Present and future of neutrino (beam) oscillation experiments

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1 Present and future of neutrino (beam) oscillation experiments Heavy Heavy Quarks Quarks and and Leptons Workshop Puerto Puerto Rico, Rico, June June2004 Antonio Ereditato (INFN Napoli) (special thanks to André Rubbia)

2 Where are we now 2

3 What do we know about neutrino masses and mixing? there exist 3 light neutrinos (LEP) masses from direct measurements are small (limits from tritium & cosmology) neutrino mix (oscillations) they are massive; PMNS matrix (3 x 3) oscillation parameters: 2 large mixing angles θ sol ~ θ 12, θ atm ~ θ 23 What we do not know 2 independent mass splittings: m 2 sol ~ m2 12 (masses are small, indeed) m 2 atm ~ m2 23 absolute mass values (why are they small?) why θ 12 and θ 32 angles are large and θ 13 seems very small or null? Is mass hierarchy the same as for charged leptons (sign of m 2 23 ) Is there any CP violating phase in the mixing matrix? IMPORTANT NOTE: in all this I assume that there is no LSND effect! Wait for MiniBoone 3

4 Global fit (Maltoni et al.) our best knowledge of oscillation parameters (all data included) 4

5 In particular, estimate of θ 13 upper bound SK+K2K (3σ) CHOOZ alone Global fit (Maltoni et al.) CHOOZ, solar, Kamland + atmospheric and K2K Global fit SK+K2K (3σ) 5

6 Objective of planned and future neutrino beam experiments: accurately measure the two m 2, θ 12 and θ 23 find the value of θ 13 from P(n m -n e ) show CP violating effects (without matter effects) show matter effects (without CP violation effects) hierarchy 6

7 Neutrino mixing matrix and general 3 neutrino oscillation probability Neutrino mixing matrix and general 3 neutrino oscillation probability For the important case of oscillations, we have 7

8 In vacuum, at leading order: 8

9 Measuring CP violating effects Best method: it requires: m 2 12 and sin2q 12 large (LMA solar): OK! however larger effects for long L: matter and 2 nd osc.max sin 2 2q 13 small: low statistics and large asymmetry sin 2 2q 13 large: high statistics and small asymmetry impact on the detector design and: oscillations are governed by m 2 atm, L and E: E» 5 GeV L» 3000 km flux too low with a conventional LBL beam 9

10 High intensity neutrinos facilities Superbeams π ± µ ± ν µ ( ) Select focusing sign β-beams SPS Decay Ring Z A Z m1 A β ± Select ion ( ) ν e PS Select ring sign µ e ν e ν µ µ + e + ν e ν µ 10

11 Future neutrino beams Outstanding goals 11

12 Back from the future: work in progress 12

13 K2K: the mother of all LBL experiments K2K: the mother of all LBL experiments 13

14 SK plus K2K SK plus K2K The two experiments agree well: full mixing and m 2 in the range of 1-3 ev 2 The two experiments agree well: full mixing and m 2 in the range of 1-3 ev 2 14

15 K2K looking for electron appearance K2K looking for electron appearance 15

neutrinos (few (few GeV): GeV): ν µ µ disappearance experiment 4 x10 x10 20 20 pot/y pot/y

16 Next to come on duty:minos in the NuMi neutrino beam Start 2005 Magnetized steel/scintillator calorimeter Magnetized steel/scintillator calorimeter low low E neutrinos (few (few GeV): GeV): ν µ µ disappearance experiment 4 x10 x pot/y pot/y 2500 ν µ µ CC/year compare Det1-Det2 response vs vs E in in years years sensitivity to to m m 2 2 atm atm 16

17 electron appearance in MINOS 17

18 t appearance at LNGS in the CNGS beam Start 2006 High energy beam: <E> of about 20 GeV: tau appearance search 4.5 x10 19 pot/year from the CNGS. In the hypothesis of no oscillation: 2600 n m CC/year per kton detector mass Assuming n m - n t oscillation, with parameters sin 2 2q =1 and Dm 2 =2.5x10-3 ev 2 : 15 n t CC/year per kton construction well advanced: in schedule. Two experiments: OPERA and ICARUS 18

