CONTROL DRIVES FOR FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM USED IN WIND APPLICATIONS

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1 CONTROL DRIVE FOR FLYWHEEL ENERGY TORAGE YTEM UED IN WIND APPLICATION (Pape Title) CONTROL DRIVE FOR FLYWHEEL ENERGY TORAGE YTEM UED IN WIND APPLICATION Pof. Eng. Maiu Contantin GEORGECU PhD 1 1 Univeity Tanilvania fom Başov REZUMAT. Lucaea pezintă o oluţie ce contă înt-o o centală eoliană de mică putee dotată tă cu un item de tocae Inteligent şi i Modula (IM). Aceta conţine umătoaele tei module: un Modul de tocae pe Temen cut (MT) ce ae la bază un volant antenat de un moto aincon şi i un Modul de tocae pe Temen Mediu/Lung (MTML) ce ae la l bază o Bateie Redox Vanadium (BRV). copul lucăii ete ealizaea contolului motoul aincon al volantului pin umătoaele două metode: eglaea neliniaă şi i adaptivă făă taducto de tuaţie şi i eglaea diectă a cuplului. Cuvinte cheie: volant, moto aincon, contol nelinia, eglaea diectă a cuplului, item de tocae, eoliene. ABTRACT. The pape peent a olution which conit of a wind mall powe plant with a mat toage Modula ytem (M). The M conit in the following thee t module: a hot Time toage Module (TM) baed on a flywheel with induction moto and a Medium/Long Time toage Module (MLTM) baed on a Vanadium Redox flow Battey (VRB). The aim of thi pape i to povide fo the induction moto of the TM two o contol method: a nonlinea enole olution and a diect toque olution. Keywod: flywheel, induction moto, nonlinea contol, diect toque contol, toage ytem, wind application. 1. INTRODUCTION The majo poblem of the wind enegy conveion ae: the diect dependence of the powe geneation capability fo a given wind peed, the ytem contollability, taking into account that wind enegy i with intemittent output. A lot of emote communitie ae upplied with electical enegy poduced by dieel geneato which ae not quite advantageou becaue of the pice and fuel conumption. In ode to educe enegy cot, enewable enegy ouce (RE) ae conideed a an inteeting altenative. In thi cae the neceity of enegy toage i becoming moe impotant egading pecially the high enegy cot duing maximum load peiod and the contantly aiing bae load in the netwok. ome main of evice povided by the enegy toage device ae the following: fequency tability, balance of the maximal enegy need, load balancing and eady-to-ue toed enegy duing the blackout. In ode to olve the conflict between the tochatic natue of the wind enegy ouce and the need to chedule the powe output, the autho popoe a mat toage Modula ytem (M) able to wok fo a mall wind tubine in netwoking condition and fo inulated load [1]. To toe o etieve electical enegy into a mall geneation ytem o tand alone load, the flywheel can be ued a hot time enegy buffe. Being obut and cheap, the induction moto (IM) i vey uitable fo mall and medium powe flywheel dive. The contol of the flywheel IM equie vey pecie peed infomation. In thi aim, the autho ecommend the following contol method: a nonlinea enole contol and a diect toque contol (DTC) one.. YTEM DECRIPTION Fo a mall wind fam, the geneal block diagam of M i peented in the Fig. 1. A eult fom the Fig.1, the M conit in the following main thee module: tochatic ouce Module (M) baed on the wind enegy ouce with tochatic output; hot Tem toage Module (TM) baed on a flywheel with Induction Moto (IM); Medium/Long Tem toage Module (MLTM) baed on a Vanadium Redox flow Battey (VRB). An auxiliay module (Convete 4 + Filte + Tanfome) epeent the Gid Inteface Module (GIM). It povide connection with the main netwok and the inulated load. Buletinul AGIR n. 4/13 octombie-decembie 1 Buletinul AGIR n. 3/13 iulie-eptembie 13

