Breaking the spin waves: spinons in!!!cs2cucl4 and elsewhere

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1 Breaking the spin waves: spinons in!!!cs2cucl4 and elsewhere Oleg Starykh, University of Utah In collaboration with: K. Povarov, A. Smirnov, S. Petrov, Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems, Moscow, Russia, A. Shapiro, Shubnikov Institute for Crystallography, Moscow, Russia Leon Balents (KITP), H. Katsura (Gakushuin U, Tokyo), M. Kohno (NIMS, Tsukuba) Jianmin Sun (U Indiana), Suhas Gangadharaiah (U Basel) arxiv: Phys. Rev. B 82, (2010) Phys. Rev. B 78, (2008) Nature Physics 3, 790 (2007) Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, (2007) Spin Waves 2011, St. Petersburg

2 Outline Spin waves and spinons Experimental observations of spinons neutron scattering, thermal conductivity, 2kF oscillations, ESR Cs 2CuCl4: spinon continuum and ESR ESR in the presence of uniform DM interaction - ESR in 2d electron gas with Rashba SOI - ESR in spin liquids with spinon Fermi surface Conclusions

3 Spin wave or magnon = propagating disturbance in magnetically ordered state (ferromagnet, antiferromagnet, ferrimagnet...) Σr S + r e i k.r 0> sharp ω(k) La2CuO4 Carries S z = 1. Observed via inelastic neutron scattering as a sharp single-particle excitation. magnon is a boson (neglecting finite dimension of the Hilbert space for finite S) Coldea et al PRL 2001

4 But the history is more complicated Regarding statistics of spin excitations: The experimental facts available suggest that the magnons are submitted to the Fermi statistics; namely, when T << TCW the susceptibility tends to a constant limit, which is of the order of const/tcw ( 5 ) [for T > TCW, χ=const/(t + TCW)]. Evidently we have here to deal with the Pauli paramagnetism which can be directly obtained from the Fermi distribution. Therefore, we shall assume the Fermi statistics for the magnons.

5 But the history is more complicated Regarding statistics of spin excitations: The experimental facts available suggest that the magnons are submitted to the Fermi statistics; namely, when T << TCW the susceptibility tends to a constant limit, which is of the order of const/tcw ( 5 ) [for T > TCW, χ=const/(t + TCW)]. Evidently we have here to deal with the Pauli paramagnetism which can be directly obtained from the Fermi distribution. Therefore, we shall assume the Fermi statistics for the magnons. (5) A. Perrier and Kamerlingh Onnes, Leiden Comm. No.139 (1914) I. Pomeranchuk, JETP 1940

6 But the history is more complicated Regarding statistics of spin excitations: The experimental facts available suggest that the magnons are submitted to the Fermi statistics; namely, when T << TCW the susceptibility tends to a constant limit, which is of the order of const/tcw ( 5 ) [for T > TCW, χ=const/(t + TCW)]. Evidently we have here to deal with the Pauli paramagnetism which can be directly obtained from the Fermi distribution. Therefore, we shall assume the Fermi statistics for the magnons. (5) A. Perrier and Kamerlingh Onnes, Leiden Comm. No.139 (1914) solid oxygen I. Pomeranchuk, JETP 1940

7 30+ years later P. W. Anderson, Resonating valence bonds: a new kind of insulator? Mat. Res. Bul. (1973) P. Fazekas and P. W. Anderson, Philos. Magazine (1974) Science 235, 1196 (1987) and the arguments are still evolving...

8 Spinons are natural in d=1 Bethe s solution: 1933 identification of spinons: 1981 S=1 spin wave breaks into two domain walls / spinons: hence each is carrying S=1/2

9 Two-spinon continuum of spin-1/2 chain Spinon energy de Cloizeaux-Peason dispersion, 1962 S=1 excitation Upper boundary Variables: kx1 and kx2 or ε and Q x Energy ε Lower boundary Q x Low-energy sector Q AFM =π

10 Highly 1d antiferromagnet CuPzN Stone et al, PRL 2003 J /J < 10-4

11 J J Along the chain Cs 2 CuCl 4 J /J=0.34 J J k transverse to chain Very unusual response: broad and strong continuum; spectral intensity varies strongly with 2d momentum (kx, ky)

12 J J Along the chain Cs 2 CuCl 4 J /J=0.34 J J k transverse to chain Very unusual response: broad and strong continuum; spectral intensity varies strongly with 2d momentum (kx, ky)

13 Effective Schrödinger equation in two-spinon basis Kohno, OS, Balents: Nat. Phys Study two spinon subspace (two spinons on chain y with S z tot =+1) Momentum conservation: 1d Schrödinger equation in ε space (k = (k x, k y )) Crucial matrix elements known exactly Bougourzi et al, 1996 Calculate dynamic spin structure factor

14 Dimensional reduction due to frustration: spinons in Cs2CuCl4 are of 1d origin, propagate between chains by forming S=1 triplon pairs Comparison: Kohno, Starykh, Balents, Nature Physics 2007 Vertical green lines: J (k)=4j cos[k x/2] cos[k y/2] = 0.

