MSE 7025 Magnetic Materials (and Spintronics)
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1 MSE 7025 Magnetic Materials (and Spintronics) Lecture 10: Characterization Techniques Episode I: VSM and MOKE Chi-Feng Pai
2 Course Outline Time Table Week Date Lecture 1 Feb 24 Introduction 2 March 2 Magnetic units and basic E&M 3 March 9 Magnetization: From classical to quantum 4 March 16 No class (APS March Meeting, Baltimore) 5 March 23 Category of magnetism 6 March 30 From atom to atoms: Interactions I (oxides) 7 April 6 From atom to atoms: Interactions II (metals) 8 April 13 Magnetic anisotropy 9 April 20 Mid-term exam 10 April 27 Domain and domain walls
3 Course Outline Time Table Week Date Lecture 11 May 4 Magnetization process (SW or Kondorsky) 12 May 11 Characterization: VSM, MOKE 13 May 18 Characterization: FMR 14 May 25 Transport measurements in materials I: Hall effect 15 June 1 Transport measurements in materials II: MR 16 June 8 MRAM: TMR and spin transfer torque 17 June 15 Guest lecture (TBA) 18 June 22 Final exam
4 So, how could we acquire M-H curve anyway? Magnetometry Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) Alternating gradient magnetometer (AGM) Torque magnetometer Magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) Laser MOKE Wide-field MOKE Before going further, let s watch a video first
5 Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) Invented in 1955 by Simon Foner at Lincoln Laboratory (MIT) An AC technique Faraday s law
6 Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) Invented in 1955 by Simon Foner at Lincoln Laboratory (MIT) An AC technique Faraday s law,, t B x y z dydz x x 0 x x B H M t uniform V d dt dm x dt Typical sensitivity emu
7 Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) Modern laboratory VSM
8 Magnetization (emu) Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) Real data YIG (200nm) 3.0x x x x x x10-4 In-plane Out-of-plane Field (Oe)
9 Real data Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM)
10 Josephson junction SQUID Josephson effect ( Macroscopic quantum effect) Superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) Example: Nb/Al 2 O 3 /Nb (T c ~ 9K) Magnetic flux quantum 15 0 h/ 2e Wb
11 Josephson junction SQUID Josephson effect ( Macroscopic quantum effect) Superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) 2 /e Example: Nb/Al 2 O 3 /Nb (T c ~ 9K) Magnetic flux quantum 15 0 h/ 2e Wb
12 SQUID (DC) SQUID Superconducting quantum interference device Invented in 1964 by Robert Jaklevic, John J. Lambe, James Mercereau, and Arnold Silver of Ford Research Labs after Brian David Josephson postulated the Josephson effect in 1962, and the first Josephson junction was made by John Rowell and Philip Anderson at Bell Labs in 1963 Consists of two Josephson junctions
13 SQUID (DC) SQUID Superconducting quantum interference device
14 SQUID (DC) SQUID Superconducting quantum interference device 7 8 Typical Sensitivity emu MPMS by Quantum Design Schematics of a SQUID sensing circuit
15 SQUID Real data ZrTiCuNd Data taken at 5K Becomes ferromagnetic at low temperatures
16 Alternating gradient magnetometer AGM - Faraday Force Magnetometry Still remember? Typical sensitivity Bz F MB Fz Mz z 7 ~10 emu MicroMag 2900 by Lakeshore
17 Magneto-optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) Why? Magnetometry only provides macroscopic magnetic properties Local effects? Domain and domain walls? Patterned (small-sized) samples? Optical method can Image magnetic microstructure with lateral resolution from um to mm Image magnetization while applying arbitrary magnetic fields Directly imaging magnetization More flexible sample manipulation (in situ) Minimal interaction with the magnetization
18 Magneto-optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) Kerr rotation and Faraday rotation Interaction between a polarized electromagnetic wave and magnetization Kerr and Voigt effect (reflection) Faraday effect (transmission) Kerr effect Circular birefringence M Faraday effect Transmission M Voigt effect Linear birefringence M 2
19 Magneto-optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) Dielectric constant D E 1 iq m iq m B m B m m B m m 2 v 3 v iqvm3 1 iqvm 1 B2m1 m2 B1m 2 B2m2m3 2 iqvm2 iqvm1 1 B2m1 m3 B2m2m3 B1m 3 (Faraday and Kerr rotation) (Voigt term) D E iq v me
20 Magneto-optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) Three configurations Out-of-plane sensitivity In-plane + Out-of-plane sensitivity In-plane sensitivity A very good introduction on MOKE:
21 Laser MOKE Magneto-optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) A nice system to study rotation and ellipticity of light Photoelastic modulator (PEM)
22 Laser MOKE Magneto-optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) Kerr rotation Kerr ellipticity V DC V 1 f K 2 V 4J V 2 2 f DC K 2 V 4J V 1 1 f DC V 2 f J, Bessel functions related to PEM retardation
23 Magneto-optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) Laser MOKE Hinds Instruments Hysteresis loop tracer (turn-key) PEM package Loop tracer PEM package Lock-in amplifier
24 Magneto-optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) Laser MOKE More commonly seen Setup on an optical table More flexible
25 Magneto-optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) MOKE (laser) data vs. VSM data TmIG PMA samples (submitted to Nature Materials) Compare the magnetometry and MOKE data, what can you see? a. XRD b. VSM c. MOKE d. MFM (magnetic force microscopy)
26 Magneto-optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) Wide-field MOKE
27 Magneto-optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) Wide-field MOKE
28 Magneto-optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) Wide-field MOKE
29 Magneto-optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) Wide-field MOKE results
30 Magneto-optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) Another application of MOKE MO disk / drive (circa 1980) Read by 780 nm laser Successful brand: SONY MiniDisk (MD) Development ceased in 2013
31 Magneto-optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) Another application of MOKE MO disk / drive (circa 1980) Read by 780 nm laser Successful brand: SONY MiniDisk (MD) Development ceased in 2013 Material PMA RE+TM materials: GdCo, TbFe, TbCoFe Writing process Laser heat up the sample close to Curie temp Electromagnet producing magnetic field to write For more on MO storage:
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