Salvatore Mele. Couplings at LEP

Transcription

1 Salvator Ml CERN/EP INFN/Napoli Lp & th data st Boson-frmion couplings Chargd tripl gaug boson couplings Nutral tripl gaug boson couplings Anomalous Higgs couplings Quartic gaug boson couplings Conclusions Summarising th ongoing fforts and th imagination of O(1) xprimntal and thory collagus. Rsults ar prliminary, unlss othrwis statd. Updats at: ( proprtis) (b physics) (TGC & QGC)

2 Th Lp complx LAKE GENEVA GENEVA POINT 8. CERN POINT 2. CERN Prévssin POINT 6. POINT 4. DELPHI SPS - Elctron + Positron OPAL ALEPH LEP R. Lwi jan. 199 s Th largst scintific instrumnt built so far (27 km circumfrnc) High prcision (1 2 MV) High nrgy (Abov 29 GV) Salvator Ml

3 Th Dtctors - Outr Cooling Circuit Innr Cooling Circuit Muon Dtctor + BGO Calorimtr Silicon Dtctor Barrl Yok Main Coil Door Hadron Calorimtr Vrtx Dtctor Crown Salvator Ml

4 Dlivrd intgratd luminositis Salvator Ml

5 Salvator Ml At th pak: 5 million /xp 7 million B-hadrons in total Abov th -pair thrshold: Yar s Lumi/xp GV 1 pb GV 1 pb GV 55 pb GV 18 pb GV 3 pb GV 8 pb GV 85 pb GV 4 pb GV 23 pb 1 72 pb 1 Cross sction (pb) γ + ν γγ γ s (GV) prliminary Collctd luminositis

6 Coupling of th to th frmions f g A g V At th tr lvl: ρ = m2 m 2 =1 cos2 θ g V = ρ(t 3 2Q sin 2 θ ), g A = ρt 3 Aftr radiativ corrctions: g V = R [G V ]=R [ 1+ ρ ( T3 2Q(1 + κ)sin 2 θ )] g A = R [G A ]=R [ 1+ ρt3 ] f Asymmtry paramtr: A f = 2g Ag V g 2 A +g2 V Masurmnts - Paramtrs N F N B N F +N B = A,f FB = 3 4 A A f (LEP, SLD) N L N R 1 N L +N R <P f > = A LR = A (SLD) N Pol N tot = P f = A f (SLD, LEP τ) Γ( f f) =Nc f ( GA 2 R Af + G V 2 ) R Vf + E/QCD G F m 3 6 2π Salvator Ml

7 idntificationatlep dcays into hadrons and lpton ar idntifid with high fficincy and prcision Salvator Ml

8 Couplings in th lpton sctor Standard Modl prdictions from: m t = ± 5.1, m H = [114.1, 1] -.32 Prliminary -.35 m H g Vl m t l + l + µ + µ τ + τ α 68% CL g Al Salvator Ml

9 Bfor th LEP days ν µ µ + µ - ν µ - g A. -.5 ν - ν - ν g V Salvator Ml

10 Salvator Ml µ Idntify b quarks with hard lptons and displacd vrtics ALEPH DALI 1 RO TPC.9cm Y".6cm 3 σ llipss Run=21239 Evt= cm X" 1cm P>1 b quark idntification at LEP

11 Th havy quark sctor 1 m t m H Prliminary.8 Prliminary.9 SM.7 m t SM m H A b α A c A l A,b FB.6 α A l,c A FB -.29 Prliminary.22 Prliminary g Vb g Vc SM SM % CL g Ab % CL g Ac Som dviations for b quarks (with lptons) Salvator Ml

12 Th ffctiv lptonic mixing angl Prliminary A,l fb.2399 ±.53 A l (P τ ) ±.41 A l (SLD).2398 ±.26 A,b fb ±.31 A,c fb ±.79 <Q fb >.2324 ±.12 Avrag ± χ 2 /d.o.f.: 12.8 / 5 m H [GV] sin 2 θ lpt ff α (5) had =.2761 ±.36 m = ±.21 GV m t = ± 5.1 GV χ 2 (lptons)/d.o.f. = 1.6/2 (44.3%) χ 2 (hadrons)/d.o.f. =.3/2 (84.6%) χ 2 (total)/d.o.f. = 12.8/5 (2.5%) Diffrnc of 3.3σ btwn hadrons and lptons Salvator Ml

