Edwin R. Jones бшя? Richard L. Childers University of South Carolina

Transcription

1 Edwin R. Jones бшя? Richard L. Childers University of South Carolina A Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Reading, Massachusetts Menlo Park, California New York Don Mills, Ontario Wokingham, England Amsterdam Bonn Sydney Singapore Tokyo Madrid San Juan Milan Paro

2 CONTENTS 1 Measurement and Analysis The Importance of Accurate Measurement: TychoBrahe 2 Back to the Future: Tycho Brahe and Supernovas From Data to a Model: Kepler's Laws 7 Back to the Future: Johannes Kepler The Measurement of Time 11 Seeing the Steps: Conic Sections Measurements, Calculations, and Uncertainties Units and Standards 16 Seeing the Steps: Relative Sizes Unit Conversions Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations Problem Solving *3.6 Acceleration 39 Motion with Constant Acceleration 41 Galileo and Free Fall 45 Back to the Future: Galileo and Experimental Science 49 Appendix: Solving Quadratic Equations 55 3 Motion in Two Dimensions 57 Addition of Vectors 58 Resolution of Vectors 62 Relative Velocity 65 Seeing the Steps: Vector Addition 66 Kinematics in Two Dimensions 69 Projectile Motion 72 Range of a Projectile 77 Appendix: Review of Trigonometry 84 2 Motion in One Dimension Speed Average Velocity A Graphical Interpretation of Velocity Instantaneous Velocity Force and Motion 87 The Principia 88 Back to the Future: The Writing of the Principia 90 What Is a Force? 91 Newton's First Law Inertia 94 Newton's Second Law 95 Weight, the Force of Gravity 99 Newton's Third Law 101 Some Applications of Newton's Laws 103 Seeing the Steps: Free-Body Diagrams 109 Friction 110 Physics in Practice: The Friction of Automobile Tires 114 Static Equilibrium The Laws of Motion as a Whole 118 Appendix: Solving Simultaneous Equations 128

3 XI * Energy Conservation with Nonconservative Forces 175 Power 177 Physics in Practice: Human Energy 180 / *7.6 Linear Momentum 187 Linear Momentum 188 Impulse 189 Newton's Laws and the Conservation of Momentum 797 Conservation of Momentum in One-Dimensional Collisions 792 Conservation of Momentum in Two- and Three-Dimensional Collisions 797 Changing Mass 200 О Combining Conservation of Energy and Momentum Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation 131 Uniform Circular Motion 132 Force Needed for Circular Motion 137 The Law of Universal Gravitation 142 The Universal Gravitational Constant G 145 Back to the Future: Henry Cavendish and the Density of the Earth 147 Gravitational Field Strength Work and Energy Work 757 Work Done by a Varying Force 760 Energy 767 Kinetic Energy 762 Gravitational Potential Energy near the Earth 765 General Form of Gravitational Potential Energy 767 Conservation of Mechanical Energy *8.4 *8.5 *8.6 Definition of Elastic Collisions 208 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension 270 Elastic Collisions in Two Dimensions 213 Seeing the Steps: Conservation Laws 216 Braking a Moving Car 277 Motion in a Gravitational Potential 220 Escape Velocity * Rigid Bodies and Rotational Motion 229 Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration 230 Torque 234 Static Equilibrium 237 Elasticity: Stress and Strain 242 Physics in Practice: Bridges 244 Torque and Angular Acceleration 246 Angular Momentum 249 Conservation of Angular Momentum 257 Rotational Kinetic Energy 254 Conservation of Energy: Translations and Rotations 255 Physics in Practice: The Earth, the Moon, and the Tides 258

