Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures

Transcription

1 Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures

2 Springer-Verlag London Ltd.

3 Francois Cardarelli Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures Their SI Equivalences and Origins English translation by M.J. Shields, FllnfSc, MITI ^^^^^^^^

4 Dr Francois Cardarelli Member of ACS, AlChE, ASM, TMS, and OCQ Principal Chemist, Materials RIO TINTO Iron & Titanium Inc. Technology Dept route Marie-Victorin Sorel-Tracy (Quebec) J3R 1M6, Canada Tel: (450) (direct) Fax: (450) (home) Consultant in Electrochemical Engineering 44, rue de la Cosarde F L'Hay-les-Roses, France Tel: (+33) Fax: (+33) cardarefdpmember.aiche. org This is a revised and expanded edition of Francois Cardarelli's Scientific Unit Conversion, published by Springer in 1997 and British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Cardarelli, Francois, Encyclopaedia of scientific units, weights and measures: their SI equivalences and origins 1. Mensuration - Conversion tables 2. Metric system - Conversion tables I. Tide ISBN Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers. ISBN DOI / ISBN (ebook) Springer-Verlag London 2003 Originally published by Springer-Verlag London Berlin Heidelberg in 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Typeset by T & A Typesetting Services, Rochdale, England 69/ Printed on acid-free paper SPIN

5 Dedication Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures is dedicated to my parents Antonio and Claudine, to my sister Elsa, and to Louise Saint-Amour, for their love and support. FrancËois Cardarelli Acknowledgments Mr. Jean-E Â tienne Mittelmann, Mr. Nicholas Pinfield and Mr. Nicolas Wilson, are gratefully acknowledged for their valued assistance, patience, and advice. Many thanks to the numerous readers of the first and second editions who provided me with their useful comments and remarks by returning the bookmarks filled with their suggestions.

6 Author Biography FrancËois Cardarelli Born in Paris XV, France, February 17, 1966 Academic Background Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering (Univ. Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III, 1996) M.Sc. in Electrochemical Engineering (Univ. P. & M. Curie, Paris VI, 1992) B.Sc. in Physical Chemistry and Nuclear Engineering (Univ. P. & M. Curie/CNAM, Paris VI, 1990) Associate Degree in Geophysics and Geology (Univ. P. & M. Curie, Paris VI, 1987) Baccalaureate C (Maths-Physics-Chem.) (CNEC, Versailles, 1985) Working Areas The successive working areas since 1990 are in chronological order: (1) Research scientist at the Laboratory of Electrochemistry (University P. & M. Curie, Paris, France) for the development of a nuclear detector used for electrochemical experiments involving radiolabelled compounds. (2) Research scientist at the Institute of Marine Biogeochemistry (CNRS & EÂcole Normale Superieure, Paris, France) for the environmental monitoring of heavy metals in natural waters by electroanalytical techniques. (3) Research scientist for the preparation by molten salts electrochemistry of tantalum coatings for the chemical process industries and for the preparation and characterization of industrial electrodes at the Laboratory of Chemical Engineering (Univ. Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France) (sponsored by Electricite de France). (4) Registered consultant in electrochemical engineering (Toulouse, France). (5) Materials expert and industrial electrochemist at the Lithium Dept. of ARGOTECH Productions, Inc. (Boucherville, Canada) involved in the metallurgy and processing of lithium metal anodes and for the development of a recycling process for spent lithium metal solid polymer electrolyte batteries. (6) Materials expert and industrial electrochemist at the T echnology Dept. of AVESTOR (Boucherville, Canada) in charge of the sourcing and qualification of strategic raw materials entering in the fabrication of lithium metal solid polymer electrolyte batteries. (7) Materials specialist in the Pyrometallurgy group at the Technology Dept. of RIO TINTO Iron & Titanium Inc. (Sorel-Tracy, Canada). (8) Principal chemist in the TiO 2 products group at the Technology Dept. of RIO TINTO Iron & Titanium Inc. (Sorel-Tracy, Canada).

