T-72 tank barrel bore wear

Transcription

1 ITERATIOAL JOURAL OF MEHAIS T-7 tank barrel bore wear Robert Jankovych and Stanislav Beer Abstract The aer rovides results of an analysis of character of smooth barrel bore wear of the T-7 tank, a combat vehicle that remains in service with a number of armed forces throuhout the world. The BG0 MkII Gun Barrel Bore Gaue system urchased from Aeronautical & General Instruments Ltd in the UK was used to take measurement in the barrels of T-7 tank. Three tyes of the wear of leadin art of the barrel bore were documented. There are also, in oriinal way, mathematically formulated conditions of formation of a secific tye of wear caused by firin the armour-iercin finstabilized discardin sabot BM-15 in the aer. Keywords Armour-iercin fin-stabilized discardin sabot, Smooth barrel bore wear, BG-0 MkII measurement system. T I. ITRODUTIO HE barrels of uns are strained in comle ways, which result in their fast wear deendin on the caliber and ower of the un. Tank cannons rank amon the most owerful uns; the A46 cannon of the T-7 tank is the most owerful un of the zech Armed Forces. The etent of barrel bore wear deends mainly on the action of unshot which burdens the barrel mechanically (by force) and thermally (by chanes of the material volume and material characteristics). The other deradin factors reducin lifetime of the barrel are chemical imact of the shoot roducts on barrel bore and erosive imact of hot ases flowin fast throuh the barrel bore. The most considerable factor influencin the barrel bore life is hih temerature tensions on the thin layer of the inner surface of barrel bore which develo due to dynamic temerature tension durin the unshot. The effect of these factors is comle and the influence of temerature tensions and erosion caused by hot ases act toether with mechanical tension and chemical imacts. The last mentioned deradin influence relates mainly to the emission of ases between the rojectile and the inner barrel bore surface and, thus, to deformation of the barrel bore due to as ressure and dilatation caused by heatin. In one-iece ammunition there is also as flowin in front of the rojectile at the beinnin of its movement, which is a very imortant source of the barrel bore wear. The above mentioned influences are further Manuscrit received Auust 15, 011. This work was suorted in art by the Ministry of Defence of the zech Reublic under Project of Defence Research annon. R. Jankovych is with the Deartment of Weaons and Ammunition, University of Defence, Brno, Kounicova 65, zech reublic ( robert.jankovych@unob.cz). S. Beer is with the Deartment of Weaons and Ammunition, University of Defence, Brno, Kounicova 65, zech reublic ( stanislav.beer@unob.cz). discussed e.. in [1], [], [10], [19]. The study of barrels lifetime enables to manae ractically not only the lifecycle of barrel itself but moreover the whole cannon and also the overall battle tank life cycle. Available literature, e.. [1], [10], [11], [1], [6], describes rifled bore wear of cannon barrels in deendence on cannon ower and the number of rounds fired. As far as smooth bore wear is concerned, the literature almost does not deal with it. In contrast to rifled barrels, smooth barrels use for shootin rounds of various construction tyes which cause different character of wear. Basic tyes of cartrides used in T-7 tank are cartrides with fin stabilized rojectiles of the followin tyes: hih-elosive anti-tank fin-stabilized with tracer (HEAT-T), hih-elosive (HE), armour-iercin finstabilized discardin sabot with tracer (APFSDS-T). The aim of this aer is to reort on successful measurement and analysis of the character of the rocess of A46 cannon barrel wear of T-7 tank which is still used in several armies [16]. II. DEVIES FOR BARREL BORE MEASUREMET The mechanical instrument PKI-6 (see Fi.1) is determined for the measurement of the barrel bore leadin art of the A46 tank cannon. Fi.1 Photo PKI-6 device ready for measurement Accordin to the Military Directive [9] this device is rimarily desined for the measurement of the real diameter of the barrel bore within the distance of 850 mm from the breech end of the tube (10 mm behind the forcin cone). The recorded value must be lower than the allowed diameter of 