The OPERA experiment at LNGS: the rebirth of the emulsion technique detector: detector: 1800 1800 ton ton emulsion/lead emulsion/lead bricks bricks (ECC (ECC technique) technique) complemented

and handling handling need need huge huge scanning scanning power/speed: power/speed: > tens tens of of automatic automatic microscope microscope running running in in parallel parallel @ 10 10 cm cm

19 The OPERA experiment at LNGS: the rebirth of the emulsion technique detector: detector: ton ton emulsion/lead emulsion/lead bricks bricks (ECC (ECC technique) technique) complemented complemented by by tracking tracking scintillator scintillator planes planes and and two two muon muon spectrometers spectrometers industrial industrial emulsion emulsion production production and and handling handling need need huge huge scanning scanning power/speed: power/speed: > tens tens of of automatic automatic microscope microscope running running in in parallel cm cm 2 /hour 2 /hour(advances of of the the technique) technique) - Low BG experiment: (<1 ev.) t track reconstruction - Low statistics: about 10 events/5 years at nominal CNGS SK parameter values: statistics goes like (Dm 2 ) 2 - Aim at beam intensity increase - Installation in progress τ µ, e, h 1 mm 19

20 Measure θ 13 20

Off-axis beam in Japan, another experiment with SK: T2K

GeV) Super-Beam: 10 21 pot/year @ 2 2 3000 ν ν µ CC/year

K2K) µ CC/year K2K) SK SK plus plus two two near near

21 Off-axis beam in Japan, another experiment with SK: T2K low low E ν (<1 GeV) Super-Beam: pot/year ν (<1 GeV) Super-Beam: ν ν µ CC/year (x10 w.r.t. K2K) µ CC/year (x10 w.r.t. K2K) SK SK plus plus two two near near detectors detectors (280 (280 m and and 22 km) km) Start 2009 q 13 measurement (electron appearance) 21

22 An off-axis experiment in the NuMI beam: NonA recent recent proposal proposal (March (March 04); 04); nominal nominal NuMI NuMI beam: beam: MW MW far far detector: detector: kton Ash Ash River River (MN) (MN) km km from from Fermilab Fermilab (12 (12 km, km, mrad mrad off-axis) off-axis) technique: technique: particleboard/liquid particleboard/liquid scintillator scintillator with with fiber/apd fiber/apd R/O R/O near near detector: detector: same same as as far, far, 11 ton ton fid. fid. mass; mass; also also use use MINERVA MINERVA?? Start Conventional Conventional detector detector design: design: well well known known technique technique of of low low density density fine fine grained grained calorimeters calorimeters (CHARM (CHARM II II at at CERN) CERN) cost cost of of about about $150 $150 M 22

23 With some chance, next generation experiments on θ 13 could measure mass hierarchy and CP effects Huber et al., Nucl.Phys F654,

24 Pin down CP phase and mass hierarchy 24

More distant future: Super-Beams, Beta-Beams, n-fact Outstanding goal: detect CP violation (if q 13 not zero!) Start 2015-2020 high intensity is a must; two approaches on L/E : long/high (e.g. BNL-Fermilab projects): matter effects increase signal (E max1 /E max2 ) CP effects increase with L (3π/2 vs π/2) short/low (e.