13 Couplings of th to quarks q Vqq' Dscribd by th Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix V ud V us V ub V CKM = V cd V cs V cb V td V ts V tb 1 λ2 2 λ Aλ 3 (ρ iη) λ 1 λ2 2 Aλ 2 Aλ 3 (1 ρ iη) Aλ 2 1 Fr paramtrs of th Standard Modl! Summarisd by th unitarity triangl: Vub Vcb (ρ,η) γ α q' Vtd Vcb β (,) (1,) +O(λ 4 ) Salvator Ml

14 V cb at LEP - Inclusiv Th smilptonic b clν dcay givs accss to V cb b Vcb c V cb =.411 Br(B X c lν).15 I. I. Bigi t al., Ann. Rv. Nucl. Part. Sci. 47 (1997) ps ±5% τ thory B ALEPH p T.117±.7±.46 ALEPH charg.157±.11±.35 ALEPH avrag OPAL multi multi lpton DELPHI multi AVERAGE.17±.1± ±.1± ±.13± ±.11± ±.7± ±.9± BR(b Xlν) V cb =(4.7 ±.5 ± 2.) 1 3 Salvator Ml

15 V cb from Exclusiv dcays dγ dω ( B D + lν ) = K(ω)F 2 (ω) V cb 2 ω = v B v D + [ω =1 HQET] K(ω) = Phas spac [Known Function] F (ω) = Form factor [HQET] At rst, ω = 1, HQET has with a lowr uncrtainty. q b q c B ν D(*) M. Luk, Phys. Ltt. B252 (199) 447 I. Caprini t al. Nucl. Phys. B53 (1998) 153 Salvator Ml

16 V cb at LEP Combin th LEP inclusiv and xclusiv masurmnts of V cb Vcb Exclusiv 4.5±1.9±2.3 Vcb Inclusiv 4.7±.5±2. LEP avrag 4.6±1.9 V cb orking Group V cb (1-3 ) Comptitiv with th B-factoris rsult Salvator Ml

17 V ub at LEP Th smilptonic b ulν dcay givs accss to V ub b Vub u V ub =.458 Br(B X u lν).2 I. I. Bigi, hp-ph/99727 N. Uraltsv, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A14(1999) ps ±4% τ thory B ALEPH DELPHI OPAL AVERAGE 1.73±.56±.51± ±.54±.39± ±1.28±1.46± ±.57±.48± ±.31±.37± BR(b X u lν) (1-3 ) V ub =( ) 1 3 Comptitiv with th B factoris rsult Salvator Ml

18 B d,s Oscillations B L = p B d,s + q B d,s m d,s = m BH m BL B H = p B d,s q B d,s V td(s) b d(s) b d(s) u,c,t u,c,t u,c,t B d(s) Bd(s) d(s) b d(s) u,c,t b B d(s) V td(s) V td(s) V td(s) P [ B d,s (B d,sb d,s) ] = 1 2τ t/τ (1 ± cos m d,s t) Tag production flavour K Tag dcay flavour Masur dcay lngth ν D t _ l - + Β/Β - B d(s) D Β π K Salvator Ml

19 Txtbook vidnc of B d Oscillations.5 ALEPH.4.5 Fraction of B that wnt into B Lik-sign fraction ( N ++ + N -- ) / N total data Propr tim (ps) fit t [ps] Fraction of Lik-sign lptons OPAL t (ps) Tim m d =.494 ±.7 ps 1 orld avrag m d =.484 ±.15 ps 1 LEP only (Bfor LEP.5 ±.1 from ARGUS and a signal from UA1) Th m d masurmnt constrains V td / V cb m s > 14.6ps 1 95% C.L. orld avrag m s > 14.3ps 1 95% C.L. LEP only Thr is a 2.5σ signal around 17 ps 1 (No studis bfor LEP) Th m s limit constrains V ts / V cb Salvator Ml

20 Salvator Ml η 1.5 sin2β Fit =.73±.7 sin2β Data =.79±.1 68% CL 95% CL 95% CL1994 m s m d V ub / V cb ε K sin 2β S. Ml, Fall 21 PRD59(1999)11311 Updat ρ ρ =.22 ±.6, η =.34 ±.5 S also: A. Ali and D. London, Eur. Phys. Jour. C9 (1999) 687 M. Ciuchini t al., JHEP17 (21) 13 A. Hockr t al., Eur.Phys.J.C21(21) 225 A. Buras, hp-ph/19197 Th unitarity triangl