18. mm. Moreover, it is determined that the diameter in another art of the barrel bore must be lower than the allowed diameter of 18.0 mm. This device shall be used for the measurement of coer layer by comarison of barrel bore diameters in the areas with and without the coer layer. The maimal allowed coer layer is 0.15 mm. With PKI-6 it is ossible to carry out the measurement only within the distance of maimally 1050 mm from the breach end of the tube as well as from the muzzle. Based on the knowlede of the rinciles of wear of tank barrels usin sub-calibre rojectiles, it is necessary to monitor and evaluate the information on dimensions of the whole barrel bore [0]. For that reason the BG-0 modified system was urchased from Aeronautical & General Instruments Limited (UK). This Issue 4, Volume 5, 011 5

2 ITERATIOAL JOURAL OF MEHAIS modification was the first alication for the barrel with the caliber of 15 mm for which it was necessary to roduce a new measurement head, a new calibration aue, a loner feeder tube in the lenth of 6 m and other accessories for the caliber of 15 mm. Fi. shows the hotorah of BG-0 system reared for measurin with a m lon feeder tube. Fi. Photo BG-0 MkII with m feeder tube III. APABILITY OF THE PKI-6 AD BG-0 DEVIES To evaluate the aroriateness of PKI-6 and BG-0 use for the measurement of dimensions of tank cannons barrel bores it is ossible to use indees of the aue caability and k [14], []. The inde of the aue caability eresses recision of the aue in the followin relation: 0.TR =, (1) 6s where T R is secified tolerance rane and s is standard deviation of the measurement values. The inde of the aue caability k eresses the accuracy of the aue in the followin relation: k 0.1T R e =, () s where is averae (mean) measurement value and e is standard s true value (etalon). The value of the caliber dimension of BG-0 ( mm) - see Fi. - was used as standard s true value for both devices. Fi. BG-0 calibration aue as a standard s true value The indees of the aue caabilities and k accordin to the formulas (1) and () determine whether the results of the measurement of articular aue are located, with the robability of 99.7 %, within the rane of tolerance (0%). There are also other ways to evaluate the caability of aues in which the rane of tolerance is not 0 % (e.. 15 %) and the robability is not 99.7 % (it may be 99 % or 95 %) [14], [], [8]. The final evaluation of caabilities of both aues is illustrated in Table I. Inde Value, 1. k, 1. k TABLE I RULES FOR EVALUATIO OF THE GAUGE APABILITY GAUGE EVALUATIO The aue is caable of measurin the articular dimension The aue is incaable of measurin the articular dimension The value of tolerance rane was determined by the value of T R = 0.15 mm in accordance with the roduction drawin of the barrel: there is a reuirement of mm for the diameter of the leadin art of the barrel, as well as a reuirement (0.15 mm) for measurement of the coer layers. onseuently, the value of tolerance rane was determined within the value of maimally allowed wear of the leadin art of the A46 barrel bore i.e.. mm (18.0 mm mm). As standard s true value we used calibration a aue of BG-0 which is desined for the caliber of 15 mm the true value of which is e = mm. After calibration, the aue was measured under standard conditions by both devices fifty times in total. The recorded values are shown in Table II for PKI-6 and Table III for BG-0. TABLE II VALUES I MM REORDED WITH PKI-6 O * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * alculation for the tolerance of 0.15 mm = 0.11 k = alculation for the tolerance of.0 mm =.6684 k =.4517 Issue 4, Volume 5,