7 Contents List of Tables... xvii 1 I ntroduction Why a Conversion Handbook? How to Use This Book The International System of Units History The General Conference on Weights and Measures Organization of the SI SI Base Units SI Supplementary Units SI Derived Units Non-SI and SI Units Used in Combination Commonly Used Legal Non-SI Units Non-SI Units Defined by Experiment Non-SI Units Temporarily Maintained Non-SI Units Which Must be Discontinued SI Prefixes Other Systems of Units MTS, MKpS, MKSA The MKpS System The MTS System The MKSA (Giorgi) System Cgs, Gauss, IEUS, a.u The cgs System The esu Subsystem The emu Subsystem The Gauss System International Electrical Units Atomic Units (a.u.) British and American Systems of Units Imperial Units Imperial Units of Length UK Linear Measure UK Nautical Measure UK Surveyors' Measure Imperial Units of Area UK Measures of Area UK Surveyor's Measure Circular Units Imperial Units of Volume and Capacity UK Measures of Volume UK Liquid Measure UK Dry Measure vii

8 viii Contents Imperial Units of Weight UK Avoirdupois Weight UK Apothecaries' Weight UK Troy Weight The American System of Measures (US Customary Units) US Customary Units of Length US Linear Measure US Nautical Measure US Surveyors' Measure US Customary Units of Area US Measures of Area US Surveyors' Measure Circular Units US Units of Volume and Capacity US Measures of Volume US Liquid Measure US Dry Measure US Apothecaries' Measures of Capacity US Customary Units of Weight US Avoirdupois Weight US Apothecaries' Weight US Troy Weight Obsolete Weight and Capacity Measures UK Units of Weight for Butter and Cheese UK Units for Beer, Wines and Spirits UK Units of Weight for Coal UK Units for Clothes UK and US Hay and Straw Weights UK Weight for Wool US Units of Capacity Used in Food Recipes US Units of Capacity for Wine Modern UK and US Dimensionless Units for Numbers of Paper Sheets Old UK and US Dimensionless Units for Numbers of Paper Sheets Old US Units for Measuring the Volume of Stacked Firewood UK and US Dimensionless Counting Units The Foot-Pound-Second (FPS) System Ancient and Obsolete Systems of Weights and Measures Systems from Antiquity The Chinese System Old Chinese Units of Length Old Chinese Units of Area Old Chinese Units of Weight Old Chinese Units of Capacity The Indian System Old Indian Units of Length Indian Units of Weight Indian Units of Capacity The Egyptian System Egyptian Units of Length Egyptian Units of Area Egyptian Units of Weight Egyptian Units of Capacity... 65

9 Contents ix The Assyrio-Chaldean-Persian System Persian Units of Length Persian Units of Area Persian Units of Weight Persian Units of Capacity The Hebrew System Hebrew Units of Length Hebrew Units of Weight (Sacred System) Hebrew Units of Weight (Talmudic or Rabbinical System) Hebrew Units of Capacity (Dry) Hebrew Units of Capacity (Liquids) The Greek System (Attic) Greek Units of Length Greek Units of Weight Greek Units of Capacity (Dry) Greek Units of Capacity (Liquids) The Roman System Roman Units of Length Roman Units of Area Roman Units of Weight Roman Units of Capacity (Dry) Roman Units of Capacity (Liquids) The Arabic System Arabic Units of Length Arabic Units of Area Arabic Units of Weight (System of the Prophet) Arabic Units of Capacity Obsolete National and Regional Systems Western and Southern Europe Old French System (Ancien Regime) Old French Units of Length Old French Units of Area Old French Units of Capacity Old French Units of Weight Old French System (1812±1840) Old French Units of Length (Metric) Old French Units of Weight (Metric) Old Belgian System Old Belgian Units of Length Old Belgian Units of Weight Old Swiss System Old Swiss Units of Length Old Swiss Units of Weight Old Swiss Units of Weight (Apoth.) Old Scottish System Old Scottish Units of Length Old Scottish Units of Surface Area Old Scottish Units of Capacity Old Scottish Units of Weight Old Irish System Old Irish Units of Length Old Irish Units of Capacity