21 Chargd tripl gaug boson couplings g 1 Salvator Ml

22 pair production >qq µν >qqqq >qq > ν τνµν Salvator Ml

23 pair production cross sction LEP 8/7/21 Prliminary 2 σ [pb] Racoon / YFS 1.14 no vrtx (Gntl 2.1) only ν xchang (Gntl 2.1) E cm [GV] Imprssiv vidnc of th non-ablian structur of th Standard Modl Salvator Ml

24 Paramtrisation of th TGC il V = g V [ g1 V µν µ V ν µv ν µν + κ V µ ν V µν + λ V m 2 ρν ν µ V ρν + C/ + P/ + C/P/ + dim > 6] V = γ,, µν = µ ν ν µ, V µν = µ V ν ν V µ In th Standard Modl: g 1 = g γ 1 = κ = κ γ =1; λ γ = λ = g = cot θ ; g γ = Multipol xpansion of th -γ intraction: Q = g1 γ Charg µ = (g γ 2m 1 + κ γ + λ γ ) Magntic dipol q = m 2 (κ γ λ γ ) Elctric quadrupol Fiv paramtrs to study dviations: g1 (g1 1), κ γ (κ γ 1), κ (κ 1),λ γ, λ Rducd to thr by gaug invarianc: λ = λ γ κ = g 1 κ γ tan 2 θ K. Gamrs and G. Gounaris,. Phys. C1(1979) 259 K. Hagiwara t al., Nucl.Phys.B282 (1987) 253 M. Bilnky t al., Nucl.Phys.B49 (1993) 22 I. Kuss and D. Schildkncht, Phys. Ltt. B383 (1996) 47 Physics at LEP 2 CERN 96-1 (1996), ds. G. Altarlli t al. Salvator Ml

25 Salvator Ml Numbr of Evnts/ Numbr of Evnts/ _ f _ qqlν data MC signal MC background g 1 z =2 g 1 z = qqlν data MC signal MC background g 1 z =2 g 1 z = Φ q cosθ q prliminary prliminary f 3 Numbr of Evnts/ Numbr of Evnts/ qqlν data MC signal MC background g 1 z =2 g 1 z = qqlν data MC signal MC background g 1 z =2 g 1 z = cosθ l _ cosθ - prliminary prliminary f 1 1 _ f2 1 Numbr of Evnts/ qqlν data MC signal MC background g 1 z =2 g 1 z = Φ l prliminary TGC masurmnt

26 Optimal Obsrvabls Givn th couplings α i and th phas spac Ω: dσ dω = c (Ω) + Σ i c i 1(Ω)α i +Σ i j c ij 2 (Ω)α iα j Dfin th Optimal Obsrvabls: O 1 i = ci 1(Ω) c (Ω) O 2 ij = cij 2 (Ω) c (Ω) Th Optimal Obsrvabls contain th sam information of th phas spac angls but for α allth information is in < O 1 i >: singl variabl fit! Numbr of Evnts/ data: qqlν signal background g z 1=+1 g z 1=-1 prliminary (a) Evnts / data signal background g 1 z=+1 g 1 z=-1 prl cosθ O- g z 1 Salvator Ml

27 Rsults... no, not yt! σ( + + (γ)) [pb] σ( + + (γ)) [pb] σ [pb] LEP 1998 Data Prliminary Standard Modl no vrtx ν xchang s [GV] LEP 1999 s 189 GV: prliminary Data Standard Modl no vrtx ν xchang s [GV] LEP Racoon / YFS 1.14 Gntl 2.1 (±.7%) YFS 1.14 Racoon 21/7/2 Prliminary E cm [GV] PRELIMINARY Masurd σ / Racoon 183 GV 1.28 ± GV.985 ± GV 1.12 ± GV 1.37 ±.19 2 GV.992 ± GV 1.12 ± GV.978 ± GV 1.14 ±.15 LEP combind 1. ± LEP orking Group Summr 21 O( α) virtual corrctions O( α) ral corrctions Lading Pol Approximation Doubl Pol Approximation Improvd Born Approximation Coulomb scrning YFS xponntiation Lp-2 Mont Carlo orkshop, M. Grünwald t al., hp-ph/539 GENTLE, D. Bardin t al., Comp. Phys. Comm. 14 (1996) 161 KORAL, S. Jadach t al., Comp. Phys. Comm. 119 (1999) 272 Racoon, A. Dnnr t al., Nucl. Phys. B56 (1999) 33 YFS, S. Jadach t al., Comp. Phys. Comm. 14 (21) 432 Salvator Ml