3 ITERATIOAL JOURAL OF MEHAIS ote: The values in Table II marked similarly as 16.05* (value 0.05) oint out that the value was estimated with the accuracy of half scale sement (sement = 0.05 mm) of the scale of PKI-6 (see Fi. 4). Fi. 4 Readin the value of half sement from PKI-6 Accordin to Table II we may conclude that PKI-6 is incaable of measurin the coer layer of the barrel bore since both indees of caability are sinificantly lower than 1. (see Table I). Based on this fact it can be doubt about the reuirement of the Directive [9] to check of etent of coer layer. For the same reason it is not ossible to use PKI-6 for the evaluation of roduction uality. Based on the calculation of caability indees and k for the tolerance of. mm, we may conclude that PKI-6 is fully useable for the insection of barrel bore wear in the area of 10 mm behind the forcin cone (850 mm from the breech end) and the area of barrel muzzle in accordance with the reuirements of the Directive [9]. With resect to the construction of this device, we are not able to dianose more than m of the leadin art of the barrel bore. TABLE III VALUES I MM REORDED WITH BG-0 O alculation for the tolerance of 0.15 mm =.89 k =.9509 alculation for the tolerance of.0 mm = k = Accordin to Table III and calculated values of caability indees we may conclude that BG-0 MKII is caable of measurin the leadin art of barrel bore of T-7 tank. This un barrel bore aue system is fully useable not only for the urose of technical insections in accordance with the Directive [9], but also as a standard aue for the evaluation of uality of barrel bores in full lenth of their leadin arts. IV. MEASUREMET OF T-7 TAK BARRELS WITH BG-0 MKII For simlification we can assume that we have basic construction tyes of rojectile for T-7 tank. The first tye is created by BK-14M (hih-elosive antitank) rojectile with tracer and with cumulative effect and OF-19 (hih- elosive) rojectile, that are very similar in desin of leadin art and round body creates one solid structural unit. Their muzzle velocity is about 850 m/s. The second tye reresents BM-15 rojectile with kinetic enery enetrator (armour-iercin fin-stabilized discardin sabot with tracer) which is uided in barrel by three-iece sabot and by stabilizin fins. Its muzzle velocity is about 1800 m/s. The third tye TAPA is a new rojectile with kinetic enery enetrator and new larer and lihter discardin sabot made from aluminum alloy - see Fi. 5. Its muzzle velocity is also aroimately 1800 m/s [1], [16]. 1 st tye nd tye rd tye BK-14M OF-19 BM-15 TAPA (HEAT-T) (HE) (APFSDS-T) (APFSDS-T) Fi. 5 onstruction tyes of rojectile for T-7 tank To analyze the character of wear rocess, three A46 cannon barrels were selected from which from to 80 different tyes of rojectiles were shot. However, in each of the barrels, the number of one tye of rojectile revailed. A survey of rojectiles shot from individual barrels is iven in Table IV [16]. Issue 4, Volume 5,

4 ITERATIOAL JOURAL OF MEHAIS Barrel B D004 TABLE IV Survey OF TYPES AD UMBERS OF PROJETILES SHOT Tye of rojectile OF-19 (HE) BK-14M (HEAT-T) Total BM-15 (APFSDS-T) BK-14M (HEAT-T) OF-19 (HE) Total TAPA (APFSDS-T) BM-15 (APFSDS-T) OF-19 (HE) Total V. TYPES OF TAK T-7 BARREL WEAR On the basis of accomlished measurements it is ossible to say that three basic tyes of tank T-7 barrel bore wear eist. The first tye of barrel bore wear is caused by OF-19 (HE) rojectiles mainly, the second by BM-15 (APFSDS-T) rojectiles and the third by a new tye of sub-calibre rojectiles TAPA (APFSDS-T). The course of measured internal dimensions of barrel o B0507 worn by shootin OF-19 rojectiles whose number sinificantly revails is shown in Fi. 6 (the nominal dimensions of a new barrel bore are shown by the dotted line). barrel bore diameter [mm] umber Freuency % 8. % 9.5 % 14.7 % 45.8 % % 14.4 % % - forcin cone and beinnin of leadin art caused by loadin rojectiles have not been roven true and thus it is robably not necessary to rotate the barrel when we run out ¼, ½ and ¾ of barrel lifetime. This rais is imlemented for eamle in UK army and it costs a lot of money. In comarison with standard courses of wear, there is an atyical increased wear in the second third of the leadin art of the barrel. Takin into account that BK-14M rojectiles are similar in the desin of drivin artss to OF-19 rojectiles; it can be assumed that the character of wear caused by them will be very similar. The wear caused by shootin BM-15 rojectiles shown in Fi. 7 is of essentially different character. From the comarison of the wear courses shown in Fis. 6 and 7 it is obvious that a sinificant wear of forcin cone and of the beinnin of the barrel bore leadin art is caused by BM-15 rojectiles. The influence of OF-19 rojectiles on this kind of wear is, even at hih freuency of their shootins, neliible. barrel bore diameter [mm] distance from breech end [mm] distance from