25 More distant future: Super-Beams, Beta-Beams, n-fact Outstanding goal: detect CP violation (if q 13 not zero!) Start high intensity is a must; two approaches on L/E : long/high (e.g. BNL-Fermilab projects): matter effects increase signal (E max1 /E max2 ) CP effects increase with L (3π/2 vs π/2) short/low (e.g. CERN-SPL to Frejus): below threshold for BG (? Fermi motion) atmospheric neutrino BG antineutrino x-section small DETECTORS kton kton Water Water Cerenkov a a la la SK SK (Hyper-K, UNO) UNO) are are considered as as baseline Rationale: exploit exploit a well well known known technique aim aim at at a reasonable cost cost HOWEVER. 25

26 liquid Argon instead of liquid water? See A.E. and A. Rubbia Contribution to the Workshop on Physics with a Multi-MW Proton Source, CERN, May

27 Real neutrino events observed by LAr TPC and water Cerenkov ν µ + X µ + many prongs K2K K2K ICARUS 50 liters ICARUS 50 liters ν µ + n µ + p ν µ + n µ + p 27

28 LAr TPC story L.W.Alvarez (late 60 ): T.Doke (late 60 ): W.J.Willis & V.Radeka (70 ): C.Rubbia (1977): E.Aprile, C.Giboni, C.Rubbia (1985): ICARUS Coll. ( ): ICARUS Coll. (1998): ICARUS Coll. (2001): ICARUS Coll. ( ): ICARUS Coll. ( ): noble liquids for position sensitive detectors systematic studies of noble liquids properties large calorimeters for HEP experiments LAr TPC conceived and proposed high purity long drift distances 3 ton LAr TPC prototype Neutrino detection at CERN with a 50 l LAr TPC cosmic-ray test of the 300 ton industrial module detector/physics papers from the T300 test T600 installation and commissioning at LNGS 28

29 Cryostat (half-module) ICARUS T300 detector View of the inner detector 4 m 4 m 20 m Readout electronics

30 Liquid Argon medium properties Density (g/cm 3 ) Water 1 Liquid Argon 1.4 When a charged particle traverses LAr: Radiation length (cm) ) Ionization process Interaction length (cm) W e = 23.6 ± 0.3 ev de/dx (MeV/cm) ) Scintillation (luminescence) Refractive index (visible) Cerenkov angle Cerenkov d 2 N/dEdx (b=1) Muon Cerenkov threshold (p in MeV/c) ev -1 cm ev -1 cm W γ = 19.5 ev UV line (λ=128 nm 9.7 ev) No more ionization: Argon is transparent Only Rayleigh-scattering 3) Cerenkov light (if relativistic particle) Scintillation (E=0 V/cm) Long electron drift Boiling 1 bar No Not possible 373 K Yes ( l=128nm) Possible (µ = 500 cm 2 /Vs) 87 K Charge Scintillation light (VUV) Cerenkov light (if b>1/n)

The Liquid Argon TPC principle Charge yield ~ 6000 electrons/mm (~ 1 fc/mm) Charge readout planes: Q UV Scintillation Light: L Time Light yield ~ 5000 γ/mm E drift Low noise

31 The Liquid Argon TPC principle Charge yield ~ 6000 electrons/mm (~ 1 fc/mm) Charge readout planes: Q UV Scintillation Light: L Time Light yield ~ 5000 γ/mm E drift Low noise Q-amplifier Continuous waveform recording Drift direction High High density density Non-destructive readout Continuously sensitive Self-triggering t 0 t 0 available (scintillation)

$an electronic bubble chamber Bubble diameter 3 mm (diffraction limited) Bubble size 3x3x0.$ 0 ton Density 1.5 g/cm3 Radiation length 11.0 cm Collision length 49.5 cm de/dx 2.

0 ton Density 1.5 g/cm3 Radiation length 11.0 cm Collision length 49.5 cm de/dx 2.

32 an electronic bubble chamber Bubble diameter 3 mm (diffraction limited) Bubble size 3x3x0.4 mm 3 Gargamelle bubble chamber ICARUS electronic chamber Medium Heavy freon Sensitive mass 3.0 ton Density 1.5 g/cm3 Radiation length 11.0 cm Collision length 49.5 cm de/dx 2.3 MeV/cm Medium Liquid Argon Sensitive mass Many ktons Density 1.4 g/cm3 Radiation length 14.0 cm Collision length 54.8 cm de/dx 2.1 MeV/cm