10 x Contents Old Italian System Old Italian Units of Length Old Italian Units of Weight Old Italian Measures (Regional Variations) Old Spanish System (Castillian) Old Spanish Units of Length Old Spanish Units of Area Old Spanish Units of Weight Old Spanish Units of Capacity (Liquids) Old Spanish Units of Capacity (Dry) Old Portuguese System Old Portuguese Units of Length Old Portuguese Units of Area Old Portuguese Units of Weight Old Portuguese Units of Capacity (Dry) Old Portuguese Units of Capacity (Liquids) Old Maltese System Old Maltese Units of Length Old Maltese Units of Capacity Old Maltese Units of Weight Old Balearic Islands System Old Balearic Units of Length Old Balearic Units of Capacity (Liquids) Old Balearic Units of Capacity (Dry) Old Balearic Units of Weight Old Greek System Old Greek Units of Length Old Greek Units of Capacity Old Greek Units of Weight Old Cypriot System Old Cypriot Units of Length and Area Old Cypriot Units of Capacity Old Cypriot Units of Weight Old Turkish System Old Turkish Units of Length Old Turkish Units of Area Old Turkish Units of Capacity Old Turkish Units of Weight Central and Northern Europe Old Austrian System Old Austrian Units of Length Old Austrian Units of Surface Area Old Austrian Units of Capacity (Liquids) Old Austrian Units of Capacity (Dry)

11 Contents xi Old Austrian Units of Weight (Ordinary) Old Austrian Units of Weight (Apothecary) Old German System (Prussian) Old German Units of Length Old German Units of Weight Old German Units of Capacity (Dry) Old German Units of Capacity (Liquids) Old Yugoslavian System Old Yugoslavian Units of Length Old Yugoslavian Units of Surface Area Old Yugoslavian Units of Weight Old Czechoslovakian System Old Czechoslovakian Units of Length Old Czechoslovakian Units of Surface Area Old Czechoslovakian Units of Capacity Old Hungarian System Old Hungarian Units of Length Old Hungarian Units of Surface Area Old Hungarian Units of Capacity Old Romanian System Old Romanian Units of Length Old Romanian Units of Capacity Old Romanian Units of Weight Old Dutch System Old Dutch Units of Length Old Dutch Units of Weight Old Dutch Units of Capacity (Dry) Old Dutch Units of Capacity (Liquids) Old Danish System Old Danish Units of Length Old Danish Units of Surface Area Old Danish Units of Capacity Old Danish Units of Weight Old Polish System Old Polish Units of Length Old Polish Units of Surface Area Old Polish Units of Capacity Old Polish Units of Weight Old Swedish System Old Swedish Units of Length Old Swedish Units of Area Old Swedish Units of Weight Old Swedish Units of Capacity

12 xii Contents Old Norwegian System Miscellaneous Old Norwegian Units Old Finnish System Old Finnish Units of Capacity Old Icelandic System Old Icelandic Units of Length Old Icelandic Units of Area Old Icelandic Units of Capacity (Dry) Old Icelandic Units of Weight Old Estonian System Old Estonian Units of Length Old Estonian Units of Surface Area Old Estonian Units of Capacity Old Estonian Units of Weight Old Latvian System Old Latvian Units of Length Old Latvian Units of Area Old Latvian Units of Capacity Old Latvian Units of Weight Old Russian System Old Russian Units of Length Old Russian Units of Weight (Ordinary) Old Russian Units of Weight (Apothecary) Old Russian Units of Capacity (Dry) Old Russian Units of Capacity (Liquids) Africa Old Moroccan System Old Moroccan Units of Length Old Moroccan Units of Capacity Old Moroccan Units of Weight Old Algerian System Old Algerian Units of Length Old Algerian Units of Capacity Old Algerian Units of Weight Old Tunisian System Old Tunisian Units of Length Old Tunisian Units of Capacity Old Tunisian Units of Weight Old Libyan System Old Libyan Units of Length Old Libyan Units of Area Old Libyan Units of Capacity (Liquids) Old Libyan Units of Capacity (Dry) Old Libyan Units of Weight

13 Contents xiii Old Egyptian System Old Egyptian Units of Length Old Egyptian Units of Area Old Egyptian Units of Capacity Old Egyptian Units of Weight Old Abyssinian System Old Abyssinian Units of Length Old Abyssinian Units of Capacity Old Abyssinian Units of Weight Old Eritrean System Old Eritrean Units of Length Old Eritrean Units of Capacity Old Eritrean Units of Weight Old Ethiopian System Old Ethiopian Units of Length Old Ethiopian Units of Weight Old Somalian System Old Somalian Units of Length Old Somalian Units of Capacity Old Somalian Units of Weight Old Guinean System Old Guinean Units of Length Old Guinean Units of Weight Middle East and Asia Old Saudi-Arabian System Old Saudi-Arabian Units of Length Old Saudi-Arabian Units of Capacity (Liquids) Old Saudi-Arabian Units of Capacity (Dry) Old Saudi-Arabian Units of Weight Old Persian System Old Persian Units of Length Old Persian Units of Capacity Old Persian Units of Weight Old Syrian System Old Syrian Unit of Length Old Syrian Units of Capacity Old Syrian Units of Weight Old Turkmenian System Old Turkmenian Units of Length Old Turkmenian Units of Weight Old Indian System Old Indian Units of Length Old Indian Units of Area Old Indian Units of Capacity Old Indian Units of Weight Old Burmese System Old Burmese Units of Length Old Burmese Units of Capacity Old Burmese Units of Weight Old Ceylonese and Madrasian System Old Ceylonese and Madrasian Units of Length Old Ceylonese and Madrasian Units of Weight