breech end [mm] Fi. 6 Barrel o B0507 wear caused mostly by OF-19 rojectiles The course of the measured dimensions of leadin art of B0507 barrel bore obviously shows common character of wear of the forcin cone beinnin and the art before muzzle. The course of wear is symmetrical in horizontal and vertical lain. Thus, some statements about asymmetric (eccentric) wear of Fi. 7 Barrel o 0164 wear caused by shootin mostly BM-15 rojectiles The osition of seal rin in the front art of sabot of BMartial sreadin out (swinin) 15 rojectile enables their with resect to the enetratorr by the force from as ressure. This causes an increase in contact ressure between the barrel wall and sabot. It is demonstrated by a radual increase in wear aroimately in the first and artially in the second third of barrel bore. Thus, also the surface of sabot behind seal rin ets into the contact with the surface of the bore. Fi. 8 shows the measured course of barrel bore dimensions where the wear is caused redominantly by TAPA rojectiles. Issue 4, Volume 5,

5 ITERATIOAL JOURAL OF MEHAIS barrel bore diameter [mm] distance from breech end [mm] Fi. 8 Barrel o D004 wear caused redominantly by TAPA rojectile Sinificantly bier wear caused by BM-15 and TAPA rounds in comarison with OF-19 and BK-14M rojectiles results from sabot. The distinctive wear of the beinnin of the leadin art of barrel bore has not been eliminated even by the construction of more aroriate sabots of TAPA rojectile see Fi. 8. Also in sabots of this rojectile, seal rin is located in the front art. That is why the sreadin out of sabots by action of ower from as ressure miht occur also in this case. The reduction of contact ressure occurs after certain travel of rojectile when the sreadin out is hindered by fins of sabots. Reducin the bore diameter in the barrel art in front of muzzle is robably oriinated by abrasive wear of aluminium fins of sabots. The net art of the aer will deal with a more detailed descrition of ossible reasons of the wear of the beinnin of barrel bore leadin art by shootin sub-caliber armour- is illustrated in iercin rojectiles of BM-15 tyes which Fi. 7. The causes and more detailed descrition of the course of wear of other arts of bore will be discussed after measurin wear in more barrels. It is necessary to verify the reeatability of this cyclical wear (see Fi. 7). VI. BARREL WEAR AUSED BY SUB-ALIBER PROJETILES ow we will mathematically formulate the conditions of ossible occurrence of increased barrel wear at the beinnin of its leadin art (see Fi. 7). Forces and load affectin the sabot (BM-15 rojectiles have sabots) and seal rin are drawn in Fi. 9. The force from the ressure of roellant ases causes moment M = F y e, () A ( ) wheref is force of ressure of roellant ases affectin erendicular rojection of surface S, y is distance of ravity centre of sabot from oint A in the direction of ais y and e is eccentricity of oint of action F towards ravity centre of sabot T. The forcef is iven by the relation 1 F = S and S = ( d d ), where is momentary 4 ressure of roellant ases, d is caliber and d is enetrator diameter. Moment M A tends to swin the sabot around oint A. By this, at the lace of contact of seal rin with internal surface of barrel bore, the followin reaction occurs: M A =, (4) l which increases contact ressure between barrel and seal rin. Aainst this swinin of sabot around oint A, circumferential forces take effect. They are a reaction of d/ TOt y vs (T') sabot F d enetrator e TOt seal rin to its etension by the influence of force. Aainst this swinin affects also moment of friction force T. T (') F F Fi. 9 Forces affectin sabot of BM-15 rojectiles β l enetrator b sabot T l A TOt Issue 4, Volume 5,