33 Electron drift properties in liquid Argon 3 m

Cosmic rays events in the ICARUS T300 25 cm Shower 176 cm 85 cm

Left Measurement of of local local energy energy deposition de/dx de/dx

34 Cosmic rays events in the ICARUS T cm Shower 176 cm 85 cm Calorimetry 434 cm 265 cm 142 cm Muon decay Run 960, Event 4 Collection Left Measurement of of local local energy energy deposition de/dx de/dx Hadronic interaction Tracking device Run 308, Event 160 Collection Left Tracking device

35 VUV scintillation light readout PM#1 PM#2 PM#3 PM#4 PM#5 PM#6 PM#7 PM#8 PM#9 t µ ~ 3µs 1 PE = 12 Ch. µ ADC counts e e t Signal PMT#9 Time (µs)

36 Liquid Argon TPC: physics calls for applications at two different mass scales Precision Precision studies studies of of ννinteractions interactions Calorimetry Calorimetry Near Near station station in in LBL LBL facilities facilities Ultimate Ultimate nucleon nucleon decay decay searches searches Astroparticle Astroparticle physics physics CP CP violation violation in in neutrino neutrino mixing mixing Strong synergy and high degree of interplay Strong synergy and high degree of interplay Ideas Ideas for for a a next next generation generation liquid liquid Argon Argon TPC TPC detector detector for for neutrino neutrino physics physics and and nucleon nucleon decay decay searches, searches, A.Ereditato, A.Ereditato, A.Rubbia, A.Rubbia, Memo Memo to to the the SPSC, SPSC, April April

Conceptual design of a ~100 ton LAr TPC for a near station in a LBL facility: a possibility to be further explored Racks Supporting structure 3m Liquid Argon Active volume 3m 12 m HV Ideas Ideas for

37 Conceptual design of a ~100 ton LAr TPC for a near station in a LBL facility: a possibility to be further explored Racks Supporting structure 3m Liquid Argon Active volume 3m 12 m HV Ideas Ideas for for future future liquid liquid Argon Argon detectors detectors A.Ereditato, A.Ereditato, A.Rubbia, A.Rubbia, to to appear appear in in Proc. Proc. of of NUINT04, NUINT04, LNGS, LNGS, March March Outer vessel Inner vessel LAr Max e- drift Charge R/O Wires R/O electr. Scintill. light φ 5m, L 13m, 15mm thick, weight 22 t φ 4,2 m, L 12 m, 8 mm thick, 10 t Total 240 t Fiducial 100 t 3 HV=150 kv E = 500 V/cm 2 views, ± 45 2 (3) mm pitch (7000) φ = 150 µm on top of the dewar Also for triggering

T2K T2K would provide an an ideal & high high intensity beam for for

inclusion full simulation, digitization, and noise inclusion ν e QE

pot) For example: 100 ton @ L=2000 m For example: 100 ton @ L=2000 m

38 T2K T2K would provide an an ideal & high high intensity beam for for such a 100 ton ton detector full simulation, digitization, and noise inclusion full simulation, digitization, and noise inclusion ν e QE π 0 coherent L=2 and 295 km L=280 m JHF-SK LOI (130 days/yr = pot) For example: 100 L=2000 m For example: 100 L=2000 m Beam E peak (GeV) n m n e OA /yr 0.1/spill 5800/yr 45/day 38

100 kton liquid Argon TPC detector Electronic crates φ 70 m h =20 m Perlite insulation Experiments Experiments for for CP CP violation: violation: a a giant giant liquid liquid Argon Argon

39 100 kton liquid Argon TPC detector Electronic crates φ 70 m h =20 m Perlite insulation Experiments Experiments for for CP CP violation: violation: a a giant giant liquid liquid Argon Argon scintillation, scintillation, Cerenkov Cerenkov and and charge charge imaging imaging experiment. experiment. A.Rubbia, A.Rubbia, Proc. Proc. II II Int. Int. Workshop Workshop on on Neutrinos Neutrinos in in Venice, Venice, 2003, 2003, hep-ph/ hep-ph/