2 INT. YMPOIUM ON ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND ENERGY CONVERTER EL 13 tochatic ouce module 3 PMG Conv 1 AC/DC Convete + PMG Boot Convete Conv 4 + Filte T 3 Netwok Wind tubine hot tem toage module Inulated Load 3 Conv Flywheel IM VRB + - Conv 3 Medium/Long tem toage module Fig. 1. mat toage Modula ytem (M) block diagam. All the module ae inteconnected though a dc bu. The deigned M include the following deiable featue: baed on enewable enegy, active & eactive powe deteminitic geneation, clean enegy, good contollability and efficient maintenance cot. accodance with the wavefom depicted in Fig.. P Gwind P Gnet t. TOCHATIC OURCE MODULE Thi module ha the following pat: a) the wind enegy ouce with tochatic output; b) the Pemanent Magnet ynchonou Geneato (PMG) and c) the powe Convete 1. The wind enegy ouce with tochatic output i conideed a an aeodynamic wind mathematical model baed on the main paamete a: aeodynamic wind powe, aeodynamic toque and tip peed atio. All of thee ae decibed in [3]. 3. HORT TERM TORAGE MODULE The TM conit in a flywheel that toe kinetic enegy, baed on the following equation: JΩ Ek = = PN ( IM ) t, (1) whee: J i the flywheel inetia; Ω the mechanical angula peed; P N(IM) the IM ated powe and t i the toage peiod. The flywheel i connected to the dc bu by the bidiectional AC/DC Convete (ectifie/invete), which contol the flywheel peed and powe. The IM convet the electomechanical enegy in P ef Enegy delivey Enegy toage Fig.. Wavefom to contol the flywheel. In thi figue, P Gwind i the powe povided by the wind geneato (a known one), P Gnet the powe povided by the flywheel into the netwok and P ef i the efeence powe, calculated a follow: P ef = P P () Gnet Gwind If P ef >, in exce enegy exit which will be toed. If P ef <, a lack in enegy exit and it will be eplaced by the flywheel toed enegy. Fo thi module ae peented two dive ytem dedicated to contol the flywheel IM duing the toage poce, uing the following method: nonlinea enole and adaptive contol, diect toque contol (DTC). A compaion between the both contol method will be peented a pactical eult point of view. t Buletinul AGIR n. 4/13 octombie-decembie 14 Buletinul AGIR n. 3/13 iulie-eptembie

3 CONTROL CONTROL DRIVE DRIVE FOR FOR FLYWHEEL FLYWHEEL ENERGY ENERGY TORAGE TORAGE YTEM YTEM UED IN UED WIND IN APPLICATION WIND APPLICATION (Pape Title) A. Nonlinea enole and Adaptive Contol To nonlinea contol the flywheel induction moto, we impoe contol efeence (Ω ef, (ef) ) concening the tato efeence fame by conideing the oto field oiented contol (in α-β tationay efeence fame) with the d-axi. The fixed tato efeence fame i ued in ode to have a tate ytem matix (vecto) depending on the mechanical flywheel peed and IM oto flux. In thi aim we conide the ytem tate equation of the flywheel, a follow: x = A x + B u x = A+ b1 ud + b uq, y = C x (3) whee: - the tate vecto i: x = [Ω i d i q ] T (4) - the ytem vecto i p T Lm T f iq Ω JL J J Lm i d τ τ L (5) m A = R + R L Lm id + + ωiq σl L L στ Lm R + R L L m iq ωid pω σl L Lσ - the input vecto component ae = 1 b1 σl b = 1 σl - the tato voltage vecto i (6) u = [u d u q ] T (7) - the output vecto i y = [Ω ] T (8) - the output matix i 1 C = (9) 1 - the tato pulation i L m ω = pω + i (1) q τ - the leakage coefficient i: ( L / L L ) σ = 1 (11) m - the quae of the IM oto flux i: = Φ - the IM peed contant i: (1) τ =L /R (13) and: L, L ae the tato and oto inductance, L m the mutual inductance; R the tato eitance; R the oto eitance; T the IM eitant toque; T f the total fiction toque. Baed of all peviouly conideation, the flywheel contol ytem tate equation i given by: plm u u c1 σ JL L d = ( x) + = uc Lm u q τ σl ud = ( x ) + ( x), (14) uq whee: u c1 i the contol ignal diect popotional with Ω; u c the contol ignal diect popotional with ; (x) a matix including the deivation of the output vecto []; (x) a matix defined in equation(14). Fom thi equation, can be deduced the tate of the nonlinea feedback, a follow (ee alo []): u u d q = 1 ( x) ( x) + ( x) 1 u u c1 c = uc1 = α( x) + β( x) uc Duing the flywheel opeation, it peed Ω i defined between the minimum (Ω min ) and maximum (Ω max ) value, a follow: Ω max Ω min = P N ( IM ) J (15) t, (16) whee ae ued the ymbol fom equation (1). The peed efeence (Ω ef ) alo will be defined within the minimum and maximum value and will be applied to the contol of the flywheel IM. Concening the efeence flux ( (ef) ), it i impoed by: Lu N 3 fo Ω ΩN Lmω N ( ) =, (17) ef L PN ( IM) iqmax fo Ω > ΩN plm Ω Buletinul AGIR n. 4/13 octombie-decembie 3 Buletinul AGIR n. 3/13 iulie-eptembie 15