14 xiv Contents Old Annamese System Old Annamese Units of Length Old Annamese Units of Area Old Annamese Units of Capacity Old Annamese Units of Weight Old Cambodian System Old Cambodian Units of Length Old Cambodian Units of Capacity Old Cambodian Units of Weight Old Thai System Old Thai Units of Length Old Thai Units of Area Old Thai Units of Capacity Old Thai Units of Weight Old Indonesian System Old Indonesian Units of Length Old Indonesian Units of Capacity Old Indonesian Units of Weight Old Philippine System Old Philippine Units of Area Old Philippine Units of Capacity Old Philippine Units of Weight Old Japanese System Old Japanese Units of Length Old Japanese Units of Area Old Japanese Units of Capacity Old Japanese Units of Weight Central and South America Old Cuban System Old Cuban Units of Area Old Cuban Units of Capacity Old Haitian System Old Haitian Units of Length Old Haitian Units of Capacity Old Honduran, Costa-Rican, Nicaraguan, Salvadoran, and Guatemalan System Old Honduran, Costa-Rican, Nicaraguan, Salvadorian, and Guatemalan Units of Length Old Honduran, Costa-Rican, Nicaraguan, Salvadorian, and Guatemalan Units of Area Old Honduran, Costa-Rican, Nicaraguan, Salvadorian, and Guatemalan Units of Capacity Old Honduran, Costa-Rican, Nicaraguan, Salvadorian, and Guatemalan Units of Weight Old Venezuelan System Old Venezuelan Units of Length Old Venezuelan Units of Weight Old Colombian System Old Colombian Units of Length Old Colombian Units of Weight Old Brazilian System Old Brazilian Units of Length

15 Contents xv Old Brazilian Units of Capacity Old Brazilian Units of Weight Old Paraguayan System Old Paraguayan Units of Length Old Paraguayan Units of Capacity Old Paraguayan Units of Weight Old Argentinan System Old Argentinan Units of Length Old Argentinan Units of Capacity (Liquids) Old Argentinan Units of Capacity (Dry) Old Argentinan Units of Weight Old Chilean System Old Chilean Units of Length Old Chilean Units of Capacity Old Chilean Units of Weight Old Peruvian System Old Peruvian Units of Length and Area Old Peruvian Units of Weight North America Old Mexican System Old Mexican Units of Length Old Mexican System Units of Area Old Mexican Units of Capacity (Liquids) Old Mexican Units of Capacity (Dry) Old Mexican Units of Weight Conversion Tables Units in Alphabetical Order Conversion Tables Listed by Physical Quantities Conversion Tables for Units of Mass Conversion Tables for Units of Length Conversion Tables for Units of Area Conversion Tables for Units of Volume and Capacity Conversion Table for Units of Linear Density Conversion Table for Units of Surface Mass Density Conversion Table for Units of Mass Density Conversion Table for Units of Specific Gravity Conversion Table for Units of Time Conversion Table for Units of Dynamic Viscosity Conversion Table for Units of Kinematic Viscosity Conversion Table for Units of Linear Velocity Conversion Table for Units of Angular Velocity Conversion Table for Units of Force Conversion Table for Units of Pressure and Stress Conversion Table for Units of Energy, Heat and Work Conversion Table for Units of Power Conversion Table for Units of Plane and Solid Angle Conversion Table for Units of Thermal Conductivity Conversion Tables for Units of Concentration Conversion Table for Units of Temperature Conversion Table for Electrical Units Conversion Table for Units Used in Magnetism

