Physics 43, Fall 1995 Lab 1 - Boltzmann's Law
|
|
- Blanche Hawkins
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Physics 43, Fall 1995 Lab 1 - Boltzmann's Law Introduction Boltzmann's law states that the probability of occupation of a state of energy E, in a system in equilibrium with a heat bath at temperature T is given by Z -1 exp(-e/k B T), where Z = Sexp(-E/k B T) is the "partition function", and the sum is over all possible states. It follows that the probability p(u) of a particle overcoming an energy barrier of height U (see Figure 1) is proportional to o f(e)exp[-(e+u)/k B T]de where f(e) is the density of states in the barrier region (i.e. the number of states per unit energy interval) and e is the energy measured from the top of the barrier. This can be integrated by making the substitution x = e/k B T, giving p(u) = g(t)exp(-u/k B T) (1) where g(t) is a relatively slowly varying function which depends on the precise form of f(e). Energy U Distance Figure 1 Bipolar Transistor One example of particles overcoming a barrier by their thermal energy is the motion of electrons in an n-p-n transistor. The precise mechanism of transistor action need not concern us here: what matters is that electrons move in the potential profile sketched in Figure 2. An electron has a certain probability, given by Equation 1, of occupying a state above the barrier. There are three essential parts to a transistor: the "emitter" (E), the "base" (B) and the "collector"(c). The barrier between the collector and base is sufficiently high that the probability of an electron in the collector getting into the base is negligible. If an electron from the emitter reaches
2 Figure 2 the base, it falls into the collector region and cannot get back. Hence the current from emitter to collector, I c, is proportional to p(u) *. We connect voltage sources to the transistor, as shown in Figure 3. To protect the transistor we put a resistor in series with the power supply. It plays no role in our measurements; we measure currents and applied voltages directly at the transistor. Figure 4 shows a schematic diagram for this circuit. In the standard symbol for an n-p-n transistor, E stands for emitter, B for base and C for collector. The arrow points outwards because electrons flow from the emitter to base, and since the electron charge is defined as negative current then flows outwards. Electrons from the emitter pass over the barrier formed by the base region and fall into the deep potential valley of the collector. The height U of the barrier is controlled by varying the voltage V BE. Note that when no external voltage is applied there is still a "built in" energy barrier, and the effect of applying a voltage in the direction shown (the "forward direction") is to reduce its height. * This cannot be exact since it predicts a non-zero current for V=0. This is because we have assumed that the current is dominated by diffusion, neglecting the "generation-recombination" current which exactly cancels the forward current at V=0. This has a different dependence on U but is typically ~10-9 A or less, and its neglect is justified in your experiment, where the smallest current measured is ~10-7 A. See Grove for a full treatment.
3 Emitter Base Collector 100 ohm V EB I c - + Power supply Figure 3 Figure 4 Fig. 4 The collector current I c is proportional to the probability that an electron will overcome the barrier, so it is given by Ic = A(T)exp[-(φ-qV BE )/k B T] (2)
4 where φ is the height of the barrier in the absence of an applied voltage and A(T) is a slowly varying function of T. In the simplest model of the transistor, A(T) µ T 3/2, and is independent of U (see question 1 at the end of the writeup). Equation 2 can be written Ic = I o exp[qv BE /k B T] (3) where I o = A(T)exp[-φ/k B T] (4) Procedure A. Measure Ic as a function of V BE. Take at least 20 values of V BE between 0.3 and 0.7 V. Monitor the temperature carefully during your measurement, and if necessary use Equation 2 to correct the measured current to what it would have been at constant temperature (see question 3). Plot log(i c ) against V BE (using log-linear paper) test the validity of Equation 3. You will find that at currents greater than about 100 ma, Equation 3 no longer holds. Is the voltage higher or lower than predicted? Suggest reasons why this should be. Can you use your data, or make further measurements, to distinguish between the different possible explanations? From the temperature and the slope of your log-linear plot, obtain the ratio q/k B. Make a realistic estimate of its uncertainty, distinguishing between random and systematic errors. B. CAUTION! Hot mineral oil is used in this part of the experiment. Extreme care must be taken to avoid spilling or splashing: the oil can cause severe burns, and the alcohol can damage your eyes. Always wear goggles, and contact lenses may not be worn. Wear gloves to handle the dry ice. Never leave the beaker on the hot plate unattended. Be VERY careful not to contaminate the oil with water or alcohol, which will erupt at the boiling point. Wipe all moisture off the transistor before immersing it in the oil. Put about a pound of dry ice on the insulated container. Slowly add the alcohol to the ice until there is at least two inches of alcohol above the ice. Add the alcohol (ethanol or isopropanol) in small amounts and wait for the bubbling to subside before continuing. Suspend the transistor in the alcohol. Do not lay the transistor directly on the dry ice, but use the lid from the
