip Transmission Line Analysis of microstrip line Design of microstrip line Analysis and Design of Slotline Analysis of slotline Design of slotline Summary 123 References 123

4 x 7. Fault Detection in Antenna Arrays Preliminaries and Overview Artificial Neural Network for Array Fault Detection Antenna array design ANN implementation Results PSO for Array Fault Detection PSO implementation Results and discussion BFO for Array Fault Finding BFO implementation Results and discussion Hybrid Technique Summary 150 References Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization for Active Terahertz Devices Introduction to Terahertz Technology Properties of terahertz spectrum Applications Space platform Security Biomedical field Challenges of terahertz technology Material issues Design issues Fabrication issues Characterization issues Trends in Active Terahertz Devices MEMS based tuning Photo excitation Electrical actuation Thermal actuation Design of Terahertz Device Design of terahertz absorber Performance enhancement analysis Soft Computing for Performance Enhancement MOPSO based computational engine High performance ultra-thin absorber Soft Computing for Active Terahertz Absorber Selection of tuning mechanism Implementation of tuning mechanism PSO for design of active absorber array Design procedure Concept of adaptive tuning 177

5 xi 8.6 Fabrication Sensitivity Analysis Summary 178 References Soft Computing based CAD Packages for EM Applications CAD Package for Metamaterial Structures Equivalent circuit analysis of square SRR Equivalent circuit analysis of circular SRR Development of CAD package using PSO Optimization of metamaterial structures Square SRR Circular SRR Comparison of PSO and GA Applications of the CAD package Path Loss Prediction in Urban and Rural Environment Overview Propagation model and path loss prediction CAD Package using ANN Generation of data Training of the ANN Testing CAD model Results and discussion Summary 201 References 201 Author Index 205 Subject Index 213

Metamaterial Inspired Electromagnetic Applications

Metamaterial Inspired Electromagnetic Applications Balamati Choudhury Editor Metamaterial Inspired Electromagnetic Applications Role of Intelligent Systems CSIR-NAL 123 Editor Balamati Choudhury Centre