15 How else can we probe/see spinons? mean-free path ~1 micron!

16 Friedel oscillations due to spinon Fermi surface RKKY like coupling mediated by spinons Charge Friedel oscillations in a Mott insulator, Mross and Senthil, arxiv:

17 ESR - electron spin resonance Simple (in principle) and sensitive probe of magnetic anisotropies (and, also, q=0 probe: S = Σr Sr) I(h,w)= w 4L Z dte iwt h[s + (t),s ]i For SU(2) invariant chain in paramagnetic phase I(H,ω) ~ δ(ω-h) m(h) [Kohn s Th] Oshikawa, Affleck PRB 2002 H=0 Zeeman H along z, microwave radiation h polarized perpendicular to it. finite H along z, transverse structure factor Sxx and Syy gμ B H

18 Main anisotropy in Cs2CuCl4: asymmetric Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction ~D ij ~S i ~S j Is known from inelastic neutron scattering data (Coldea et al ) 3D ordered state - determined by minute residual interactions - interplane and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) OS, Katsura, Balents 2010 D y,z =( 1) y D c ĉ +( 1) z D a â (a) 4 (b) a c b J J 5 different DM terms allowed focus on the in-chain DM a c b 1 2

19 Theory I: H along DM axis H = Â JS x,y,z S x+1,y,z D y,z S x,y,z S x+1,y,z gµ B H S x,y,z x,y,z chain uniform DM along the chain magnetic field Unitary rotation S + (x) -> S + (x) e i D x/j removes DM term from the Hamiltonian (to D 2 order) This boosts momentum to D/(J a0) q = 0! q = D/(Ja 0 ) ) 2p hn R/L = gµ B H ± pd/2 D=0 picture Oshikawa, Affleck 2002 rotated basis: q=0 original basis: q=d/j Chiral probe: ESR probes right- and leftmoving modes (spinons) independently

20 Theory II: arbitrary orientation Relevant spin degrees of freedom Spin-1/2 AFM chain = half-filled (1 electron per site, k F =π/2a ) fermion chain q=0 fluctuations: right (R) and left (L) spin currents ~M R/L = Y R/L,s ~s ss 0 2 Y R/L,s 0 2k F (= π/a) fluctuations: charge density wave ε, spin density wave N Susceptibility Staggered Magnetization N Spin flip ΔS=1 -k F k F 1/q 1/q Staggered Dimerization ε = (-1) x S x S x+a ΔS=0 -k F k F 1/q Must be careful: often spin-charge separation must be enforced by hand

21 Theory II: arbitrary orientation (cont d) H = 2pv 3 [( ~M R ) 2 +(~M L ) 2 ] vd J [Md R ML] d gµ B H[MR z + Mz L ] unperturbed chain uniform DM along the chain magnetic field BL H BR Uniform DM produces internal momentum-dependent magnetic field along d-axis -D +D Total field acting on right/left movers gµ B ~H ± hv~d/j Hence ESR signals at 2p hn R/L = gµ B ~H ± hv~d/j Polarization: for H=0 maximal absorption when microwave field hmw is perpendicular to the internal (DM) one. Hence hmw b is most effective. Gangadharaiah, Sun, OS, PRB 2008

22 Temperature regimes ESR C. Buragohain, S. Sachdev PRB 59 (1999) Paramagnetic individual spins universal quasi-classical regime spin-correlated (spin liquid) well-developed correlations along chains; but little correlations between chains ordered phase strongly coupled chains; 2d (or 3d) description J S correlated spins (high T field theory) T0 ~ J e -2πS Haldane scale does exist for S=1/2 chains: different response for S=1 and S=1/2 chains below this temperature spinons (low T field theory) TN = 0.6 K spin waves (at low energy) single line two lines AFMR Povarov et al, 2011

23 Temperature regimes ESR C. Buragohain, S. Sachdev PRB 59 (1999) Paramagnetic individual spins universal quasi-classical regime spin-correlated (spin liquid) well-developed correlations along chains; but little correlations between chains ordered phase strongly coupled chains; 2d (or 3d) description J S correlated spins (high T field theory) T0 ~ J e -2πS Haldane scale does exist for S=1/2 chains: different response for S=1 and S=1/2 chains below this temperature spinons (low T field theory) TN = 0.6 K spin waves (at low energy) single line two lines AFMR Povarov et al, 2011

24 Another (more frequent) geometry: staggered DM field-induced shift field-induced gap! Oshikawa, Affleck Essler, Tsvelik Â( 1) x D S x S x+1 x but: single ESR line!

25 Uniform vs staggered DM ~D ~S n ~S n+1 ( 1) n ~D ~S n ~S n+1 h=0: free spinons finite h: free spinons but subject to varying with momentum magnetic field free spinons confined spinons generate strongly relevant transverse magnetic field that binds spinons together ( 1) ~ n D ~h 2J ~S n ESR: generically two lines splitting shift width (?) single line shift width

26 Analogy with Rashba S-O interaction in 2d electron gas Original suggestion: Kalevich, Korenev JETP Lett 52, 230 (1990) a R (p x s y p y s x )! a R j x s y

27 Analogy with Rashba S-O interaction in 2d electron gas 2d gas: dc current produces static Rashba field B R (due to drift velocity) which adds to external B0 1d AFM: uniform DM interaction produces k- dependent internal magnetic field which adds to external B0 But note that in 1d antiferromagnet the spinons are neutral fermions! Key question: can this approach be extended to two-dimensional spin liquids with spinon Fermi surface? (uniform RVB state of P. W. Anderson 1987)

28 Tentative sketch for 2d (using Rashba model as an example) ESR signal no DM in-plane h q=0 transitions at single ω = gμh ω = gμh DM a R (p x s y p y s x ) ωmin in-plane h splitting of Fermi surfaces q D 2 SO + D2 Z + 2D SOD Z sinf ωmax Raikh, Chen 1999 ESR signal ωmin ωmax the width ~ h line shape? effect of gauge fluctuations?... h

29 Conclusions Spinons vs. spin waves ESR as a novel probe of critical spinons (neutral fermions) - - small momentum ~ D/J allows to extract parameters of DM interaction Higher-dimensional extensions?! old ESR probe can access new deconfined spinons with a help from DM interactions