40 Total mass Cost p fi e p 0 in 10 years p fi n K in 10 years p fi m p K in 10 years SN cool 10 kpc SN in Andromeda SN 10 kpc SN relic Atmospheric neutrinos Solar neutrinos Water Cerenkov (UNO) 650 kton 500 M$ years e = 43%, 30 BG events 2x10 34 years e = 8.6%, 57 BG events No (mostly n e pfi e + n) 40 events 330 n-e elastic scattering Yes events/year E e > 7 MeV (central module) Liquid Argon TPC 100 kton Under evaluation 3x10 34 years e = 45%, 1 BG event 8x10 34 years e = 97%, 1 BG event 8x10 34 years e = 98%, 1 BG event (all flavors) (64000 if NH-L mixing) 7 (12 if NH-L mixing) 380 n e CC (flavor sensitive) Yes events/year events/year (E e > 5 MeV) Review Review of of massive massive underground underground detectors detectors A.Rubbia, A.Rubbia, Proc. Proc. XI XI Int. Int. Conf. Conf. on on Calorimetry Calorimetry in in H.E.P., H.E.P., CALOR04, CALOR04, Perugia, Perugia, March March Operation of a 100 kton LAr TPC in a future neutrino facility: Super-Beam: 460 ν µ CC per GeV L = 130 km Beta-beam:15000 ν e CC per Ne decays with γ=75 40

Proton decay: sensitivity vs exposure p K +

nucleons tt p /Br 10 34 years T(yr) e 90 CL

41 Proton decay: sensitivity vs exposure p K + ν p e + π 0 65 cm p K + ν e P = 425 MeV Monte Carlo Single event detection capability e K nucleons tt p /Br years T(yr) e 90 CL p /Br > years T(yr) 90 CL µ T600: Run 939 Event 46

42 A tentative detector layout Single detector: charge imaging, scintillation, Cerenkov light Single detector: charge imaging, scintillation, Cerenkov light Charge readout plane GAr E 3 kv/cm Electronic racks Extraction grid E-field LAr E 1 kv/cm Field shaping electrodes Cathode (- HV) UV & Cerenkov light readout PMTs

43 and a tentative parameter list Dewar Argon storage Argon total volume Argon total mass Hydrostatic pressure at bottom Inner detector dimensions Charge readout electronics Scintillation light readout Visible light readout φ 70 m, height 20 m, perlite insulated, heat input 5 W/m 2 Boiling Argon, low pressure (<100 mbar overpressure) m 3, ratio area/volume 15% tons 3 atmospheres Disc f 70 m located in gas phase above liquid phase channels, 100 racks on top of the dewar Yes (also for triggering), 1000 immersed 8 PMTs with WLS Yes (Cerenkov light), immersed 8 PMTs of 20% coverage, single g counting capability

44 Charge extraction, amplification, readout Detector is running in bi-phase mode Long drift ( 20 m) charge attenuation to be compensated by charge amplification near anodes located in gas phase (18000 e - / 3 mm for a MIP in LAr) Amplification operates in proportional mode After maximum drift of 20 1 kv/cm diffusion readout pitch 3 mm Electron drift in liquid Charge readout view Maximum charge diffusion Maximum charge attenuation Needed charge amplification Methods for amplification Possible solutions 20 m maximum drift, HV = 2 MV for E = 1 kv/cm, v d 2 mm/µs, max drift time 10 ms 2 perpendicular views, 3 mm pitch, readout channels s 2.8 mm (v2dt max for D = 4 cm 2 /s) e -(tmax/t) 1/150 for t = 2 ms electron lifetime From 100 to 1000 Extraction to and amplification in gas phase Thin wires (f 30 mm) + pad readout, GEM, LEM,

LNG = Liquefied Natural Gas Cryogenic storage tankers

Process, design design and and safety safety issues

45 LNG = Liquefied Natural Gas Cryogenic storage tankers for LNG About About cryogenic tankers tankers exist exist in in the the world, world, with with volume volume up up to to m 3 3 Process, design design and and safety safety issues issues already already solved solved by by petrochemical industry

46 A feasibility study for a large LAr tanker mandated to Technodyne LtD (UK) Work Work in in progress: Underground storage, engineering issues, issues, process system system & equipment, civil civil engineering consulting, safety, safety, cost cost & time time

Process system & equipment --Filling Filling speed speed (100 (100 kton): kton): 150 150 ton/day ton/day 2 2 years years to to fill, fill, 10 10 years years to to evaporate evaporate!