16 xvi Contents Conversion Table for Photometric Units Conversion Table for Units Used in Nuclear Sciences Conversion Table for Energy Equivalents for Electromagnetic Radiation Conversion Table for Ideal Gas Constant in Various Units Conversion Table for Dimensions for Permeability Coefficients Conversion Table for International Kinematic Viscosity Indices Conversion Table for Standard Sieve Designation Series Conversion Table for International Standard Wire and Sheet Gauges Conversion Table for Normal Pipe Sizes Fundamental Constants Fundamental Mathematical Constants Fundamental Physical Constants Appendices Greek Alphabet Roman Numerals Rules about Large Numbers (> ) Date and Time Numerical Representation National, Regional and International Standardization Bodies International Standards Bodies National StandardsBodies Worldwide National Standards Bodies US Standards and Standardizations Bodies, Technical Associations and Societies Acceleration Due to Gravity at any Latitude and Elevation International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS, 1968) International Temperature Scale (ITS±90) French-English Lexicon for Units French-English Lexicon for Physical Quantities International Clothing and Shoe Sizes (US, UK, Europe, and Japan) Common Time Acronyms Old Alchemical Symbols Used in Astronomy, Chemistry, and Biology International Geological Time Scale Old Symbols Used in the British System Electromagnetic Spectrum Standard Paper Sizes (ISO and US) International Country Code Designations International Currency Codes Bibliography Specific References References About the Metric System and thesi References of General Interest Historical References International and National Standards

17 List of Tables Table 2.1 Chronology of definitions of the metre since Table 2.2 Adoption and compulsory implementation dates for the metric system... 7 Table 2.3 Timetable of the major decisions of the CGPM Table 2.4 The seven SI base units Table 2.5 The two supplementary SI units Table 2.6 Comparison of dimension equation for several quantities in photometry with and without symbol of solid angle Table 2.7 SI derived units with special names and symbols Table 2.8 Commonly used non-si units Table 2.9 Commonly used legal non-si units defined by experiment Table 2.10 Temporarily-maintained non-si units Table 2.11 Non-SI units to be discontinued Table 2.12 The twenty SI prefixes Table 2.13 Non-SI discontinued metric prefixes Table 2.14 Prefixes for computer science units Table 2.15 New binary prefixes for powers of two Table 3.1 Exact conversion factors between SI and cgs practical, emu, and esu electrical and magnetic units Table 3.2 Organization of Gaussian units Table 3.3 Equivalence between SI and cgs electromagnetic quantities Table 3.4 Basic IEUS units Table 3.5 Base and derived units of the a.u. system Table 3.6 UK linear measures Table 3.7 UK nautical measures of length Table 3.8 UK surveyors' measures of length Table 3.9 UK measures of area Table 3.10 UK surveyors' measure Table 3.11 Circular units Table 3.12 UK geometric measures of volume Table 3.13 UK liquid measures of capacity Table 3.14 UK dry measures Table 3.15 UK avoirdupois weight Table 3.16 UK apothecaries' weight Table 3.17 UK troy weight Table 3.18 US linear measure Table 3.19 US nautical measure Table 3.20 US surveyors' measure Table 3.21 US measures of area Table 3.22 US surveyors' measure Table 3.23 US measures of volume Table 3.24 US fluid measure Table 3.25 US dry measure Table 3.26 US apothecaries' measures of capacity Table 3.27 US avoirdupois weight Table 3.28 US apothecaries' weight Table 3.29 US troy weight Table 3.30 UK units of weight for butter and cheese xvii