5 container to suspend the transistor above the ice. Measure the temperature in the vicinity of the transistor and repeat the experiment as in part A. Make sure that the temperature has settled down and doesn't change by more than about a degree during the course of your measurements. Again, monitor it and correct for any fluctuations. Fill the beaker with mineral oil to around the 300 ml line. Place the beaker on the stand in the aluminum pot and fill the pot with water until the water level is equal to the oil level. Turn the hot plate control to "High", insert the thermometer in the mineral oil. When the temperature of the oil stabilizes (around 91 C) proceed with the measurements. Note: it will take about a half an hour for the temperature to stabilize. For both parts of B, you will have to change the range of V BE to keep the current in the range that equation 3 holds. Obtain q/k B as before. The three values of q/k B may differ from each other by more than the experimental uncertainty. Suggest reasons why this might be. Plot ln{i o T -3/2 } against 1/T, and hence obtain φ/q, the barrier height in electron volts. Since the extrapolation of your plot to V = 0 is rather unreliable, compare the values of I o that you get from these plots with those obtained by assuming the "accepted" value of q/k B. From your data, estimate the validity of the assumption that A(T) µ T 3/2. Reading Boltzmann's Law. * Kittel and Kroemer,Thermal Physics. p Reif, F., Fundamentals of statistical and thermal physics p Mandl, F., Statistical Physics sec Transistor A. S. Grove Physics and technology of semiconductor devices sections 6.6b and 7.2 (this material requires some knowledge of solid state physics, and is not essential to the understanding of this experiment. However, reading it will give you an idea of how much more complex the situation is than the simple picture given here).
6 Lab Report One writeup per lab group (if one partner works more on this than the other, you may mutually agree to split the credit unequally; let me know if that's the case. Obviously it is better to work equally). Include in your writeup a brief description of the experimental setup (equipment used and sketches of how), tables of your original data (with appropriate labels and units), plots (with labels and units), and a clear indication of how fundamental constants (or ratios thereof) were obtained from the data and/or plots. Your writeup should be typed, though sketches may hand drawn. Also include answers to the following questions: 1. Prove eq 1, and show that with the density of states for electrons which we will see in Mandl eq , f(e) µ e 1/2, it follows that g(t) µ T 3/2. There's no need to work out the constant of proportionality. 2. Physical constants can be crudely divided into "macroscopic" quantities such as the gas constant R, the Faraday F, and atomic or molecular "weight", and "microscopic" quantities such as Boltzmann's constant k B, the charge on the electron q, and the actual mass of an atom. Look up the definitions of R and F if you don't know them. Does this experiment give you the value of any microscopic quantity? What does it actually measure? A certain manufacturer of laboratory equipment describes an experiment, in principle identical to this one, as a "measurement of the charge on the electron". Is this claim justified? 3. In the silicon power transistor used here, φ ~ 1 ev and I o ~ 1 A. How large a change in temperature is needed to produce a 10% change in the current, when I ~ 1 µa? 4. Why do we use a transistor capable of handling a current ~ 10 A, when we're only going to measure current up to a few hundred ma? 5. How does the resistor in series with the emitter protect the transistor? 6. When a transistor is in practical use, a potential of a few volts is applied to the collector (in the direction to increase the barrier in Figure 2), and there is a resistor R L (the "load") in series with the collector (see Figure 5). If the voltage between the base and emitter V BE is changed by a small amount DV BE, a much larger voltage change DV CE occurs across the load resistor, so that the transistor acts as an amplifier. Why does this occur? If the collector current is I c, calculate the voltage gain G DV CE /DV BE. If I c = 10 ma, what value of R L is needed to give a gain of 100?