4 INT. YMPOIUM ON ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND ENERGY CONVERTER EL 13 whee: u N i the ated tato voltage, ω N the ated tato pulation, Ω N the ated peed and i qmax the maximum tato q-axi cuent. The block diagam of the contol ytem i depicted ) in the Fig.3, whee Ω ), ae the etimated value of the IM oto flux and angula peed. - tatoic magnetic flux component Ф α,ф β in the α,β efeence ytem ( R iαmea + vα ) dt ( R iβmea + vβ ) dt Φ α =, (19) Φ β =, () Fig. 3. Block diagam of the contol ytem. B. Diect Contol Toque To contol the flywheel IM, a DTC contol ytem i conideed. It ha been implemented in the laboatoy, a depicted in Fig. 4, a follow [6], [7], [8]: - electomagnetic toque T em n ( Φ i Φ i ) = P. (1) α βmea β αmea whee: R i the tato eitance; I the phao of tato cuent; V the phao of tato voltage, i the tato cuent and v the tato voltage. Refeence-flux compute φ ef C ef Hyteei contolle witching table Convete * φ ecto a,b,c Refeence-toque compute C * Toque and Flux Etimato V DC i a i b P ef DTC i c Ω atuation P eg P eol P Voltage contolle V DC ef IM Flywheel Fig. 4. Contol diagam fo the IM uing DTC. Baed on the well known theoy of the DTC contol method [6], [7], [8] in thi pape ae only peented the main following equation: - etimated tatoic magnetic flux phao Φ of IM dφ dt = V R I (18) The value maked with * ae the etimated one and the othe value called mea ae the meaued one. The DTC i ued to contol the IM, becaue the autho etimate a meaning of 5% deceae in calculu of DP time, compaable with the vecto contol method. To maintain the flywheel in a ecued opeating mode a Geneal Monitoing ytem (GM) ha been deigned. It i a mat one becaue it wok baed on fuzzy logic contol. 4 Buletinul AGIR n. 4/13 octombie-decembie 16 Buletinul AGIR n. 3/13 iulie-eptembie

5 CONTROL CONTROL DRIVE DRIVE FOR FOR FLYWHEEL FLYWHEEL ENERGY ENERGY TORAGE TORAGE YTEM YTEM UED IN UED WIND IN APPLICATION WIND APPLICATION (Pape Title) The inteface to the dc bu i accomplihed by the powe Convete which i a PWM-VI invete. The dc bu cuent i upplied by the Convete and i neceay to have a coect etimation of it becaue detemine the voltage V dc value which mut kept contant. 4. PRACTICAL OLUTION To give a pactical olution fo the M a tet laboatoy bench wa built in the Powe Electonic laboatoy of the univeity. It conit in: wind tubine imulato: IM moto of 3 kw, 15-3 ot/min contolled by a dpace ytem D113; PMG of 3 kw, 3 ot/min, 8 pole, R =,11 Ω, L d = L q =,97 mh, Ψ =,1119 Wb, T = 7,3 Nm. It i lead by a dc moto and contolled by a dpace ytem D113; flywheel which conit in an IM of 3 kw at 15 ot/min contolled fo a maximum dc bu of 4-4V. The flywheel inetia i of,15-,65 kgm. VRB ytem ha been eplaced in the laboatoy by a lead acid battey bank of 56kV/11A, 6kW. The laboatoy expeiment conit in: ytem opeation with no toage ytem; ytem opeation with flywheel connected with the netwok fo a hot time; ytem opeation with batteie connected fo inulated load OPERATION WITH NO TORAGE YTEM Fig. 6. Angula peed at IM idle tating. Thi cuve mut be epected duing the both contol method, a impoed one. The ated flux i eached at 3 ot/min.. Induction moto tat at ated flux and the field weakening begin afte the peed of 16 ad/ec, (Fig. 7). Fig. 7. Cuent of flywheel IM duing the tating. ince of the field weakening, the IM powe i limited to it ated value fo a peed of n=3 ot/min. In thi cae the flywheel inetia i conideed of J=,5kgm. Duing the tating, the wind geneato upplie the dc bu capacito with geneated powe and povide to it 4V. All thee conideation ae quite imila fo the both contol method. 3. At the moment t 1, the IM i tating and in the moment t i tating the flywheel (Fig.8). When the wind geneato otate with vaiable peed, it delive vaiable powe which depend on the wind peed. The deliveed powe in the netwok i depicted in Fig. 5, a follow: Fig. 8. Flywheel induction moto powe. Fig. 5. Deliveed powe in the netwok. 4.. OPERATION WITH FLYWHEEL CONNECTED Ae teted the following laboatoy ituation: 1. Duing the flywheel IM idle tating, at zeo angula peed, the moto angula peed eache the ated value, a een in Fig. 6. In thi cae, the black cuve epeent the DTC contol method and the gay one i fo the nonlinea and adaptive contol. It eult the advantage of adaptive contol: moothing (attenuated ipple) and moe flexible. 4. Afte the time t 3 the dc bu voltage i kept quite contant to 4V. The IM tat at educed powe to not dichage the dc bu capacito and acceleate the flywheel until 19- ot/min. Fom the time t 3 the flywheel i contolled to maintain 4V in the dc bu and to delive powe into the netwok. Afte thi moment, the active powe deliveed in the netwok by the flywheel, i depicted in the Fig.9. Buletinul AGIR n. 4/13 octombie-decembie 5 Buletinul AGIR n. 3/13 iulie-eptembie 17