28 Th radiativ corrctions hn a photon is addd [= O(α)corrctions], things ar mor complx than dscribd so far... γ γ γ γ γ γ γ γ γ γ Salvator Ml

29 ThDoublPolApproximation f 1 μf 1 + production dcays Considr th corrctions nhancd by th pols μf 2 f 2 + non factorisabl contributions fl fl fl fl + coulomb singularity fl Salvator Ml

30 How dos this affct th TGC s / 8 A E-2 A1.226E E-2 1 Nw MC 2% YFS3/KORAL (qqµν) cosθ(-) Old MC Th xprimnts nd: to undrstand th nw Mont Carlo program(s) to install and tst thm to produc million of vnts (months of CPU) to know a thortical uncrtainty Salvator Ml

31 hich prcision will w achiv? Salvator Ml

32 TGC Masurmnts from singl Th γ vrtx can also b accssd through singl production σ( + ν) [pb] LEP ±5.% uncrtainty PHACT IFL/α(t) grc4f 25/7/21 Prliminary.5 ff E cm [GV] λ γ κ γ ALEPH 49 pb 1 [-.57,.44]. [-.54,.15] 95% C.L. DELPHI 18 pb pb OPAL 18 pb Snsitivity smallr than with pair production. ill b includd in th global combination. Salvator Ml

33 Salvator Ml DELPHI Run : 1768 Ev t : 2584 Bam: 12. GV Proc: 1-Jan-2 DAS : 7-Nov :56:2 Scan: 23-Mar-2 Tan+DST DELPHI qq Run # 6621 Evnt # 5876 ν O O O OO O O OOOO O O O O OOO O O O O O z y x Singl vnts

34 TGC s from singl photon Th γ vrtx can also b accssd through singl photon production prliminary 13 s 28 GV ALEPH DELPHI OPAL Evnts / (2 GV/c 2 ) 5 4 ννγ(γ) Rcoil mass (GV/c 2 ) Mont Carlo 189 GV λ γ κ γ ALEPH 72 pb DELPHI 18 pb pb OPAL 43 pb Snsitivity smallr than singl and pair production, will also b includd in th global combination. Salvator Ml

35 Singl photon vnt Salvator Ml

36 Nutral tripl gaug boson couplings h 1,2,3,4 h 1,2,3,4 f 4,5 f 4,5 Salvator Ml

37 Paramtrisation of th ntgc Ths couplings ar forbiddn at tr lvl in th Standard Modl V,P * 1 i V,q 2 V,q 3 1 (q,q,p) VVV Γ αβµ Vγ (q 1,q 2,P)=i s m2 V m 2 [h V 1 (q 2 µ gαβ ) q2 α g µβ + hv 2 m 2 P α (P q 2 g µβ q 2 µ P β ) +h V 3 ɛ µαβρ q 2ρ hv 4 m 2 P α ɛ µβρσ P ρ q 2σ ] Γ αβµ V (q 1,q 2,P)=i s m2 V m 2 [f4 V (P α g µβ + P β g µα )+f5 V ɛ µαβρ (q 1 q 2 ) ρ ] 2 h V 1,h V 2 andf V 4 violat CP; h V 3,h V 4 andf V 5 consrv CP K. Hagiwara t al., Nucl.Phys.B282 (1987) 253 G. Gounaris t al., Phys.Rv.D62(2) 7312 J. Alcaraz t al., Phys.Rv.D61(2) 756 J. Alcaraz hp-ph/ Salvator Ml

38 Th h couplings Us th γ production as a prob q q q q Data SM Prliminary σ γ (pb) s (GV) 2 σ (%) s (GV) Salvator Ml

39 + γ q qγ candidat + _ γ γ qq Salvator Ml

40 Effcts of th h couplings Changs in th + γ kinmatics. OPAL 189 GV Evnts E γ (GV) Evnts cosα γ-jt Evnts γ h 3 = +.5 γ h 3 =.5 q qγ SM Background OPAL data cosθ γ Salvator Ml