7 If the supply voltage is 5 V, what is the largest value of G that can be obtained from this circuit? Does this depend on the value of I c? Figure 5 Fig. 5
ECE-342 Test 2 Solutions, Nov 4, :00-8:00pm, Closed Book (one page of notes allowed)
ECE-342 Test 2 Solutions, Nov 4, 2008 6:00-8:00pm, Closed Book (one page of notes allowed) Please use the following physical constants in your calculations: Boltzmann s Constant: Electron Charge: Free
More information6.012 Electronic Devices and Circuits
Page 1 of 1 YOUR NAME Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.12 Electronic Devices and Circuits Exam No. 1 Wednesday, October 7, 29 7:3 to 9:3
More informationElectronic Circuits 1. Transistor Devices. Contents BJT and FET Characteristics Operations. Prof. C.K. Tse: Transistor devices
Electronic Circuits 1 Transistor Devices Contents BJT and FET Characteristics Operations 1 What is a transistor? Three-terminal device whose voltage-current relationship is controlled by a third voltage
More information2.8-1 SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS ON FILE Revised Edition. Dew Formation
2.8-1 SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS ON FILE Revised Edition Dew Formation Topic Dew Time 30 minutes! Safety Please click on the safety icon to view safety precautions. Be careful using the thermometer. Be careful
More informationExperiment 11: Hall Effect & Energy Gap in Germanium
Experiment 11: Hall Effect & Energy Gap in Germanium We will see if the charge carrying particles are negative in n-doped germanium, and if they are positive in p-doped germanium. We will also measure
More informationPhysics 248, Spring 2009 Lab 9: Franck-Hertz Experiment
Name Section Physics 248, Spring 2009 Lab 9: Franck-Hertz Experiment Your TA will use this sheet to score your lab. It is to be turned in at the end of lab. To receive full credit you must use complete
More informationHiro Shimoyama 1 Charge of an Electron. Name ID Signature. Partners. Date Section
Hiro Shimoyama 1 harge of an Electron Name ID Signature Partners Date Section Exercise caution when you turn on the power supply. If the circuit is implemented wrongly, some of elements will be burned.
More informationChemistry Lab: Introduction to Measurement
Name Hour Chemistry Lab: Introduction to Measurement (adapted from Flinn ChemTopic Labs) Introduction Much of what we know about the physical world has been obtained from measurements made in the laboratory.
More informationIdeal Gas Law. To demonstrate the dependence of pressure on temperature for a fixed volume of real gas.
Ideal Gas Law 1 Object To demonstrate the dependence of pressure on temperature for a fixed volume of real gas. 2 Apparatus Constant volume gas apparatus with pressure gauge, fixed mass/volume of air,
More informationLab 3: Determination of molar mass by freezing point depression
Chemistry 162 The following write-up may be inaccurate for the particular chemicals or equipment we are using. Be prepared to modify your materials/procedure sections when performing the exercise. Please
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY College of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY College of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences EE 105: Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Spring 2008 MIDTERM EXAMINATION #1 Time
More informationFigure 1: Capacitor circuit
Capacitors INTRODUCTION The basic function of a capacitor 1 is to store charge and thereby electrical energy. This energy can be retrieved at a later time for a variety of uses. Often, multiple capacitors
More informationExperiment A4 Sensor Calibration Procedure
Experiment A4 Sensor Calibration Procedure Deliverables: Checked lab notebook, Brief technical memo Safety Note: Heat gloves and lab coats must be worn when dealing with boiling water. Open-toed shoes
More informationHHPS WHMIS. Rules MSDS Hazard Codes Systems. Biology based. Chemistry based. Safety Symbols. Safety in the Lab. Lab Equipment
Safety Symbols HHPS WHMIS Safety in the Lab Rules MSDS Hazard Codes Systems Lab Equipment Chemistry based Biology based Safety Symbols We will be discussing two types of Information Systems Hazardous Household
More informationElectronic Circuits for Mechatronics ELCT 609 Lecture 2: PN Junctions (1)
Electronic Circuits for Mechatronics ELCT 609 Lecture 2: PN Junctions (1) Assistant Professor Office: C3.315 E-mail: eman.azab@guc.edu.eg 1 Electronic (Semiconductor) Devices P-N Junctions (Diodes): Physical
More informationEmpirical Gas Laws (Parts 1 and 2) Pressure-volume and pressure-temperature relationships in gases
Empirical Gas Laws (Parts 1 and 2) Pressure-volume and pressure-temperature relationships in gases Some of the earliest experiments in chemistry and physics involved the study of gases. The invention of
More informationLab 12 Pressure-Temperature Relationship in Gases
Lab 12 Pressure-Temperature Relationship in Gases INTRODUCTION /PURPOSE/PLE LAB QUESTION Gases are made up of molecules that are in constant motion and exert pressure when they collide with the walls of
More informationSemiconductor Physics fall 2012 problems
Semiconductor Physics fall 2012 problems 1. An n-type sample of silicon has a uniform density N D = 10 16 atoms cm -3 of arsenic, and a p-type silicon sample has N A = 10 15 atoms cm -3 of boron. For each
More informationDevice Physics: The Bipolar Transistor
Monolithic Amplifier Circuits: Device Physics: The Bipolar Transistor Chapter 4 Jón Tómas Guðmundsson tumi@hi.is 2. Week Fall 2010 1 Introduction In analog design the transistors are not simply switches
More informationPHYS320 ilab (O) Experiment 2 Instructions Conservation of Energy: The Electrical Equivalent of Heat
PHYS320 ilab (O) Experiment 2 Instructions Conservation of Energy: The Electrical Equivalent of Heat Objective: The purpose of this activity is to determine whether the energy dissipated by a heating resistor
More informationLecture 35 - Bipolar Junction Transistor (cont.) November 27, Current-voltage characteristics of ideal BJT (cont.)