18 xviii List of Tables Table 3.31 UK units for alcohols and spirits Table 3.32 UK units of capacity for beer Table 3.33 UK units of capacity for wine Table 3.34 UK units of weight for coal Table 3.35 UK clothes units oflength Table 3.36 UK and US hay and straw weights Table 3.37 UK weight for wool Table 3.38 US units of capacity used in food recipes Table 3.39 US units of capacity for wine Table 3.40 Modern UK and US dimensionless units for numbers of Table 3.41 paper sheets Old UK and US dimensionless units for numbers of paper sheets Table 3.42 US units of volume for stacked firewood Table 3.43 UK and US dimensionless counting units Table 3.44 FPS derived units in common use Table 3.45 Old Chinese units of length Table 3.46 Old Chinese units of area Table 3.47 Old Chinese units of weight Table 3.48 Old Chinese units of capacity Table 3.49 Indian units of length Table 3.50 Indian units of weight Table 3.51 Indian units of capacity (measured by weight) Table 3.52 Egyptian units oflength (System of thepharaon) Table 3.53 Egyptian units of area Table 3.54 Egyptian units of weight Table 3.55 Egyptian units of capacity (measured by weight) Table 3.56 Persian units of length Table 3.57 Persian units of area Table 3.58 Persian units of weight Table 3.59 Persian units of capacity (measured by weight) Table 3.60 Hebrew units of length Table 3.61 Hebrew units of weight (sacred system) Table 3.62 Hebrew units of weight (Talmudic or Rabbinical system) Table 3.63 Hebrew units of capacity (measured by weight) (Dry products) Table 3.64 Hebrew units of capacity (measured by weight) (Liquids) Table 3.65 Greek (Attic) units of length Table 3.66 Greek (Attic) units of weight Table 3.67 Greek (Attic) units of capacity (Dry products) Table 3.68 Greek (Attic) units of capacity (Liquids) Table 3.69 Roman units of length Table 3.70 Roman units of area Table 3.71 Roman units of weight Table 3.72 Roman units of capacity (Dry materials) Table 3.73 Roman units of capacity (Liquids) Table 3.74 Arabic units of length Table 3.75 Arabic units of area Table 3.76 Arabic units of weight Table 3.77 Arabic units of capacity (measured by weight) Table 3.78 Old French units of length Table 3.79 Old French nautical units of length Table 3.80 Old French units of area Table 3.81 Old French units of area (regional variations) Table 3.82 Old French units of capacity (Liquids) Table 3.83 Old French units of capacity (Dry materials) Table 3.84 Old French units of weight Table 3.85 Old French units of weight (Charlemagne)

19 List of Tables xix Table 3.86 Old French units of length (metric) Table 3.87 Old French units of weight (metric) Table 3.88 Old Belgian units of length Table 3.89 Old Belgian units of weight Table 3.90 Old Swiss units of length Table 3.91 Old Swiss units of weight (Ordinary) Table 3.92 Old Swiss units of weight (Apothecary) Table 3.93 Old Scottish units of length Table 3.94 Old Scottish units of area Table 3.95 Old Scottish units of capacity (Liquids) Table 3.96 Old Scottish units of capacity (Dry) Table 3.97 Old Scottish units of weight Table 3.98 Old Irish units of length Table 3.99 Old Irish units of capacity (Liquids) Table Old Italian units of length Table Old Italian units of weight Table Old Italian measures (regional variations) Table Old Spanish units of length Table Old Spanish units of area Table Old Spanish units of weight Table Old Spanish units of capacity (Liquids) Table Old Spanish units of capacity (Dry) Table Old Portuguese units of length Table Old Portuguese units of area Table Old Portuguese units of weight Table Old Portuguese units of capacity (Dry) Table Old Portuguese units of capacity (Liquids) Table Old Maltese units oflength Table Old Maltese units of capacity (Liquids) Table Old Maltese units of weight Table Old Balearic units of length Table Old Balearic units of capacity (Liquids) Table Old Balearic units of capacity (Dry) Table Old Balearic units of weight Table Old Greek units of length Table Old Greek units of capacity (Liquids) Table Old Greek units of weight Table Old Cypriot units of length and area Table Old Cypriot units of capacity Table Old Cypriot units of weight Table Old Turkish units of length Table Old Turkish units of area Table Old Turkish units of capacity Table Old Turkish units of weight Table Old Austrian units oflength Table Old Austrian units of area Table Old Austrian units of capacity (Liquids) Table Old Austrian units of capacity (Dry) Table Old Austrian units of weight (Ordinary) Table Old Austrian units of weight (Apothecary) Table Old German units of length Table Old German units of weight Table Old German units of capacity (Dry) Table Old German units of capacity (Liquids) Table Old Yugoslavian units of length Table Old Yugoslavian units of area Table Old Yugoslavian units of weight