41 Analysis tchniqu Cross sction(pb) ALEPH Mont Carlo h3 γ.5 Changs in cross sction h 4 γ Fit th shap variabls or build Optimal Obsrvabls Evnts / SM h 1 = +.5 h 1 = -.5 Data Evnts / Data SM h γ 4 = +.5 h γ 4 = Ratio h 1 / SM h 1 = +.5 h 1 = Optimal Variabl for h 1 Ratio h γ 4 / SM h γ 4 = +.5 h γ 4 = Optimal Variabl for h γ 4 Salvator Ml

42 Budapst 21 Budapst 21 Rsults Budapst 21 Budapst 21.2 LEP Prliminary.2 LEP Prliminary.1.1 h 2 γ h 4 γ % CL 95% CL SM γ h % CL 95% CL SM γ h 3.7 LEP Prliminary.7 LEP Prliminary h 2 h % CL 95% CL SM h % CL 95% CL SM h 3 Limits at 95% C.L. CP ViolatingCP Consrving h γ 1 [-.56,.55] hγ 3 [-.49,.8] h γ 2 [-.45,.25] hγ 4 [-.2,.34] h 1 [-.13,.13] h 3 [-.2,.7] h 2 [-.8,.7] h 4 [-.5,.12] Salvator Ml

43 Th f couplings Accssibl through production f f f' f' f f f' f' 1.5 LEP 8/7/21 Prliminary σ NC2 [pb] 1 ±2.% uncrtainty YFS TO E cm [GV] Salvator Ml

44 + + q q candidat + + qq _ Salvator Ml

45 + q qν ν candidat + qqνν Salvator Ml

46 + µ + µ τ + τ candidat µ µ τ τ Salvator Ml

47 Budapst 21 Effcts of th f couplings Budapst 21 Cross sction and scattringangl of + Entris/.2 6 DELPHI DATA qqqq qqνν llνν 4 qqll back 2 f 5 = cosθ f 5 = LEP Prliminary 1 LEP Prliminary.25.5 f 4 f % CL 95% CL SM γ f % CL 95% CL SM γ f 5 Limits at 95% C.L. CP ViolatingCP Consrving f γ 4 [-.17,.19] f γ 5 [-.34,.38] f 4 [-.3,.28] f 5 [-.36,.38] Salvator Ml

48 Anomalous Higgs couplings H H H L ff = g Hγγ HA µν A µν + g HγA (1) µν µ ν H+g (2) + g H (1) µν µ ν H+g HH (2) µν µν + g HH (3) µ µ HγHA µν µν Ths six CP-consrvingcouplings rduc to fiv: g Hγγ = g 2m ( d sin 2 θ + d B cos 2 θ ) g (1) Hγ = g m ( g 1 sin 2θ κ γ tan θ ) g (2) Hγ = g 2m sin 2θ (d d B ) g (1) H = g m ( g 1 cos 2θ + κ γ tan 2 θ ) g (2) H = g 2m ( d cos 2 θ + d B sin 2 θ ) g (3) H = g 2m cos 2 θ δ δ, d and d B ar nw, g 1 and κ γ ar th V couplings! K. Hagiwara t al., Nucl.Phys.B282 (1987) 253 B. Grzadkowski and J. udka, Phys. Ltt. B364 (1995) 49 G. Gounaris t. al, Nucl.Phys.B459 (1996) 51 O. Eboli t. al, Phys. Ltt. B434 (1998) 34 Salvator Ml

49 Salvator Ml H H H b b H bb Isolatd photon b-tag Thr photons Two photons Missing nrgy + - Two photons Two jts at Mz H H + - bb bbff Missing nrgy Two b's rcoiling a b-tag SM Higgs signatur Two photons Two frmions at Mz Exprimntal tchniqu

50 Rsults 1.75 Excludd at 95% CL.3 Excludd at 95% CL d -.25 γγγ, γγ H All channls Equal F/Λ 2 d B -.1 γγγ, γγ H All channls Equal F/Λ m H [GV] m H [GV] Excludd at 95% CL Excludd at 95% CL 1.5 γγ H.5 γγ H g All channls Equal F/Λ 2 κ γ -.5 All channls Equal F/Λ m H [GV] m H [GV] Additional limit for th common coupling F at th scal Λ: m 2 F/Λ 2 = κ γ = d = d B / tan 2 θ = 2 cos 2 θ g 1 Limits on δ from modl indpndnt Higgs sarchs Salvator Ml

