Hydrogen Embrittlement,, Microcracking, and Piezonuclear Fission Reactions at the Ni and Pd Electrodes of Electrolysis Cold. Fusion Experiments
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1 Hydrogen Embrittlement,, Microcracking, and Piezonuclear Fission Reactions at the Ni and Pd Electrodes of Electrolysis Cold Fusion Experiments A. Carpinteri, O. Borla,, A. Goi, A. Manuello, D. Veneziano Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering Politecnico di Torino, Italy
2 CHARACTERISTIC PHENOMENA IN THE SO- CALLED COLD FUSION (CF) Fleishman & Pons Heat Generation Mizuno Mosier-Boss et al. Heat Generation Neutron Emission Compositional changes Heat Generation Neutron Emission Compositional changes Alpha particle emissions Mizuno, Infinite Energy Press. Fleischmann, Pons, Hawkins, J. Electroanalitical Chemistry Mosier-Boss, P.A., et al., Eur. J. of Applied Physics
3 Cold Fusion vs Piezonuclear Reactions A unified interpretation and theory of these phenomena has not been accepted and their comprehension still remains unresolved (Preparata 1991) Is there a relation between the experimental evidence of the so-called Cold Fusion, observed during the last two decades, and the Piezonuclear evidence recently observed from fracture of inert and nonradioactive materials? Phenomena in common : Neutron Emission Alpha Emission Compositional Changes Micro-cracking and Fracture
4 Part I: Ni-Fe and Co-Cr Cr Electrodes
5 Electrolytic Cell Electrodes Experimental Set-up Co-Cr
6 Neutron Emissions Instantaneous Neutron Emissions between 4 and 10 times the background level
7 Alpha Particle Emissions CELL OFF: Cs -1 (mean value) Time (sec) Total acquisition time: 1 hour
8 Alpha Particle Emissions CELL ON: Cs -1 (mean value) Time (sec) Total acquisition time: 1 hour
9 Cumulative Curves for the Alpha Emissions Time (sec)
10
11 Ni-Fe Electrode : Compositional Changes Ni ( 8.6%)( = Si (+3.9%) +Mg (+4.7%) Ni 2Si + 2n Ni 2Mg + 2He + 2n
12 Ni-Fe Electrode : Compositional Changes Ni ( 8.6%)( = Si (+3.9%) +Mg (+4.7%) Ni 2Si + 2n Ni 2Mg + 2He + 2n Fe ( 3.2%)( = Cr (+3.0%) Fe Cr + He
13 Co-Cr Electrode : Compositional Changes Co ( 23.5%)( = Fe (+23.2%) Co Fe + H + 2n
14 Co-Cr Electrode : Compositional Changes Co ( 23.5%)( = Fe (+23.2%) Co Fe + H + 2n Cr ( 8.1%)( + K 2 CO 3 ( 4.3%) = K (+12.4%) Cr K + 2He + H + 4n
15 Compositional Co-Cr electrode Analysis surface of BEFORE the Electrodes the test
16 Compositional Analysis of the Electrodes Co-Cr electrode surface AFTER the test Micro-cracking after 38 hours
17 Part II: Pd and Ni Electrodes
18 Electrolytic Cell Electrodes Experimental Set-up Pd
19 Neutron Emission (min) Neutron Emissions between 3 and 7 times the background level.
20 PALLADIUM ELECTRODE
21 Palladium ( 28.7%)
22 Iron (+2.0)
23 Calcium (+0.2)
24 Oxygen (+18.5) 18.5
25 Magnesium (+1.0)
26 Potassium (+1.5)
27 Silicon (+1.1%)
28 Element concentrations before and after the Electrolysis FIRST GENERATION REACTION (assumed) (1) Pd( 28.6%) = Ca (+10.8%) + Fe (+15.1%) + neutrons (+2.7 %)
29 SECOND GENERATION REACTIONS (2) Fe ( 15.1 %) = O (+12.9 %) +He (+1.1 %) + neutrons (+1.1)
30 SECOND GENERATION REACTIONS (2) Fe ( 15.1 %) = O (+12.9 %) +He (+1.1 %) + neutrons (+1.1) (3) Ca ( 5.9 %) = O (+4.7 %) + He (+1.2 %)
31 SECOND GENERATION REACTIONS (2) Fe ( 15.1 %) = O (+12.9 %) +He (+1.1 %) + neutrons (+1.1) (3) Ca ( 5.9 %) = O (+4.7 %) + H (+0.6 %) + neutrons (+0.6 %) (4) Ca ( 1.6 %) = O (+0.6 %) + Mg (+1.0 %)
32 SECOND GENERATION REACTIONS (2) Fe ( 15.1 %) = O (+12.9 %) +He (+1.1 %) + neutrons (+1.1) (3) Ca ( 5.9 %) = O (+4.7 %) + H (+0.6 %) + neutrons (+0.6 %) (4) Ca ( 1.6 %) = O (+0.6 %) + Mg (+1.0 %) The calculated O increase of 18.2% is very close to the experimental value of 18.5%.
33 Considering the experimental residual 0.2% of Ca, and the previously calculated residual 3.3% of Ca, the following two reactions provide a complete matching:
34 Considering the experimental residual 0.2% of Ca, and the previously calculated residual 3.3% of Ca, the following two reactions provide a complete matching: Ca ( 1.5 %) = K (+1.5 %) (5)
35 Considering the experimental residual 0.2% of Ca, and the previously calculated residual 3.3% of Ca, the following two reactions provide a complete matching: Ca ( 1.5 %) = K (+1.5 %) (5) Ca ( 1.6 %) = Si (+1.1 %) + C (+0.5 %) (6)
36 NICKEL ELECTRODE
37 Nickel ( 23.1%)
38 Oxygen (+19.5%)
39 Element concentrations before and after the Electrolysis (7) Ni ( 22.1%) = O (+18.0%) + He (+3.0%) + neutrons (+1.1) The calculated O increase of 18.0% is not far from the experimental value of 19.5%.
40 (8) Ni ( 1.0%) = Si (+0.9%) + neutrons (+0.1)
41 (8) Ni ( 1.0%) = Si (+0.9%) + neutrons (+0.1) (9) Fe ( 2.0%) = Al (+1.9%) + neutrons (+0.1)
42 Compositional Analysis of the Electrodes PALLADIUM ELECTRODE AFTER THE TEST Macro-cracking after 20 hours 100µm
43 WAVELENGHT vs FREQUENCY Metre Earthquakes Humans Insects Bacteria Proteins Hertz
44 Wavelenght vs Frequency f = v λ Nano-scale vs TeraHertz Hz = ms 9 10 m
45 Frequency vs Energy E = hf TeraHertz vs Vibrational Energy of the Atomic Lattice ev = evs Hz
46 CONCLUSIONS (1) The primary phenomenon appears to be a symmetric fission of the atom of nickel into two silicon atoms, or two atoms of magnesium. In the latter case, additional fragments were found to be constituted by alpha particles. (2) In a second investigation, where a palladium electrode was used, the primary process appears to be the non-symmetric fission of palladium into iron and calcium, whereas the secondary processes appear to be the further fissions of both such products into oxygen and alpha particles.
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