MAGNETIC MATERIALS. Fundamentals and device applications CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS NICOLA A. SPALDIN
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1 MAGNETIC MATERIALS Fundamentals and device applications NICOLA A. SPALDIN CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
2 Acknowledgements 1 Review of basic magnetostatics 1.1 Magnetic field Magnetic poles Magnetic flux Circulating currents Ampere's circuital law Biot-Savart law Field from a straight wire 1.2 Magnetic moment Magnetic dipole 1.3 Definitions 2 Magnetization and magnetic materials 2.1 Magnetic induction and magnetization 2.2 Flux density 2.3 Susceptibility and permeability 2.4 Hysteresis loops 2.5 Definitions 2.6 Units and conversions 3 Atomic origins of magnetism 3.1 Solution of the Schrödinger equation for a free atom What do the quantum numbers represent? 3.2 Extension to many-electron atoms 3.3 The normal Zeeman effect 3.4 Electron spin Pauli exclusion principle v
3 VI 3.5 Spin-orbit coupling Russell-Saunders coupling Hund's rules jj coupling The anomalous Zeeman effect Diamagnetism Observing the diamagnetic effect Diamagnetic susceptibility Diamagnetic substances Uses of diamagnetic materials Superconductivity The Meissner effect Critical field Classification of superconductors Applications for superconductors Paramagnetism Langevin theory of paramagnetism The Curie-Weiss law Quenching of orbital angular momentum Pauli paramagnetism Energy bands in solids Free electron theory of metals Susceptibility of Pauli paramagnets Paramagnetic oxygen < Uses of paramagnets Interactions in ferromagnetic materials Weiss molecular field theory Spontaneous magnetization Effect of temperature on magnetization Origin of the Weiss molecular field Quantum mechanics of the He atom Collective-electron theory of ferromagnetism The Slater-Pauling curve Summary Ferromagnetic domains Observing domains 73
4 F Home Antif Why domains occur Magnetostatic energy Magnetocrystalline energy Magnetostrictive energy Domain walls Magnetization and hysteresis ;work srromagnetism Neutron diffraction Weiss theory of antiferromagnetism Susceptibility above T N Weiss theory at T N Spontaneous magnetization below 7N Susceptibility below T^ What causes the negative molecular field? Uses of antiferromagnets Ferrii nagnetism Anisotropy Weiss theory of ferrimagnetism Weiss theory above TQ Weiss theory below 7c Ferrites The cubic ferrites The hexagonal ferrites The garnets Half-metallic antiferromagnets Magnetocrystalline anisotropy Origin of magnetocrystalline anisotropy Symmetry of magnetocrystalline anisotropy Shape anisotropy Demagnetizing field Induced magnetic anisotropy Magnetic annealing Roll anisotropy Explanation for induced magnetic anisotropy Other ways of inducing magnetic anisotropy
5 Vlll 11 Magnetic data storage Introduction Magnetic media Magnetic properties of small particles Materials used in magnetic media Disadvantages of small particles in media applications The other components of magnetic hard disks Write heads Read heads Magnetoresistance - general Magnetoresistance in normal metals Magnetoresistance in ferromagnetic metals Colossal magnetoresistance Future of magnetic data storage Magneto-optics and magneto-optic recording Magneto-optics basics Kerr effect Faraday effect Physical origin of magneto-optic effects Magneto-optic recording Other types of optical storage, and the future of magneto-optic recording Magnetic semiconductors ^ II-VI diluted magnetic semiconductors - (Zn,Mn)Se Enhanced Zeeman splitting Persistent spin coherence Spin-polarized transport Other architectures III-V diluted magnetic semiconductors - (Ga,Mn)As Rare earth-group V compounds - ErAs Summary 175 Epilogue 111 Solutions to exercises 178 References 206 Index 210
Contents. Acknowledgments
MAGNETIC MATERIALS Fundamentals and Applications Second edition NICOLA A. SPALDIN University of California, Santa Barbara CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents Acknowledgments page xiii I Basics 1 Review
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