51 Quartic gaug boson couplings a a n a a n a c a a n L 6 = πα 4 L c 6 = πα 4 L n 6 = πα 4 a Λ 2F µνf µν ρ ρ a c Λ 2F µρf µσ ρ σ a n Λ 2ɛ ijkµα i ν j kα F µν a Λ 2 and a c Λ 2 consrv CP; a n Λ 2 violats CP. G. Bélangr and F. Boudjma Phys. Ltt. B288 (1992) 21.. J. Stirling and Abu Lil J. Phys. G21(1995) 517. J. Stirling and A. rthnbach Phys. Ltt. B466 (1999) J. Stirling and A. rthnbach Eur. Phys. J. C14(2) 13. Nw paramtrisations with additional couplings ar not (yt) considrd. G. Bélangr t al. Eur. Phys. J. C13(2) 283. A. Dnnr t al. Eur. Phys. J. C2(21) 21. In principl, couplings with s might b diffrnt from thos with s Salvator Ml

52 Salvator Ml TEC 53 GV BGO 31 GV Acoplanar photon pairs HCAL 55 GV MUCH Evnts/2 GV 1 5 Data GV Standard Modl a /Λ 2 =.5 GV Rcoil Mass (GV) ProbingQGC s with + ν νγγ

53 ProbingQGC s with + γ Standard Modl QGC contribution ngligibl. / / / Slct pairs with an additional isolatd photon. OPAL Salvator Ml

54 Effcts of QGC s Largr cross sction and hardr photons Evnts/2.5 GV 2 σ γ (pb) a) Data SM a n /Λ 2 E γ (GV) Data GV ISR a n /Λ 2 =.4 GV γ FSR E γ > 5 GV, θ,, qq(γ) γ > 2 o α γ > 2 o s (GV) Evnts/2.5 GV b) Data GV a n /Λ 2 =.4 GV E γ (GV) Limits at 95% C.L. from + γ and + ν νγγ a /Λ 2 [-.49,.8] a c /Λ 2 [-.2,.34] a n /Λ 2 [-.2,.7] Salvator Ml

55 QGC in th + γγ procss Th + γγ procss has no Standard Modl QGC contribution. q q q Slct vnts with two jts and two photons. q 1.5 Data Data prliminary + γγ qqγγ Cross Sction (pb) s (GV) Salvator Ml

56 + γγ candidat _ γγ - qq γ γ Salvator Ml

57 Effcts and rsults q q Evnts/5 GV 4 2 q Data GV γγ MC Back. MC a /Λ 2 =.5 GV -2 a c /Λ 2 =.1 GV -2 Prliminary q E2 γ (GV).1 Prliminary a c /Λ 2 (GV -2 ) SM Fit 68% CL 95% CL a /Λ 2 (GV -2 ) a /Λ 2 a c /Λ 2 [-.7,.14] 95% C.L. [-.52,.37] 95% C.L. RAP, G. Montagna t al., Phys. Ltt. B515 (21) 197 Salvator Ml

58 Conclusions Mor prcision (and mor couplings!) than xpctd at th start of this advntur. Excllnt collaboration btwn th xprimnts: undrstanding of th problms and combination tchniqus Clos contact with th thory community Th analyss ar still in progrss within svr prson-powr constraints. Final rsults by this (or th nxt) summr confrnc Salvator Ml

59 A final rmark LEP, th last lord of th ( + ) rings, unvild much of our knowldg on couplings: -.32 Prliminary -.29 Prliminary -.35 m H -.31 g Vl m t g Vb -.38 α l + l + µ + µ τ + τ 68% CL g Al -.33 SM % CL g Ab σ [pb] LEP 8/7/21 Prliminary κ g γ 1 γ 4 5 f4 f5 γ γ γ γ f γ f γ λ 1 h h1 h 2 h3 h4 h h h 5 Racoon / YFS 1.14 no vrtx (Gntl 2.1) only ν xchang (Gntl 2.1) E cm [GV] d d B a a a c n Agr with th Standard Modl Th nxt frontir of couplings in th Standard Modl and byond awaits a hug luminosity at th again, or highr nrgy + collisions! Salvator Ml