6.720J/3.43J - Integrated Microelectronic Devices - Fall 2002 Lecture 35-1 Lecture 35 - Bipolar Junction Transistor (cont.) November 27, 2002 Contents: 1. Current-voltage characteristics of ideal BJT (cont.)
More informationIntroduction to Transistors. Semiconductors Diodes Transistors
Introduction to Transistors Semiconductors Diodes Transistors 1 Semiconductors Typical semiconductors, like silicon and germanium, have four valence electrons which form atomic bonds with neighboring atoms
More informationChemical Equilibrium: Finding a Constant, Kc
Chemical Equilibrium: Finding a Constant, Kc Experiment 20 The purpose of this lab is to experimentally determine the equilibrium constant, K c, for the following chemical reaction: Fe 3+ (aq) + SCN -
More informationExperiment C-15 Distillation - part 1
1 Experiment C-15 Distillation - part 1 Objectives To learn about the three classical phases of matter, phase changes, and heating and cooling curves. To investigate the technique of distillation and to
More informationLab E3: The Wheatstone Bridge
E3.1 Lab E3: The Wheatstone Bridge Introduction The Wheatstone bridge is a circuit used to compare an unknown resistance with a known resistance. The bridge is commonly used in control circuits. For instance,
More informationHarnessing the Power of Arduino for the Advanced Lab
P P Herbert Jaeger + Harnessing the Power of Arduino for the Advanced Lab (Final Version) ALPhA Immersion Workshop July 27 29, 2017 Department of Physics Indiana University Purdue University Ft. Wayne,
More informationPART I: MEASURING MASS
Chemistry I Name Dr. Saulmon 2014-15 School Year Laboratory 1 Measuring Mass, Volume, and Temperature Monday, August 25, 2014 This laboratory is broken into three parts, each with its own introduction,
More informationKOM2751 Analog Electronics :: Dr. Muharrem Mercimek :: YTU - Control and Automation Dept. 1 4 DC BIASING BJTS (CONT D II )
KOM2751 Analog Electronics :: Dr. Muharrem Mercimek :: YTU - Control and Automation Dept. 1 4 DC BIASING BJTS (CONT D II ) Most of the content is from the textbook: Electronic devices and circuit theory,
More informationExperiment 3. Electrical Energy. Calculate the electrical power dissipated in a resistor.
Experiment 3 Electrical Energy 3.1 Objectives Calculate the electrical power dissipated in a resistor. Determine the heat added to the water by an immersed heater. Determine if the energy dissipated by
More informationSIMPLE D.C. CIRCUITS AND MEASUREMENTS Background
SIMPLE D.C. CICUITS AND MEASUEMENTSBackground This unit will discuss simple D.C. (direct current current in only one direction) circuits: The elements in them, the simple arrangements of these elements,
More information(Refer Slide Time: 1:49)
Analog Electronic Circuits Professor S. C. Dutta Roy Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Lecture no 14 Module no 01 Midband analysis of FET Amplifiers (Refer Slide
More informationName Date Time to Complete
Name Date Time to Complete h m Partner Course/ Section / Grade Capacitance Equipment Doing some simple experiments, including making and measuring the capacitance of your own capacitor, will help you better
More informationLaboratory 12: Three Thermodynamics Experiments
Laboratory 12: Three Thermodynamics Experiments Experiment 1: Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Metals The fact that most objects expand when heated is common knowledge. The change in the linear dimensions
More informationIntroduction to Semiconductor Devices
Physics 233 Experiment 48 Introduction to Semiconductor Devices References 1. G.W. Neudeck, The PN Junction Diode, Addison-Wesley MA 1989 2. Background notes (Appendix A) 3. Specification sheet for Diode
More informationREVISED HIGHER PHYSICS REVISION BOOKLET ELECTRONS AND ENERGY
REVSED HGHER PHYSCS REVSON BOOKLET ELECTRONS AND ENERGY Kinross High School Monitoring and measuring a.c. Alternating current: Mains supply a.c.; batteries/cells supply d.c. Electrons moving back and forth,
More informationEXPERIMENT 9 Superconductivity & Ohm s Law
Name: Date: Course number: MAKE SURE YOUR TA OR TI STAMPS EVERY PAGE BEFORE YOU START! Lab section: Partner's name(s): Grade: EXPERIMENT 9 Superconductivity & Ohm s Law 0. Pre-Laboratory Work [2 pts] 1.