6 ITERATIOAL JOURAL OF MEHAIS Force causes the hihest ressure,ma in the direction of its activity. In the direction diverted by anle β, it will interact by the followin ressure: = β. cos,ma The elementary circumferential surface of seal rin of the width b and size ds = dβ will be affected by corresondin art of reaction d for which it is valid that: d = ds = cos β dβ. (5) By the interation of the euation (5), we will et the relation between force and internal ressure reactin with the seal rin of the shae as follows: = cos βdβ = = = [ sin β ] 0.866, from which the internal ressure is eressed as =. (6) For force and ressure it is still valid that d = dβ and at the same time d = TOtdβ, from which we will et TOt =. (7) After substitutin from the relation (6) we will et TOt = =. (8) The increase in contact ressure between the barrel wall and seal rin will result from force β = TOt cos = TOt = (9) = = Usin Fi. 9, we can now eress the condition of balance of moments of forces affectin oint A as follows d d A = 0 l F y T M, (10) where l is the distance of oint of action from oint A in the direction of ais, F is inertial force affectin sabot and iven by the relation: F = mɺɺ, m is the weiht of one sabot, ɺɺ is acceleration of translation motion of sabot (identical with rojectile acceleration). Acceleration ɺɺ can be eressed from motion euation of rojectile by the followin relation d ɺɺ =, where m is 4m weiht of the whole rojectile ( m = m m ) and m is weiht of enetrator. After substitution to relation (10) and arranements, we will et the relation for determination of force increasin contact ressure between barrel wall and seal rin as follows: where d 1 d m ( y e ) 1 y 4 d m =, (11) 0.4l 0.5 f d d TO ( ) f TO is friction coefficient between seal rin and barrel wall. The manitude of reaction is, accordin to relation (11), roortional to the ressure of roellant ases; thus, the maimum is reached in the lace of maimal ressure. In case of A46 cannon and BM-15 rojectile, the maimal ressure is reached in the distance of 0.5 m from the beinnin of forcin cone. The maimum measured wear of the beinnin of barrel bore is accordin to Fi. 7 caused in the distance of aroimately 0.5 m. This difference can be elained by the fact that we do not know the real course of ases ressure (measured course of ressure at shootin by BM-15 rojectile is not available), and that as a result of hih surface ressure and its raid increase, sinificant comression of seal rin occurs already at the beinnin of rojectile movement. By this, also the back ede of sabot ets into contact with the surface of barrel. Initial reaction achieves its maimum at the moment of full comression of seal rin by barrel wall, i.e. on the trajectory of 0.40 m maimum. Providin that the material of seal rin behaves as ideally elastic and lastic material, ma will eual yield value (in case of seal rin made of annealed coer, yield value is about 60 MPa). Thus, it is aarent that the rear art of the surface of sabots will et into contact with internal surface of barrel bore even before the lace of maimal ressure. Sinificant wear is artly caused by friction resultin from friction force T (see Fi. 9). Let us assume that aainst force, force F interacts from the reaction of seal rin, iven by the relation F = dβ =. (1) For the known force, we will now formulate the condition of moments balance d d = 0 ( ) l F l T T l, from which after substitution and oerations we will et l F l 0.5 fto ( d d ) =, l 0.5 f d d ( ) Issue 4, Volume 5,

7 ITERATIOAL JOURAL OF MEHAIS where l is distance of oint of action from oint A in the direction of ais and f is friction coefficient between sabot and barrel wall. This force results in contact ressure at the ede of sabot ' =. (1) Force, or better to say ressure ', thus will cause hih contact load of internal barrel surface which is just the reason of bi wear of this art of bore. As a conclusion and for better judin the effect of sabots swinin on the wear of barrel bore we will deict ressure caused by force usin the relations (6) and (1). The both deendence of ressure between the barrel wall and seal rin and also ressure ' between the barrel wall and ede of the sabot on the travel of rojectile, or let us say travel of seal rin, are shown in Fi. 10. Fi. 10 ourse of ressure of ases, ressures and in deendence on travel of seal rin in barrel [16] The ressure of ases in the Fi. 10 was comuted usin Russian system of interior ballistics euations (14) resented e.. in [17], [19], [6], [7]: = θϕmv f ωψ s l k ( ψ l), ψ = κ z κλ z κµ z, dz dv =, ϕ m = s, d l v dt I dt dt =, (14) 1 lψ = l0 1 ψ α δ δ, ω c0 =, l0 =, c0 s where f is secific enery of roellant, ω is mass of roellant chare, ψ is relative burnt roellant mass, θ is arameter of roellant ases eansion, ϕ is coefficient of fictivity, is bore area, m is mass