47 Process system & equipment --Filling Filling speed speed (100 (100 kton): kton): ton/day ton/day 2 2 years years to to fill, fill, years years to to evaporate evaporate!!!! --Initial Initial LAr LAr filling: filling: decide decide most most convenient convenient approach: approach: transport transportlar LAr or or in in situ situ cryogenic cryogenic plant plant --Tanker Tanker 55 W/m W/m 2 2 heat heat input, input, continuous continuous re-circulation re-circulation (purity) (purity) --Boiling-off Boiling-off volume volume at at regime: regime: ton/day: ton/day: refilling refilling Electricity Air (Argon is 1%) Hot GAr Underground complex W GAr LAr Joule-Thompson expansion valve Heat exchanger Argon purification Q External complex LN 2, LOX,

48 100 kton detector: milestones Nov 2003: Venice Workshop Basic concepts: LNG tanker, signal amplification, single detector for charge imaging, scintillation and Cerenkov light readout Design given for proton decay, astrophysics ν s, Super-Beams, Beta-Beams Stressed the need for detailed comparison: 1 Mton water versus 100 kton LAr detector Feb 2004: Feasibility study launched for underground liquid Argon storage Industry: Technodyne (UK) mandated for the study (expert in LNG design) Design provided as input to the Fréjus underground lab study Salt mine in Poland being investigated as well as other possible sites March 2004: NUINT04 Workshop Identification of a global strategy: synergy between small and large mass LAr TPC Intent to define a coherent International Network to further develop the conceptual ideas April 2004 : Memo to the SPSC in view of the Villars special session (Sept. 2004) May 2004 : CERN Workshop on a future Multi MW proton source Envision a possible 10 kton full scale prototype (10% of the full detector) Physics applications underground (proton decay) or at surface (neutrino beam)

49 Ongoing studies and initial R&D strategy Engineering studies, dedicated test test measurements, detector prototyping, simulations, physics performance studies in in progress: 1) Study of suitable charge extraction, amplification and imaging devices 2) Understanding of charge collection under high pressure 3) Realization and test of a 5 m long detector column-like prototype 4) Study of LAr TPC prototypes immersed in a magnetic field 5) Study of logistics, infrastructure and safety issues for underground sites 49

R&D example 1: amplification with Large Electron Multiplier (LEM) A large scale GEM (x10) made with ultra-low radioactivity materials (copper plated on virgin Teflon) In-house fabrication using

50 R&D example 1: amplification with Large Electron Multiplier (LEM) A large scale GEM (x10) made with ultra-low radioactivity materials (copper plated on virgin Teflon) In-house fabrication using automatic micro-machining Modest increase in V yields gain similar to GEM Self-supporting, easy to mount in multi-layers Resistant to discharges (lower capacitance by segmentation) Cu on PEEK under construction (zero out-gassing) P. P. Jeanneret Jeanneret et et al., al., NIM NIM A (2003) (2003) LEM bottom (anode) signal LEM top (cathode) signal

51 R&D example 2: long drift, extraction, amplification: test module Flange with feedthroughs Gas Ar readout grid race tracks LAr e- 5 meters A full scale measurement of long drift (5 m), signal attenuation and multiplication is planned. Simulate very long drift (10-20 m) by reduced E field & LAr purity Design in progress: external dewar, detector container, inner detector, readout system,

52 Possible detectors sites in Europe

laboratory for underground physics easy access safety issues (highway tunnel) caverns have to be excavated mines by one of the largest