More informationfigure shows a pnp transistor biased to operate in the active mode
Lecture 10b EE-215 Electronic Devices and Circuits Asst Prof Muhammad Anis Chaudhary BJT: Device Structure and Physical Operation The pnp Transistor figure shows a pnp transistor biased to operate in the
More informationIntroduction to Semiconductor Devices
Physics 233 Experiment 48 Introduction to Semiconductor Devices References 1. G.W. Neudeck, The PN Junction Diode, Addison-Wesley MA 1989 2. Background notes (Appendix A) 3. Specification sheet for Diode
More informationEXPERIMENT #5 The Franck-Hertz Experiment: Electron Collisions with Mercury
EXPERIMENT #5 The Franck-Hertz Experiment: Electron Collisions with Mercury GOALS Physics Measure the energy difference between the ground state and the first excited state in mercury atoms, and conclude
More informationName Partner. Thermal Physics. Part I: Heat of Vaporization of Nitrogen. Introduction:
Name Partner Thermal Physics Part I: Heat of Vaporization of Nitrogen Introduction: The heat of vaporization of a liquid, L v, is the energy required to vaporize (boil) a unit mass of substance. Thus if
More informationChapter 2 - DC Biasing - BJTs
Objectives Chapter 2 - DC Biasing - BJTs To Understand: Concept of Operating point and stability Analyzing Various biasing circuits and their comparison with respect to stability BJT A Review Invented
More informationME 105 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory Spring Quarter INTRODUCTION TO TRANSIENT CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION
ME 105 Mechanical Engineering Lab Page 1 ME 105 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory Spring Quarter 2003 2. INTRODUCTION TO TRANSIENT CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION This set of experiments is designed to provide
More informationChapter 2. - DC Biasing - BJTs
Chapter 2. - DC Biasing - BJTs Objectives To Understand : Concept of Operating point and stability Analyzing Various biasing circuits and their comparison with respect to stability BJT A Review Invented
More informationLab Safety Rules GENERAL GUIDELINES. 1. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory.
Lab Safety Rules GENERAL GUIDELINES 1. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory. 2. Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully. If you do not understand a direction
More informationLast Revision: August,
A3-1 HALL EFFECT Last Revision: August, 21 2007 QUESTION TO BE INVESTIGATED How to individual charge carriers behave in an external magnetic field that is perpendicular to their motion? INTRODUCTION The
More informationECE 2210 Final given: Spring 15 p1
ECE 2 Final given: Spring 15 Closed Book, Closed notes except preprinted yellow sheet, Calculators OK. Show all work to receive credit. Circle answers, show units, and round off reasonably 1. (15 pts)
More informationEXPERIMENT 6 Empirical Formula of a Compound
EXPERIMENT 6 Empirical Formula of a Compound INTRODUCTION Chemical formulas indicate the composition of compounds. A formula that gives only the simplest ratio of the relative number of atoms in a compound
More informationPeriodicity of Properties of Oxides
Microscale Periodicity of Properties of Oxides Some oxides produce acidic solutions when they dissolve in water. These oxides are classified as acidic oxides (acid anhydrides), and they are the primary
More informationLab Activity on Igneous Processes
Lab Activity on Igneous Processes 2002 Ann Bykerk-Kauffman, Dept. of Geological and Environmental Sciences, California State University, Chico * Objectives When you have completed this lab you should be
More informationSemiconductor Physics Problems 2015
Semiconductor Physics Problems 2015 Page and figure numbers refer to Semiconductor Devices Physics and Technology, 3rd edition, by SM Sze and M-K Lee 1. The purest semiconductor crystals it is possible
More informationCALORIMETRY: Heat of Fusion of Ice
Pre-Lab Discussion CALORIMETRY: Heat of Fusion of Ice When a chemical or physical change takes place, heat is either given off or absorbed That is, the change is either exothermic or endothermic It is
More informationDetermination of an Equilibrium Constant Minneapolis Community and Technical College Principles of Chemistry II, C1152 v.1.16