of rojectile, v is velocity of rojectile, s l ψ is reduced lenth of free volume of combustion chamber, l is travel of rojectile, κ, λ and µ are form function coefficients, z is relative burnt thickness of roellant rain, I k is total imulse of ressure of roellant ases, δ is roellant density, α is covolume of roellant ases, c 0 is initial combustion volume and t is time. System of euations (14) contains seven variables ( ψ, z,, v, l, t, lψ ). It is a closed system of euations and has only a sinle solution course of interior ballistic characteristics, v, l in deendence on time t. VII. OLUSIO The un barrel is one of the most imortant arts of un and it determines both un ower and un lifetime. ontemorary theories of barrel lifetime match the wider theory of the roellant ases erosion and limit states of barrel material. The study of barrels lifetime enables to manae ractically not only the lifecycle of barrel itself but moreover the whole un. Therefore the very wide rane of theoretical and ractical tasks of the evaluation of the technical conditions of barrels durin its service has to be solved. Accordin to caability indees it can be concluded that PKI-6 device is incaable of carryin out the evaluation of coer layer of the barrel bore since both indees of caability are sinificantly lower than 1.. PKI-6 is suitable for the insection of barrel bore wear in the area of 10 mm behind the forcin cone (850 mm from the breech end) and the area of barrel muzzle in accordance with the reuirements of the Directive [9]. With resect to the construction of this device, we are not able to dianose more than m of the leadin art of the barrel bore. The contribution shows the suitability of the use of BG-0 MKII Gun Barrel Bore Gaue System (Aeronautical & General Instruments Limited roduction) for the measurement of wear of smooth barrels bore. Measured courses of wear, or let s say the chanes in the diameter of leadin art of barrel bore caused by shootin of various tyes of rojectiles and then also demonstrate the suitability of used constructions of rojectile sabots. There can be stated that three basic tyes of tank T-7 barrel bore wear eist. The first tye of barrel bore wear is caused by OF-19 (HE) rojectiles mainly, the second by BM-15 (APFSDS-T) rojectiles and the third by a new tye of sub-calibre rojectiles TAPA (APFSDS-T). From the oint of view of bore wear it seems obvious that sabots of BM-15 and TAPA rojectiles are inaroriately desined. For comrehensive descrition of causes of wear resulted from BM-15 rojectiles, it is necessary to conduct measurements on more barrels and conseuently to analyze the causes of occurrence of cyclical wear in the last third of barrel bore. On the basis of this analysis it is recommended to determine the deendence of amlitude and eriod of wear on Issue 4, Volume 5,

8 ITERATIOAL JOURAL OF MEHAIS construction characteristics of sabots and barrel. A new sub-calibre rojectile of APFSDS tye with a loner drivin art of sabots and seal rin located on rear drivin band has been introduced in the zech Armed Forces recently. In this construction of rojectile it is ossible to assume sinificantly lower wear in both forcin cone and beinnin of barrel leadin art. The assessment of wear caused by shootin these rojectiles will be dealt with in the future. REFEREES [1] D. Allso, L. Poelinsky, J. Balla, V. ech, S. Prochazka and J. Rosicky, Brassey s Essential Guide to Military Small Arms (Book style). London: BRASSEY S, 1997, , ISB [] J. Balla, ombat vehicle vibrations durin fire in burst (Published onference Proceedins style), In The Proceedins of International onference on Mathematical Models for Enineerin Science (MMES'10). Puerto De La ruz (Sain), December 010, [] J. Balla, Guns Loadin (Tetbook style). Brno: University of Defence (zech Reublic), [4] J. 