53 Two different site topologies 1. Hall access via highway tunnel tunnel (Fréjus laboratory project) 2. Deep mine-cavern with vertical access (CUPRUM mines, Polkowice-Sieroszowice) cooperation agreement: IN2P3/CNRS/DSM/CEA & INFN international laboratory for underground physics easy access safety issues (highway tunnel) caverns have to be excavated mines by one of the largest world producers of Cu and Ag salt layer at 1000 m underground (dry) large caverns exist for a m 3 (100 kton LAr) detector geophysics under study access through vertical shaft 53

54 Argon-Net The The further further developments developments of of the the LAr LAr TPC TPC technique, technique, eventually eventually finalized finalized to to the the proposal proposal and and to to the the realization realization of of actual actual experiments, experiments, could could only only be be accomplished accomplished by byan an international international community community of of colleagues colleagues able able to to identify identify and and conduct conduct the the required required local local R&D R&D work work and and to to effectively effectively contribute, contribute, with with their their own own experience experience and and ideas, ideas, to to the the achievement achievement of of ambitious ambitious global global physics physics goals. goals. In In particular, particular, this this is is true true for for a a large large kton kton LAr LAr TPC TPC detector detector that that would would exploit exploit next next generation generation neutrino neutrino facilities facilities and and perform perform ultimate ultimate non-accelerator non-accelerator neutrino neutrino experiments. experiments. We We are are convinced convinced that, that, given given the the technical technical and and financial financial challenges challenges of of the the envisioned envisioned projects, projects, the the creation creation of of a a Network Network of of people people and and institutions institutions willing willing to to share share the the responsibility responsibility of of the the future future R&D R&D initiatives, initiatives, of of the the experiment s experiment s design design and and to to propose propose solutions solutionsto to the the still still open open questions questions is is mandatory. mandatory. The The actions actions within within the the Network Network might might include include the the organization organization of of meetings meetings and and workshops workshops where where the the different different ideas ideas could could be be confronted, confronted, the the R&D R&D work work could could be be organized organized and and the the physics physics issues issues as as well well as as possible possible experiments experiments could could be be discussed. discussed. One One can can think think of of coherent coherent actions actions towards towards laboratories, laboratories, institutions institutions and and funding funding agencies agencies to to favor favor the the mobility mobility of of researchers, researchers, to to support support R&D R&D studies, studies, and and to to promote promote the the visibility visibility of of the the activities activities and and the thedissemination of of the the results. results. So So far far colleagues from from institutions have have already already expressed their their Interest in in joining joining Argon-Net, to to act act as as nodes nodes of of the the network 54

55 Conclusions and Outlook The evidence for neutrino oscillations has opened the way to precision studies of the mixing matrix with accelerator neutrino experiments. The generation of running and planned experiments will contribute to narrow-down the errors on the oscillation parameters. The next generation will allow to pin down a non vanishing value of q 13. The detection of matter and of CP violating effects will likely require another generation of experiments using high intensity (> MW) neutrino facilities with very massive detectors. At present, two options being considered: a kton water Cerenkov detectors (a la SK) and a 100 kton liquid Argon TPC. The liquid Argon TPC imaging has reached a high level of maturity thanks to many years of R&D effort conducted by the ICARUS collaboration. The plan is to operate the kton mass scale detector at LNGS with the ICARUS project. The technique is suitable for applications at very different different mass scales: 100 kton: proton decay, high statistics astrophysical & accelerator neutrinos 100 ton: systematic study of neutrino interactions, near detectors at LBL facilities In particular, a 100 kton, monolithic LAr TPC based on the industrial technology of LNG tankers and on the bi-phase operation is conceivable. R&D studies are in progress and a global strategy is being defined, possibly envisioning the construction of a 10% mass full scale prototype. Look forward to the creation of a dedicated world-wide Network on the LAr TPC technique.

Application of GLoBES: GLACIER on conventional neutrino beams

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