Determination of an Equilibrium Constant Minneapolis Community and Technical College Principles of Chemistry II, C1152 v.1.16 I. Introduction Equilibrium Consider the following situation: It is rush hour
More informationChesapeake Campus Chemistry 111 Laboratory
Chesapeake Campus Chemistry 111 Laboratory Objectives Calculate molar mass using the ideal gas law and laboratory data. Determine the identity of an unknown from a list of choices. Determine how sources
More informationUniversity of Pittsburgh
University of Pittsburgh Experiment #8 Lab Report The Bipolar Junction Transistor: Characteristics and Models Submission Date: 11/6/2017 Instructors: Dr. Minhee Yun John Erickson Yanhao Du Submitted By:
More informationChemical Equilibrium: Finding a Constant, Kc
Chemical Equilibrium: Finding a Constant, Kc Experiment 20 The purpose of this lab is to experimentally determine the equilibrium constant, K c, for the following chemical reaction: Fe 3+ (aq) + SCN (aq)
More informationCHAPTER.4: Transistor at low frequencies
CHAPTER.4: Transistor at low frequencies Introduction Amplification in the AC domain BJT transistor modeling The re Transistor Model The Hybrid equivalent Model Introduction There are three models commonly
More information8 Enthalpy of Reaction
E x p e r i m e n t Enthalpy of Reaction Lecture and Lab Skills Emphasized Calculating the heat and enthalpy of reactions. Writing net ionic equations. Using Hess s law to determine the enthalpy of a reaction.
More informationAspirin Lab By Maya Parks Partner: Ben Seufert 6/5/15, 6/8/15
Aspirin Lab By Maya Parks Partner: Ben Seufert 6/5/15, 6/8/15 Abstract: This lab was performed to synthesize acetyl salicylic acid or aspirin from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. We had learned in class
More informationPrelim Revision. Questions and Answers. Electricity
Prelim Revision Questions and Answers Electricity SECTION A Answer questions on the answer sheet 8. Specimen Paper The diagram shows an 8V supply connected to two lamps. The supply has negligible internal
More information2. Synthesis of Aspirin
This is a two-part laboratory experiment. In part one, you will synthesize (make) the active ingredient in aspirin through a reaction involving a catalyst. The resulting product will then be purified through
More informationUNIT 01 LAB SAFETY & EQUIPMENT
UNIT 01 LAB SAFETY & EQUIPMENT Hook: What s wrong with this picture? Mrs. Medina Slide 2 Lab Safety 1. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner No horseplay or pranks No wandering or distracting students
More informationExperiment 12: Superconductivity
Experiment 12: Superconductivity Using a superconducting ceramic disk (composition: YBa 2 Cu 3 0 7 ), you will demonstrate the Meissner effect (by magnetic levitation) and measure its critical temperature.
More informationHeat Lost and Heat Gained Determining the Specific Heat of a Metal
20 Determining the Specific Heat of a Metal This lab is divided into two parts. In the first part you will examine the relationship between heat lost and heat gained when two liquids are mixed. In the
More informationApply the ideal gas law (PV = nrt) to experimentally determine the number of moles of carbon dioxide gas generated
Teacher Information Ideal Gas Law Objectives Determine the number of moles of carbon dioxide gas generated during a reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium bicarbonate. Through this investigation,
More information4. I-V characteristics of electric
KL 4. - characteristics of electric conductors 4.1 ntroduction f an electric conductor is connected to a voltage source with voltage a current is produced. We define resistance being the ratio of the voltage
More informationPlant Indicators for Acids and Bases
SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS ON FILE Revised Edition 5.28-1 Plant Indicators for Acids and Bases Carole R. Goshorn Topic Acid/base indicators Time Preparation by teacher 50 minutes; Part B, 45 minutes! Safety Adult
More informationLab 2. Projectile Motion
Lab 2. Projectile Motion Goals To determine the launch speed of a projectile and its uncertainty by measuring how far it travels horizontally before landing on the floor (called the range) when launched
More informationCompletion Match each each piece of equipment with its description. Please only put one number in the blank.