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Jankovych, S. Beer, M. Hajn and P. Kolinek, Evaluation of D-81 cannon barrel bore wear by firin APFSDS rojectiles (Published onference Proceedins style), In Proc. International onference on Military Technoloies 011 (IMT 11), Brno, 011, , ISB [16] R. Jankovych and S. Beer, Wear of cannon A46 barrel bore (Published onference Proceedins style), In Proc. of the nd International onference on Theoretical and Alied Mechanics 011 (TAM 11), orfu, 011, ISB [17] L. Jedlicka, Ballistics I Interior Ballistics (Tetbook style). Brno: University of Defence, 009, [18] L. Jedlicka, J. Komenda and S. Beer, Ballistics analysis of small arms cartride (Published onference Proceedins style), In Proc. International onference on Military Technoloies 011 (IMT 11), Brno, 011, , ISB [19] V. Kadanka, Interior ballistics of barrel weaons (Book style). Praha: aše vojsko, 1985, (in zech). [0] H. Krier and M. Summerfield, Interior Ballistics of Guns Periodical style), Proress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol. 66. ew York: ew York University, [1] Ed. L. W. London, Tetbook of ballistics and unnery (Book style). London: Her Majesty s Stationery Office, Vol. I., [] A. Lorais, Mechanics of maniulatin euiment (Book style). Brno: Technical University in Brno, [] D.. Montomery, Introduction to Statistical Quality ontrol (Book style). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 005, ISB [4] G. M. Moss, D. W. Leemin and. L. Farrar, Military ballistics (Book style). London: Brassey s, 1995, ISB [5] R. Oorkiewitz, Technoloy of Tanks I, II (Book style). London: UK Biddles Limited Guilford and Kin s Lynn, [6] B. V. Orlov at. al., Projektirovanie raketnych i stvolnych sistem (Book style). Moscow: Masinostrojenie, 1974, (in Russian). [7] M. E. Serebrjakov, Vnutrennaja ballistika. (Book style). Moscow: Oboroniz, 1957, (in Russian). [8] V. Tuominen, and I. iini, Verification of the Accuracy of a Real-Time Otical DMeasurin System on Production Line (Periodical style), The International Archives of the Photorammetry, Remote Sensin and Satial Information Sciences, Vol. XXXVII, Part B5,. 1-19, 008. [9] DĚL-0-7. Metodika technických rohlídek 15 mm tankového kanónu D-81 (Military directive style). Praue: Ministry of Defence, 1989, (in zech). [0] ČOS Dělové hlavně. Metody měření vnitřního růměru hlavně a délky nábojové komory (zech defence standard style). Praha: Úřad ro obrannou standardizaci, kataloizaci a státní ověřování jakosti, 006 (in zech). R. Jankovych born in Zilina (Slovak Reublic), 1 st July 1958, MSc. deree in mechanical enineerin at Military Academy in Brno 1981, Ph.D. deree in field Weaons and Protection aainst them at Military Academy in Brno 199, Assoc. Prof. of Military academy in Brno 004 in field military technoloy, weaons and ammunition. He worked in military units as ordnance officer and chief of ordnance service. Servin as Vice-Dean of the Faculty of Military Technoloy, University of Defence between 00 and 005 he made a notable contribution to the restructurin of the Faculty, and the Military Technoloy syllabus. He has been head of the Deartment of Weaons and Ammunition, University of Defence since 005. Main ublications: 1. R. Jankovych and J. Majtanik, Quality of Weaons and Ammunition I. (Tetbook style). Brno: University of Defence, 008, ISB R. Jankovych and J. Majtanik, Quality of Weaons and Ammunition II. (Tetbook style). University of Defence, 008, ISB R. Jankovych and J. Majtanik, Deendability of Weaons and Ammunition (Tetbook style). Ostrava: VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 007, ISB (in zech). S. Beer born in Luznice (zech Reublic), 14th May 1951, MSc. deree in mechanical enineerin at Military Academy in Brno 1975, Ph.D. deree in field Weaons and Protection aainst them at Military Academy in Brno 198, Assoc. Prof. of Military academy in Brno 1987 in field military technoloy, weaons and ammunition. He worked in military units as ordnance officer and chief of ordnance service. He served as a head of the Deartment of Weaons and Ammunition, University of Defence from 1996 to 001. urrently he works in osition of Assoc. Prof. at Weaons and Ammunition Deartment, University of Defence in Brno. Main ublications: 1. S. Beer at. al., Desin and Projection of Artillery Projectiles (Tetbook style). Brno: University of Defence, 010, ISB (in zech).. S. Beer at. al., Internal Ballistics of Barrel Weaons (Tetbook style). Brno: University of Defence, 004, ISB (in zech).. S. Beer at. al., Ballistics (Tetbook style). Brno: Military Academy in Brno, 00 (in zech). 4. S. Beer at. al., RDV-55- Ammunition (Military directive style). Praue: Ministry of Defence, 199 (in zech). Issue 4, Volume 5,