20 xx List of Tables Table Old Czechoslovakian units of length (Bohemia, Silesia, Moravia, and Praha) Table Old Czechoslovakian units of area Table Old Czechoslovakian units of capacity Table Old Hungarian units of length Table Old Hungarian units of area Table Old Hungarian units of capacity Table Old Romanian units of length Table Old Romanian units of capacity (Liquids) Table Old Romanian units of capacity (Dry) Table Old Romanian units of weight Table Old Dutch units of length Table Old Dutch units of weight Table Old Dutch units of capacity (Dry) Table Old Dutch units of capacity (Liquids) Table Old Danish units of length Table Old Danish units of area Table Old Danish units of capacity (Liquids) Table Old Danish units of capacity (Dry) Table Old Danish units of weight Table Old Polish units of length Table Old Polish units of area Table Old Polish units of capacity Table Old Polish units of weight Table Old Swedish units of length (decree of 1665) Table Old Swedish units of area (decree of 1665) Table Old Swedish units of weight (decree of 1665) Table Old Swedish units of capacity (Dry) Table Old Swedish units of capacity (Liquids) Table Miscellaneous old Norwegian units Table Old Finnish units of capacity Table Old Icelandic units of length Table Old Icelandic units of area Table Old Icelandic units of capacity (Dry) Table Old Icelandic units of weight Table Old Estonian units of length Table Old Estonian units of area Table Old Estonian units of capacity Table Old Estonian units of weight Table Old Latvian units of length Table Old Latvian units of area Table Old Latvian units of capacity Table Old Latvian units of weight Table Old Russian units of length Table Old Russian units of weight (Ordinary) Table Old Russian units of weight (Apothecary) Table Old Russian units of capacity (Dry) Table Old Russian units of capacity (Liquids) Table Old Moroccan units of length Table Old Moroccan units of capacity Table Old Moroccan units of weight Table Old Algerian units of length Table Old Algerian units of capacity Table Old Algerian units of weight Table Old Tunisian units of length Table Old Tunisian units of capacity Table Old Tunisian units of weight

21 List of Tables xxi Table Old Libyan units of length Table Old Libyan units of area Table Old Libyan units of capacity (Liquids) Table Old Libyan units of capacity (Dry) Table Old Libyan units of weight Table Old Egyptian units of length Table Old Egyptian units of area Table Old Egyptian units of capacity Table Old Egyptian units of weight Table Old Abyssinian units of length Table Old Abyssinian units of capacity Table Old Abyssinian units of weight Table Old Eritrean units of length Table Old Eritrean units of capacity Table Old Eritrean units of weight Table Old Ethiopian units of length Table Old Ethiopian units of weight Table Old Somalian units of length Table Old Somalian units of capacity Table Old Somalian units of weight Table Old Guinean units of length Table Old Guinean units of weight Table Old Saudi-Arabian units of length Table Old Saudi-Arabian units of capacity (Liquids) Table Old Saudi-Arabian units of capacity (Dry) Table Old Saudi-Arabian units of weight Table Old Persian units of length Table Old Persian units of capacity Table Old Persian units of weight Table Old Syrian units oflength Table Old Syrian units of capacity Table Old Syrian units of weight Table Old Turkmenian units of length Table Old Turkmenian units of weight Table Old Indian units of length Table Old Indian units of area Table Old Indian units of capacity Table Old Indian units of weight Table Old Burmese units of length Table Old Burmese units of capacity Table Old Burmese units of weight Table Old Ceylonese and Madrasian units of length Table Old Ceylonese and Madrasian units of weight Table Old Annamese units of length Table Old Annamese units of area Table Old Annamese units of capacity Table Old Annamese units of weight Table Old Cambodian units of length Table Old Cambodian units of capacity Table Old Cambodian units of weight Table Old Thai units of length Table Old Thai units of area Table Old Thai units of capacity Table Old Thai units of weight Table Old Indonesian units of length Table Old Indonesian units of capacity Table Old Indonesian units of weight