LAB SAFETY AND EQUIPMENT TEST Completion Match each each piece of equipment with its description. Please only put one number in the blank. 1. Used for filtering and for adding chemicals without spilling.
More informationSECTION #1 - The experimental setup
Lemon Battery Connected in Series Charging a 2.2 Farad Capacitor SECTION #1 - The experimental setup 1. The goal of this experiment is to see if I can connect 2, 3 or 4 lemons together in a series configuration
More informationCalorimetry - Specific Heat and Latent Heat
Chapter 3 Calorimetry - Specific Heat and Latent Heat Name: Lab Partner: Section: 3.1 Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to study the relationship between heat and temperature. Calorimetry will
More informationApplication II: The Ballistic Field-E ect Transistor
Chapter 1 Application II: The Ballistic Field-E ect Transistor 1.1 Introduction In this chapter, we apply the formalism we have developed for charge currents to understand the output characteristics of
More informationFinal Examination EE 130 December 16, 1997 Time allotted: 180 minutes
Final Examination EE 130 December 16, 1997 Time allotted: 180 minutes Problem 1: Semiconductor Fundamentals [30 points] A uniformly doped silicon sample of length 100µm and cross-sectional area 100µm 2
More informationIMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION
CHEM 51LB EXPERIMENT 5 DEHYDRATION OF 1- AND 2-BUTANOL AND DEHYDROBROMINATION OF 1- AND 2-BROMOBUTANE: ANALYSIS OF GASEOUS PRODUCTS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 1 REACTIONS: Elimination TECHNIQUES: Gas Chromatography
More informationThe Determination of an Equilibrium Constant
LabQuest 10 The equilibrium state of a chemical reaction can be characterized by quantitatively defining its equilibrium constant, Keq. In this experiment, you will determine the value of Keq for the reaction
More informationDetermining Avogadro s Number
Experiment The basic counting unit in chemistry, the mole, has a special name, Avogadro s number, in honor of the Italian scientist Amadeo Avogadro (1776-1856). The commonly accepted definition of Avogadro
More informationBipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) - Introduction
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) - Introduction It was found in 1948 at the Bell Telephone Laboratories. It is a three terminal device and has three semiconductor regions. It can be used in signal amplification
More information6.012 Electronic Devices and Circuits Spring 2005
6.012 Electronic Devices and Circuits Spring 2005 May 16, 2005 Final Exam (200 points) -OPEN BOOK- Problem NAME RECITATION TIME 1 2 3 4 5 Total General guidelines (please read carefully before starting):
More information6.012 Electronic Devices and Circuits
Page 1 of 12 YOUR NAME Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.012 Electronic Devices and Circuits FINAL EXAMINATION Open book. Notes: 1. Unless
More informationCore practical 5: Investigate the oxidation of ethanol
Core Practical 5 Teacher sheet Core practical 5: Objective To oxidise ethanol and use heating under reflux and distillation as practical techniques Safety Wear goggles. Ethanol is flammable. Acidified
More informationCSUS Department of Chemistry Experiment 7 Chem.1A
EXPERIMENT #7 Gas Laws PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT Name: Lab Section: 1. An expandable container of gas maintained at constant temperature has an initial volume of 0.532 L at a pressure of 762 torr. On a stormy
More informationThermostat. Pattern drawing of the thermostat (Wiring side The one which is shown in the pink shows the parts of the external.
Thermostat I introduce the temperature regulator(thermostat) which used a thermistor for the temperature sensor. This circuit can control a outside system by driving a relay when the temperature of the
More informationFinding the Constant K c 4/21/15 Maya Parks Partners: Ben Seufert, Caleb Shumpert. Abstract:
Finding the Constant K c 4/21/15 Maya Parks Partners: Ben Seufert, Caleb Shumpert Abstract: This lab was performed to find the chemical equilibrium constant K c for the reaction Fe 3+ + SCN FeSCN 2+ using
More informationTopic Students devise an experiment to determine the types of bonds in three compounds.
Types of Bonds Topic Students devise an experiment to determine the types of bonds in three compounds. Introduction Molecules are made of atoms that are held together by either ionic or covalent bonds.
