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This is a repository copy of In Vivo 3D Analysis of Thoracic Kinematics : Changes in Size and Shape During Breathing and Their Implications for Respiratory Function in Recent Humans and Fossil

1 This is a repository copy of In Vivo 3D Analysis of Thoracic Kinematics : Changes in Size and Shape During Breathing and Their Implications for Respiratory Function in Recent Humans and Fossil Hominins. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: Version: Accepted Version Article: Bastir, Markus, García-Martínez, Daniel, Torres-Tamayo, Nicole et al. (5 more authors) (0) In Vivo 3D Analysis of Thoracic Kinematics : Changes in Size and Shape During Breathing and Their Implications for Respiratory Function in Recent Humans and Fossil Hominins. Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology. pp. -. ISSN - Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by ing eprints@whiterose.ac.uk including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. eprints@whiterose.ac.uk

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3 5 7 1 1 1 1 0 1 3 5 7 3 3 Figure 1. How the thorax changes shape during breathing. Upper row: forced expiration; lower row: forced inspiration; a, anterior; b, left lateral; c, superior axial views.

29 Figure 1. How the thorax changes shape during breathing. Upper row: forced expiration; lower row: forced inspiration; a, anterior; b, left lateral; c, superior axial views. 3 Grids are warped from the overall mean shape to the mean shapes at forced inspiration and forced expiration. In frontal view the red transformation grids are drawn through the centre of the ribcage, in lateral view the grids are drawn through the midsagittal plane. In axial view grids are drawn in the 3 transverse plane at the level of the mid upper thorax (green grid) and mid lower thorax (orange grid). a) 0 shows the relatively lower position of the lateral parts of the ribs which become elevated during inspiration. 1 In addition, the lower thorax becomes mediolaterally wider relative to the upper, also shown by transformation grids in (c). The solid line and arrows show no change in width in the upper part of the thorax. The dashed line and arrows show medio-lateral expansion in the lower thorax during inspiration. Left 3 lateral views (b) show a considerably more marked antero-posterior expansion of the upper than of the lower thorax. The cranial axial views also illustrate that the upper thorax in expiration (c) is shallower in the 5 antero posterior direction relative to the lower thorax, becoming relatively deeper during inspiration. Thus, the green transformation grid in the upper thorax is relatively shorter in FE than in FI, while the orange grid 7 5 changes in its medio lateral width, but not in its anteroposterior depth. 7x15mm (0 x 0 DPI)

3 5 7 1 1 1 1 0 1 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 0 1 3 5 7 5 5 5 For Peer Figure. Functional size and shape changes of the pulm onary and diaphragm atic ribcage.

30 For Peer Figure. Functional size and shape changes of the pulm onary and diaphragm atic ribcage. The slope of the pulm onary ribcage is considerably sm aller than that of the diaphragm atic ribcage. Therefore, within the lower thorax, less shape change is necessary to produce the sam e degree of size difference as in the upper thorax. 1xm m ( 0 x 0 DPI )

3 5 7 1 1 For 1 1 0 1 Peer 3 5 7 Review 3 3 3 3 0 1

The red dots m ark anatom ical landm arks, the green

31 For Peer Review Supplem entary Figure 1. This figure shows a 3D reconstruction of an adult t horax in forced inspiration ( FI ). The red dots m ark anatom ical landm arks, the green dots sem ilandm arks which characterize the 3D 3 curvature of the ribs. 7xm m ( x DPI )

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White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: Version: Accepted Version

White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: Version: Accepted Version This is a repository copy of Improving health outcomes for adults with severe mental illness and comorbid diabetes : is supporting diabetes self-management the right approach? White Rose Research Online