A NEW INTERPRETATION OF PHOTON. Kunwar Jagdish Narain

Transcription

1 1 A NW INTRPRTATION OF PHOTON a) b) Kunwar Jagdis Narain (Retired Professor of Pysics) Te resent interretation of oton is as: A oton = a quantum of radiation energy + energy, were te quantum of radiation energy constitutes te oton and rovides te article like ysical existence to it, similarly, as te quantum of carge (-e) constitutes te electron and rovides te article like ysical existence to it. And te energy enables te oton to travel wit velocity c, sin wit frequency (wic te oton obtains from te orbiting electron, from wic te oton is emitted), scatter electron in Comton scattering, and eject electron enetrating into metals in otoelectric effect. Te resent interretation of oton enables us to give very clear and comlete exlanations of all te enomena related to otons, including te enomena of interference and diffraction a) kjnarain@yaoo.co.in ; kjn.jaiswal@gmail.com b) Former address: Deartment of ysics, Govt. Bilasa Girls P.G. (Autonomous) College, Bilasur (C.G.) , INDIA

2 1. INTRODUCTION As we know, te concet of quantum came across te floor after te Planck s quantum teory to exlain te energy distribution in radiation camber. In is teory, instead of assuming te radiation camber to be filled wit radiation in continuous form, e assumed te radiation camber filled wit radiation in quantized form (i.e. in te form of bundles). Tese quanta (bundles) of radiation were later on interreted as otons. 1.1 Te current interretation of oton As otons suffer te enomena of interference and diffraction, te otons were reinterreted as: Te otons are discrete quanta of radiation energy given by, wic involve te frequency of radiation. Tese, unlike te ligt coruscles of Newton, include in teir very concet te wave nature also of radiation, because tis alone and not te oter quantum idea can account for te enomena of interference and diffraction. 1. Faults in te current interretation of otons In te current interretation of otons (ec. 1.1), tere are actually two statements: 1. Te otons are discrete quanta of radiation energy given by, wic involve te frequency of radiation.. Tese, unlike te ligt coruscles of Newton, include in teir very concet te wave nature also of radiation, because tis alone and not te oter quantum idea can account for te enomena of interference and diffraction. As te concet of te wave nature of electrons, nucleons, otons, and so fort, cannot be true (for verification of its trut, see ec. 1.1, Ref. 1), and te enomena of interference and diffraction of electrons and otons cannot take lace due to teir wave nature (for verification of its trut, see ec. 1., Ref. 1), te second statement is ruled out.

3 3 And in te first statement, te ortion Te otons are discrete quanta of radiation energy given by is faulty and incomlete. It gives rise to question: Te energy is weter of te amount of radiation contained in oton, or of oton, tat enables oton to travel as a article wit velocity c, scatter electron colliding wit tat in Comton scattering, and eject electron enetrating into metals in otoelectric effect, and so fort? As we know, oton travels as a article wit velocity c, scatters electron colliding wit tat in Comton scattering, and ejects electrons enetrating into metals in otoelectric effect, and so fort, for oton, two tings are necessary: 1. As electron exists ysically as a article, and te bundle of carge -e (wic is actually te electrical energy) rovides ysical existence and rest mass ( m ) to electron, similarly, oton sould also exist ysically as a article, and tere sould be a bundle of someting (radiation) tat rovides ysical existence and rest mass to oton.. Poton sould ossess some energy tat enables oton to travel as a article wit velocity c, scatter electron colliding wit tat in Comton scattering, and eject electrons enetrating into metals in otoelectric effect. If te energy is of te bundle of radiation tat rovides ysical existence to oton as a article, ten were is te energy tat enables oton to travel as a article wit velocity c, scatter electron colliding wit tat in Comton scattering, eject electrons enetrating into metals in otoelectric effect, and so fort? And if is te energy tat enables oton to travel as a article wit velocity c, scatter electron colliding wit tat in Comton scattering, and so fort, ten were and wat is te energy of bundle of radiation tat rovides ysical existence and rest mass to oton as a article? 1.3 Current solution to counter te faults in te current interretation of oton e

4 4 Currently, as te rest mass of oton as been assumed to be equal to zero, to counter te above faults (see ec. 1.) in te current interretation of oton, te moving mass / c and momentum / c ave been assigned to oton. Te / c and / c altoug succeed to exlain te enomena of Comton scattering, otoelectric effect, and so fort, but / c and / c give rise to several very fundamental questions. For examle: 1. Wat is te ysical interretation of moving mass?. Does te moving mass of oton / c rovide ysical existence to oton as a article? And if rovides, ow? Oterwise, otons cannot collide wit electrons and scatter tem in Comton scattering, and enetrate into metals in Potoelectric effect. 3. If te moving mass / c and momentum / c, wic deend uon te frequency of te wave nature of otons, ave been assigned to otons, suc moving mass and momentum sould be assigned to electrons too, deending on te frequency of teir wave nature. But no suc moving mass and momentum ave been assigned to electrons. Wy is tis double standard? 4. In / c, since every term, and c as finite value, / c sould also be finite. Wereas, if in exression m m c [were m 0 and m mov mov / (1 v / ) 0 resectively are te rest and te moving mass of te article moving wit velocity v], substituting te rest mass m0 of oton = 0 (because m0 of oton as been assumed to be = 0), te mmov obtained to be indeterminate. Wy is tis discreancy? of oton is 5. Te term, used in / c, / c and, is assumed as te frequency of te wave nature of oton (i.e. is te caracteristic of te wave nature of oton), wile it is believed tat te enomena of Comton scattering, Potoelectric effect, and so fort, take