4 XU Contents 1 0 Fluids * *10.7 *10.8 *10.9 Hydrostatic Pressure 268 Pascal's Principle 272 Physics in Practice: Measuring Blood Pressure 275 Achimedes' Principle 276 Surface Tension 278 Physics in Practice: Surface Tension and the Lungs 280 Fluid Flow: Streamlines and the Equation of Continuity 281 Bernoulli's Equation 282 Physics in Practice: How Airplanes Fly 284 Viscosity and Poiseuille's Law 285 Stokes's Law and Terminal Velocity 287 Turbulent Flow Calorimetry 310 Change of Phase 312 Heat Transfer Gas Laws and Kinetic Theory 324 The Pressure of Air 325 Boyle's Law 327 The Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac 328 Back to the Future: Gas Laws and Balloons 330 The Ideal Gas Law 331 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 333 The Kinetic-Theory Definition of Temperature 337 The Barometric Formula and the Distribution of Molecular Speeds 339 Appendix: The Exponential Function 347 Thermal Physics 298 Temperature and States of Matter 299 Thermometry 300 Back to the Future: Fahrenheit's Thermometer 302 Thermal Expansion 304 The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat *13.7 Thermal Equilibrium 352 The First Law of Thermodynamics 353 The Carnot Cycle and the Efficiency of Engines 358 Physics in Practice: Gasoline Engines 364 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps 365 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 367 Entropy and the Second Law 368 Energy and Thermal Pollution *14.6 *14.7 Thermodynamics 351 Periodic Motion 379 Hooke'sLaw 380 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator 383 Energy of a Harmonic Oscillator 388 Period of a Harmonic Oscillator 389 The Simple Pendulum 392 Physics in Practice: Walking and Running 393 Damped Harmonic Motion 394 Forced Harmonic Motion and Resonance 397

5 Contents 15 ХШ Wave Motion 405 Pulses on a Rope 406 Harmonic Waves 407 Energy and Information Transfer by Waves SoundWaves 410 *15.5 Measuring Sound Levels 414 Physics in Practice: Acoustical Properties of Rooms The Doppler Effect 417 *15.7 Formation of a Shock Wave Reflection of a Wave Pulse Standing Waves on a String Waves in a Vibrating Column of Air 425 Physics in Practice: Hearing and the Human Ear Beats 427 Seeing the Steps: Superposition of Waves * Electric Charge and Electric Field * Electric Charge 436 Coulomb's Law 439 Superposition of Electric Forces 442 The Electric Field 444 Seeing the Steps: Field Lines 446 Superposition of Electric Fields 447 Electric Flux and Gauss's Law 449 A Quantitative Approach to Gauss's Law 452 The Electric Dipole 455 Physics in Practice: Dipoles and Microwave Ovens Electric Potential and Capacitance 464 Electric Potential 465 The Van de Graaff Electrostatic Generator 470 The Electronvolt 472 Equipotential Surfaces *17.7 *17.8 *17.9 Capacitors 474 Back to the Future: The Leyden Jar and Franklin's Kite 476 The Parallel-Plate Capacitor 477 Electric Field of a Parallel-Plate Capacitor 479 Dielectrics 481 Energy Storage in a Capacitor Electric Current and Resistance 491 Electric Current and Electromotive Force Electric Resistance and Ohm's Law 495 *18.3 Resistivity 497 Physics in Practice: Superconductivity Power and Energy in Electric Circuits Short Circuits and Open Circuits 504 Seeing the Steps: Circuit Diagrams Kirchhoff's Rules and Simple Resistive Circuits 506 *18.7 Application of Kirchhoff's Rules Capacitors in Combination Internal Resistance of a Battery 515 *18.10 Home Power Distribution 516 Physics in Practice: Electric Shock 518

6 xiv Contents * Magnetism 525 Magnets and Magnetic Fields 526 Oersted's Discovery: Electric Current Produces Magnetism 528 Physics in Practice: Magnetic Resonance Imaging 531 Magnetic Forces on Electric Currents 532 Magnetic Forces on Moving Charged Particles 533 The Cyclotron 537 Magnetic Field Due to a Current-Carrying Wire 538 Magnetic Force on a Current Loop 541 Galvanometers, Ammeters, and Voltmeters 543 Ampere's Law 545 *19.9 "19.10 Magnetic Materials Electromagnetic Induction Faraday's Law Motional Emf Generators and Motors The Transformer Inductance 570 *20.6 Energy Storage in an Inductor Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Waves Alternating-Current Circuits 581 The RL Circuit 582 The AC Circuit 584 Effective Values of Alternating Current 586 Reactance 589 The RLC Series Circuit 592 Resonant Circuits 595 Physics in Practice: Electrocardiography * " Geometrical Optics 601 Models of Light: Rays and Waves 602 Back to the Future: The Speed of Light 603 Reflection and Refraction 604 Total Internal Reflection 608 Thin Lenses 611 Locating Images by Ray Tracing 613 Seeing the Steps: Ray Tracing 616 The Thin-Lens Equation 677 Spherical Mirrors 622 Lens Aberrations Optical Instruments 634 The Eye 635 Magnifying Glass 639 Cameras and Projectors 641 Compound Microscopes 644 Telescopes 646 Back to the Future: Development of the Telescope 649 Zoom Lenses Wave Optics 655 Huygens' Principle 656 Reflection and Refraction of Light Waves 657 Interference of Light 659 Interference in Thin Films 664 Diffraction by a Single Slit 668 Multiple-Slit Diffraction and Gratings 677