22 xxii List of Tables Table Old Philippine units of area Table Old Philippine units of capacity Table Old Philippine units of weight Table Old Japanese units of length Table Old Japanese units of area (land measures) Table Old Japanese units of capacity Table Old Japanese units of weight Table Old Cuban units of area Table Old Cuban units of capacity Table Old Haitian units of length Table Old Haitian units of capacity Table Old Honduran, Costa-Rican, Nicaraguan, Salvadoran, and Guatemalan units of length Table Old Honduran, Costa-Rican, Nicaraguan, Salvadoran, and Guatemalan units of area Table Old Honduran, Costa-Rican, Nicaraguan, Salvadoran, Table and Guatemalan units of capacity Old Honduran, Costa-Rican, Nicaraguan, Salvadoran, and Guatemalan units of weight Table Old Venezuelan units of length Table Old Venezuelan units of weight Table Old Colombian units of length Table Old Colombian units of weight Table Old Brazilian units oflength Table Old Brazilian units of capacity Table Old Brazilian units of weight Table Old Paraguayan units of length Table Old Paraguayan units of capacity Table Old Paraguayan units of weight Table Old Argentinan units of length Table Old Argentinan units of capacity (Liquids) Table Old Argentinan units of capacity (Dry) Table Old Argentinan units of weight Table Old Chilean units of length Table Old Chilean units of capacity Table Old Chilean units of weight Table Old Peruvian units of length and area Table Old Peruvian units of weight Table Old Mexican units of length Table Old Mexican units of area Table Old Mexican units of capacity (Liquids) Table Old Mexican units of capacity (Dry) Table Old Mexican units of weight Table 4.1 Units in alphabetical order Table Conversion table: units of mass: multiples and submultiples (SI) Table Conversion table: units of mass (>1 kg) Table Conversion table: units of mass (<1 kg) Table Conversion table for atomic units of mass Table Conversion table: units of length, multiples and submultiples (SI) Table Conversion table: units of length (>1 m) Table Conversion table: units of length (<1 m) Table Conversion table: units of length (Typography) Table Conversion table: units of area: multiples and submultiples (SI) Table Conversion table: units of area (>1 m 2 ) Table Conversion table: units of area (<1 m 2 ) Table Conversion table: units of volume: multiples and submultiples (SI) Table Conversion table: units of volume (>1 L)

23 List of Tables xxiii Table Conversion table: units of volume (<1 L) Table Conversion table: units of linear mass density Table Conversion table: units of surface mass density Table Conversion table: units of mass density Table Conversion table: hydrometer degrees Table Conversion table: units of time Table Conversion table: units of dynamic viscosity Table Conversion table: units of kinematic viscosity Table Conversion table: units of linear velocity Table Conversion table: units of angular velocity Table Conversion table: units of force and weights Table Conversion table: units of pressure and stress Table Conversion table: units of energy, heat and work Table Conversion table: units of power Table Conversion table: units of plane and solid angle Table Conversion table: units of thermal conductivity Table Conversion table: units of concentration Table Conversion table: equations between various quantities used to measure concentration Table Conversion table: units of temperature Table Conversion table: units used in electricity Table Conversion table: units used in magnetism Table Conversion table: units used in photometry Table Conversion table: units used in nuclear sciences Table Conversion table: energy equivalents for electromagnetic radiation Table Conversion table: ideal gas constant in various units Table Conversion table: dimensions for permeability coefficients (example of non-si units) Table Conversion table: international kinematic viscosity coefficients Table Conversion table: standard sieve designation series (ISO, ASTM, CSA, Tyler, AFNOR, BS, and DIN) Table Conversion table: international standard wire and sheet gauges Table Conversion table: normal pipe sizes (NPS) Table 5.1 Fundamental mathematical constants Table 5.2 Universal constants Table 5.3 Physico-chemical constants Table 5.4 Electromagnetic and atomic constants Table 5.5 Electron constants Table 5.6 Proton constants Table 5.7 Neutron constants Table 5.8 Muon (+) constants Table 5.9 Deuteron constants Table 5.10 Helion constants (CODATA, 1998) Table 5.11 Alpha particle constants (CODATA, 1998) Table 6.1 The Greek alphabet Table 6.2 Romannumerals Table 6.3 International standards bodies Table 6.4 National standards bodies worldwide Table 6.5 US and international standards bodies, technical associations and societies Table 6.6 International Practical Temperature Scale of Table 6.7 Fixed points in the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS±90) Table 6.8 French-English lexicon for units Table 6.9 French-English lexicon for physical quantities Table 6.10 International clothing and shoe sizes

24 xxiv List of Tables Table 6.11 Common time acronyms Table 6.12 Old alchemical symbols Table 6.13 International geological time scale Table 6.14 Obsolete symbols for British apothecaries' units Table 6.15 Electromagnetic spectrum Table 6.16 ISO standard paper sizes: designation andformulae Table 6.17 ISO standard paper sizes (rounded to the nearest mm) Table 6.18 US paper sizes Table 6.19 International country code designations (ISO, IANA, UN, and IOC) Table 6.20 International currency codes with approximate exchange rates in US dollars