5 5 lace due to te article nature of otons. Furter and most imortantly, ten ow do / c and succeed to exlain tese enomena? PRNT INTRPRTATION OF PHOTON As te electrons ossess sin motion too along wit teir linear motion, tey ossess energy = K (kinetic energy) + (sin energy) = (motional energy) (for detail information, see ec.., Ref. ). And terefore, te orbiting electrons ossess energy = + + P.. (otential energy) = + P.. Wen an orbiting electron is excited, during its excitation, te radiation energy is filled in te orbiting electron. And reacing at its excited energy state, te orbiting electron suddenly contracts (srinks), and emitting te radiation energy, wic was filled in it during its excitation, collectively all togeter at a time in te form of a bundle (or quantum) f K te electron transits back to its lower energy state i (for detail information, see ec. III B, Ref. 3). Te emitted bundle of radiation energy (i.e. oton) aens to be P.. of te orbiting electron at its energy state f - P.. of te orbiting electron at its energy state i (for detail information, see ec. III F, Ref. 3). And te energy = of te orbiting electron at its energy state f - of te orbiting electron at its energy state i is imarted to te emitted bundle of radiation energy as its energy (= ) [for detail information, see ec. III, Ref. 3]. Te energy enables te bundle of radiation energy to travel wit velocity c, sin wit frequency, scatter electron in te Comton scattering, and eject electron enetrating into metals in te otoelectric effect, and so fort. were, Terefore: a oton = a quantum of radiation energy + energy,

6 6 Quantum of radiation energy: It constitutes te oton, and rovides te article like ysical existence and te rest mass 36 m ( Kg ) to oton. (For matematical roof of 36 m Kg, see ec. IV B, Ref. 3. And for verification tat te otons ossess rest mass ( m ), see Ref. 4.]. It rovides intensity, in accordance as te amount of radiation energy contained in quantum, to te sectral lines (see ec. III F, Ref. 3) and te fine lines of te fine structure of sectral lines (see ec. III K, Ref. 3) in te sectroscoic enomena, to te brigt interference fringes (see ec. 3., Ref. 1) and te brigt diffraction bands (see ec. 3.3, Ref. 1) in te enomena of interference and diffraction resectively. ν : It is te frequency of sin motion of oton. As te oton is emitted from te orbiting electron (wic ossesses sin motion), te oton derives sin motion from tat orbiting electron (for verification of its trut, see ec. I A, Ref. 3). Te frequencies of sectral lines (see ec. III, Ref. 3), fine lines of te fine structures of te sectral lines (see ec. III I and III K, Ref. 3), and interference fringes (see ec. 3., Ref. 1) are aened to be te frequencies of te sin motion of otons. ν : It is te motional energy (= K + ) of oton (see ec. III, Ref. 3). It enables te oton to travel wit velocity c, sin wit frequency, scatter electron in te Comton scattering and eject electron in te Potoelectric effect enetrating into metals, and so fort. a quantum of radiation energy + energy ν : It is te total energy of oton (for detail information, see ec. III G, Ref. 3). Furter, ν/c associated wit otons: It is te sin momentum ( momentum of oton ( ) of oton, not te linear LIN ). Because, te sinning articles ossess (for confirmation of

7 7 its trut, see ects. I C and I D, Ref. 3), and furter, as otons ossess sin motion and te momentum / cvaries as of oton varies, / csould be te of oton. However, in all te enomena, / c is used as te linear momentum of oton and it succeeds to exlain all te enomena. Wy and ow, tat is as follows: As te otons ossess sin motion, because of te first roerty generated in tem due to teir sin motion, tey travel always along te directions of teir resective L (for detail information, see ec..1, Ref. ) And because of te second roerty generated in tem due to teir sin motion, tey ossess always te motional energy (= K + ) and te motional momentum (= LIN + ) (for detail information, see ec.., Ref. ).. But, as te oton moves always wit constant velocity c (according to te ostulate of te teory of relativity), te K and LIN of oton become constant. And furter, as te rest mass of oton ( m ) aens to be extremely small, and te frequency of its sin motion ( ) increases very raidly as its energy increases, in (= LIN + ) of oton, te LIN (= m c) of oton robably becomes negligibly small as comared to its. And consequently, werever te momentum of oton is needed to use, / c (i.e. of oton) succeeds to exlain all te enomena. However, in (= K + ) of oton, te (= m c /) of oton robably does K not become negligibly small as comared to of oton because of aving c in m c /. And ence, werever te energy of oton is needed to use,.is used. 3. IPORTANC OF TH PRNT INTRPRTATION OF PHOTON

8 8 Te resent interretation of otons enables us to give very clear and comlete exlanation of all te enomena related to tem. Below is a list of some of te related imortant enomena included in tis study: 1. Penomena of interference and diffraction (see ec. 3.1, Ref. 5);. Penomena of sectroscoy (see ec. 3., Ref. 5). ACKNOWLDGNT Te autor is grateful to is resected teacer, Prof. Asok Kumar Guta, Professor of Pysics (Retd.), Allaabad University, Allaabad (U.P.), India, for is valuable continuous moral suort, encouragement, timely discussion, sincere advice, and el.

9 9 RFRNC 1. Kunwar Jagdis Narain, Understanding interference and diffraction of otons and electrons: A new aroac, vixra: (Quantum Pysics), tt://vixra.org.. Kunwar Jagdis Narain, Wy electrons and nucleons ossess ersistent sin motion, vixra: (Quantum Pysics), tt://vixra.org. 3. Kunwar Jagdis Narain, A new interretation to quantum teory, Pys. ssays (009). 47. Also available at tt://ysicsessays.ai.org. 4. Kunwar Jagdis Narain, Rest mass of oton cannot be equal to zero, vixra: (Relativity and Cosmology), tt://vixra.org. 5. Kunwar Jagdis Narain, A new quantum teory, vixra: (Quantum Pysics), tt://vixra.org.