7 Contents XV 26.3 Avogadro's Number and the Periodic Table The Size of Atoms Crystals and X-Ray Diffraction Discovery of the Electron 740 Back to the Future: Seeing Atoms Radioactivity Radioactive Decay Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus Resolution and the Rayleigh Criterion Dispersion Spectroscopes and Spectra Polarization 680 *24.11 Scattering Relativity Frames of Reference Einstein's Postulates of Special Relativity 694 Back to the Future: Albert Einstein Velocity Addition Simultaneity Time Dilation 701 Physics in Practice: The Twin Paradox Length Contraction 705 Physics in Practice: The Appearance of Moving Objects Mass and Energy Relativistic Momentum Relativistic Kinetic Energy 711 *25.10 The Relativistic Doppler Effect 713 *25.11 The Principle of Equivalence 715 *25.12 General Relativity The Discovery of Atomic Structure Evidence of Atoms from Solids and Gases Electrolysis and the Quantization of Charge * *28.9 *28.10 *28.11 * Origins of the Quantum Theory 756 Spectroscopy 757 Balmer's Series 759 Back to the Future: Fraunhofer and the Solar Spectrum 760 Blackbody Radiation 762 Planck's Hypothesis 764 The Photoelectric Effect 766 Physics in Practice: Photons and Vision 770 Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 771 Successes of the Bohr Theory 775 Moseley and the Periodic Table Quantum Mechanics 783 Classical and Quantum Mechanics 785 The Compton Effect 786 De Broglie Waves 789 Physics in Practice: Electron Microscopes 792 Schrödinger's Equation 793 The Uncertainty Principle 794 Interpretation of the Wave Function 797 The Particle in a Box 799 Tunneling or Barrier Penetration 800 Wave Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 801 The Zeeman Effect and Space Quantization 803 The Pauli Exclusion Principle 807 Understanding the Periodic Table 808

8 XVI Contents 29 The Nucleus Introduction Chadwick's Discovery of the Neutron Composition and Size of the Nucleus Nuclear Forces and Binding Energy Conservation Rules: Radioactive Decay and Nuclear Stability Natural Radioactive Decay Series Models for Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay 826 *29.8 Detectors of Radiation 829 *29.9 Radiation Measurement and Biological Effects Induced Transmutation and Reactions Nuclear Fission 838 Back to the Future: Lise Meitner and Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission Stimulated Emission of Light 850 Lasers 851 The Helium-Neon Laser 853 Properties of Laser Light 855 Holography 857 Physics in Practice: White-Light Holograms 861 Light and Color 862 Color by Addition and Subtraction Lasers, Holography, and Color 849 Condensed Matter 871 Types of Condensed Matter 872 Physics in Practice: Liquid Crystal Displays The Free-Electron Model of Metals Electrical Conductivity and Ohm's Law Band Theory of Solids Pure Semiconductors The Hall Effect Impure Semiconductors The pn Junction 888 *31.9 Rectifier Circuits 891 *31.10 Solar Cells and Light-Emitting Diodes * Elementary Particle Physics 899 Particles and Antiparticles 900 Back to the Future: Cosmic Rays 901 Pions and the Strong Nuclear Force 903 More and More Particles 905 Accelerators and Detectors 907 Classification of Elementary Particles 909 The Quark Model of Matter 911 Unified Theories 913 Cosmology 915 Appendices Formulas from Geometry and Trigonometry 920 В The International System of Units 921 С Alphabetical List of Elements 922 A Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 923 Photo Credits 928 Index 930