6 INT. YMPOIUM ON ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND ENERGY CONVERTER EL 13 Fig. 9. Active powe deliveed in the netwok. Alo the black cuve i depicted fo DTC contol method and the gay one fo the nonlinea and adaptive one. Reult the moothing (no ipple) and flexible apect fo the adaptive contol. The powe povided by the flywheel IM contolled by the DTC (black cuve) and adaptive (gay cuve) contol method i epeented in the Fig. 1. Ae examined the advantage/diadvantage of two contol dive fo the flywheel toage ytem. In ode to eliminate the peed eno (ued in DTC contol) with all it diadvantage (cot inceae, equiement of a connection line between the moto and contol ytem and intefeence fom the ignal line), the autho popoed a nonlinea enole contol of the flywheel toage module, baed on an adaptive obeve. It i able to delive powe in tandad netwok. Fo inulated load the ytem ue a toage module baed on VRB. The powe tanfe between the individual module i pefomed ove a dc bu. ome laboatoy tet ae peented in ode to have pactical confimation. Othe eeach wok ae made in ode that all modula et up i contolled by a mat geneal ytem baed on fuzzy logic algoithm. Thi one will povide efficient coodination and educe the cot. BIBLIOGRAPHY Fig. 1. Powe of the flywheel induction moto. It emak the attenuated ipple in the cae of inulated load OPERATION WITH BATTERIE CONNECTED ED In thi cae, the M wok in paallel connected with the MLTM and both of them coupled with the inulated load though the GIM. Baed on the VRB mathematical and Matlab/imulink implemented model, othe detail ae peented in [3]. In the laboatoy wok, eie-paallel lead acid batteie ae ued. 5. CONCLUION A mat toage ytem deigned and ued fo mall wind fam, with a modula and flexible tuctue ha been peented. [1] tunz,k., Bock, E.K. Hybid plant of enewable tochatic ouce and multi-level toage fo emiion-fee deteminitic powe geneation, Poceeding of the Cige-IEEE PE Intenational ympoium of the Electic Powe Delivey ytem, Monteal, Canada, Octobe 3. [] Boukattaya, G., Kichen, L., Ouali, A., enole Contol of a Flywheel Enegy toage ytem Aociated to an Iolated Hybid Enegy Poduction Unit, Jounal of Automation & ytem Engineeing, pat (c), 8, Regula pape. [3] Geogecu, M., Electical enegy toage ytem, Tech. Rep., Poject IDEI 134/7 and e-farm 134/8, Romanian Reeach National Cente, Nov. 8. [4] Nakamua, T., Moimoto,., anada, M., Takeda, Y., Optimum contol of IPMG fo wind geneation ytem, Powe Conveion Confeence, IEEI, pp , vol.3,, Oaka, Japan. [5] G. Cimuca, M. M. Radulecu, C. audemont and B. Robyn, "Pefomance Analyi of an Induction Machine baed Flywheel Enegy toage ytem aociated to a Vaiable peed Wind Geneato," Poceeding of the Intenational Confeence OPTIM 4, Baov, Romania, may 4. [6] L. Leclecq, C. audemont, B. Robyn, G. Cimuca, and M. M. Radulecu, "Flywheel enegy toage ytem to impove the integation of wind geneato into netwok," Poceeding of the intenational Confeence ELECTROMOTION 3, vol., Maakeh, Moocco, nov. 6-8, 3. About the autho Pof. Eng. Maiu Contantin GEORGECU, PhD Univeity Tanilvania fom Başov mgeog11@yahoo.com Electomechanical enginee at the Univeity of Baov in 1976 and Ph.D. degee in electical taction engineeing fom the Univeity Politehnica of Buchaet in Fom 198 he wok at Tanilvania Univeity of Baov and now he i pofeo at the Depatment of Electical Engineeing & Applied Phyic. Hi eeach inteet include applied powe electonic and contol in electical taction, enewable enegie and electical enegy toage. 6 Buletinul AGIR n. 4/13 octombie-decembie 18 Buletinul AGIR n. 3/13 iulie-eptembie