More informationCOPYRIGHTED MATERIAL. DC Review and Pre-Test. Current Flow CHAPTER
Kybett c0.tex V3-03/3/2008 8:44pm Page CHAPTER DC Review and Pre-Test Electronics cannot be studied without first understanding the basics of electricity. This chapter is a review and pre-test on those
More informationChemistry 1B Experiment 14 65
Chemistry 1B Experiment 14 65 14 Electrochemistry Introduction In this experiment you will observe some spontaneous and non-spontaneous oxidation-reduction reactions, and see how the spontaneous reactions
More informationSpring Semester 2012 Final Exam
Spring Semester 2012 Final Exam Note: Show your work, underline results, and always show units. Official exam time: 2.0 hours; an extension of at least 1.0 hour will be granted to anyone. Materials parameters
More informationSPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY Apparatus: Thermometer, balance, two large double Styrofoam cups, lid, hooked metal cube, lifting tool, hot plate, boiling pot. Any material is capable of storing some heat or thermal
More informationTEST 2. This test is on the final sections of this session's syllabus and. should be attempted by all students.
5 TEST 2 This test is on the final sections of this session's syllabus and should be attempted by all students. Anything written here will not be marked. Formulae and data E = hc " " = neµ = ne2 # m N
More informationHonors Chemistry 2016 Summer Assignment
This Honors Chemistry Summer Assignment will review mathematical concepts necessary when performing mathematical calculation and laboratory experiments and focus on laboratory safety. Measurements are
More information5G50.51 Superconductor Suspension
5G50.51 uperconductor uspension Abstract A superconductor is an object that, under certain conditions, has zero electrical resistance. A unique and interesting property of superconducting materials is
More informationExperiment 17. Synthesis of Aspirin. Introduction
Experiment 17 Introduction Synthesis of Aspirin Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is a synthetic organic derived from salicylic acid. Salicylic acid is a natural product found in the bark of the willow tree
More informationThe effects of sodium chloride on the Boiling Point of Dihydrogen Monoxide
The effects of sodium chloride on the Boiling Point of Dihydrogen Monoxide Background: Dissolving a solute in a liquid can change its properties. These are called Colligative Properties, which are properties
More informationSEMICONDUCTOR DIODE. Unbiased (non-polarized) PN junction
SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE Semiconductor diode is an electronic element made of different types of extrinsic semiconductor: N-type semiconductor doped by donor impurities and P-type semiconductor doped by acceptor
More informationRead the lab thoroughly. Answer the pre-lab questions that appear at the end of this lab exercise.
Experiment 10 Stoichiometry- Gravimetric Analysis Pre-lab Assignment Read the lab thoroughly. Answer the pre-lab questions that appear at the end of this lab exercise. Purpose The purpose this experiment
More informationCapacitors Diodes Transistors. PC200 Lectures. Terry Sturtevant. Wilfrid Laurier University. June 4, 2009
Wilfrid Laurier University June 4, 2009 Capacitor an electronic device which consists of two conductive plates separated by an insulator Capacitor an electronic device which consists of two conductive
More informationMSE 310/ECE 340: Electrical Properties of Materials Fall 2014 Department of Materials Science and Engineering Boise State University
MSE 310/ECE 340: Electrical Properties of Materials Fall 2014 Department of Materials Science and Engineering Boise State University Practice Final Exam 1 Read the questions carefully Label all figures
More informationnmos IC Design Report Module: EEE 112
nmos IC Design Report Author: 1302509 Zhao Ruimin Module: EEE 112 Lecturer: Date: Dr.Zhao Ce Zhou June/5/2015 Abstract This lab intended to train the experimental skills of the layout designing of the
More informationSection 5.4 BJT Circuits at DC
12/3/2004 section 5_4 JT Circuits at DC 1/1 Section 5.4 JT Circuits at DC Reading Assignment: pp. 421-436 To analyze a JT circuit, we follow the same boring procedure as always: ASSUME, ENFORCE, ANALYZE
More informationME 105 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory Spring Quarter Experiment #2: Temperature Measurements and Transient Conduction and Convection
ME 105 Mechanical Engineering Lab Page 1 ME 105 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory Spring Quarter 2010 Experiment #2: Temperature Measurements and Transient Conduction and Convection Objectives a) To calibrate
More information3. The figure above shows two pith balls suspended by threads from a support. In the figure,
3. The figure above shows two pith balls suspended by threads from a support. In the figure, Student ID: 22133336 Exam: 002901RR - Electronics Basics When you have completed your exam and reviewed your
More information