Quantum-information thermodynamics

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1 Quantum-information thermodynamics Taahiro agawa Department of Basic cience, University of Toyo YITP Worshop on Quantum Information Physics (YQIP August 2014, YITP, Kyoto

2 Collaborators on Information Thermodynamics asahito Ueda (Univ. Toyo hoichi Toyabe (LU unich Eiro uneyui (Chuo Univ. asai ano (Univ. Toyo osue Ito (Univ. Toyo Naoto hiraishi (Univ. Toyo ang Woo Kim (Pusan National Univ. Jung Jun Par (National Univ. ingapore Kang-Hwan Kim (KAIT imone De Liberato (Univ. Paris VII Juan. R. Parrondo (Univ. adrid Jordan. Horowitz (Univ. assachusetts Jua Peola (Aalto Univ. Jonne Kosi (Aalto Univ. Ville aisi (Aalto Univ.

3 Outline Introduction Quantum entropy and information econd law with quantum feedbac Comprehensive framewor of quantum-information thermodynamics Paradox of axwell s demon

4 Outline Introduction Quantum entropy and information econd law with quantum feedbac Comprehensive framewor of quantum-information thermodynamics Paradox of axwell s demon

5 Thermodynamics in the Fluctuating World Thermodynamics of small systems Thermodynamic quantities are fluctuating! econd law of thermodynamics Nonequilibrium thermodynamics

6 Information Thermodynamics Information ystem Demon Feedbac Information processing at the level of thermal fluctuations Foundation of the second law of thermodynamics Application to nanomachines and nanodevices

7 L. zilard, Z. Phys. 53, 840 (1929 zilard Engine (1929 Initial tate Partition Which? Heat bath T Tln2 B Wor Isothermal, quasi-static expansion Feedbac easurement Left Right ln 2 Free energy: Increase F E T Decrease by feedbac Can control physical entropy by using information

8 Information Heat Engine Controller Information Feedbac mall system Tln2 B Tln2 B Can increase the system s free energy even if there is no energy flow between the system and the controller

9 Experimental Realizations (yet classical With a colloidal particle Toyabe, T, Ueda, uneyui, & ano, Nature Physics (2010 Efficiency: 30% Validation of ( W F e With a single electron Kosi, aisi, T, & Peola, PRL (2014 Efficiency: 75% Validation of ( W F I e 1

10 Outline Introduction Quantum entropy and information econd law with quantum feedbac Comprehensive framewor of quantum-information thermodynamics Paradox of axwell s demon

11 Classical Entropy Information content with event : Average ln 1 p hannon entropy: H p ln 1 p

12 Quantum Entropy Von Neumann entropy: ( tr ln : density operator i qi i i ( q ln i i q i with an orthonormal basis Characterizes the randomness of the classical mixture in the density operator

13 Von Neumann and Thermodynamic Entropies Canonical distribution: can ( FE e E: Hamiltonian Free energy: F Average energy: E BT ln tr e E tr cane can E can F B Ttr can ln can Cf. E F T can therm Thermodynamic entropy The von Neumann entropy is consistent with thermodynamic entropy in the canonical distribution

14 utual Information ystem easurement with stochastic errors emory (measurement device ystem I emory I( : H( H( H( 0 I H( Correlation between and No information No error I ln 2 ln (1 ln( Ex. Binary symmetric channel I

15 Quantum utual Information A B AB I A:B ( ( ( ( AB A B AB I ( A:B AB 0

16 Quantum easurement Projection measurement (error-free Observable A P Projection operators { P } General measurement Kraus operators E { i, } : measurement outcome POV: { } E i i i E I Probability p Post-measurement state tr( P 1 p PP Probability p Post-measurement state tr( E 1 p i i i

17 QC-mutual Information (1 Information flow from Quantum system to Classical outcome by quantum measurement I ( p ( QC : measured density operator p tr[ ] : probability of obtaining outcome 1 p : post-measurement state with outcome Assumed a single Kraus operator for each outcome H. J. Groenewold, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 4, 327 ( Ozawa, J. ath. Phys. 27, 759 (1986. T and. Ueda, PRL 100, (2008.

18 QC-mutual Information (2 0 I H QC H p ln p No information Error-free & classical Any POV element is identity operator Any POV element is projection and commutable with measured state Classical measurement, IQC reduces to the classical mutual information If the measured state is a pure state: I QC 0

19 Outline Introduction Quantum entropy and information econd law with quantum feedbac Comprehensive framewor of quantum-information thermodynamics Paradox of axwell s demon

20 The econd Law of Thermodynamics (without Feedbac Volume V Heat bath (temperature T Wor We extract the wor by changing external parameters (volume of the gas, frequency of optical tweezers,. W F ext (the equality is achieved in the quasi-static process With a cycle, F 0 holds, and therefore W ext 0 (Kelvin s principle

21 Quantum Feedbac Control Quantum system Quantum measurement Outcome Controller Control protocol can depend on outcome after measurement

22 Generalized econd Law with Feedbac Information I Heat bath Engine Feedbac Wor W ext F T and. Ueda, PRL 100, (2008 W ext F B TI QC The upper bound of the wor extracted by the demon is bounded by the QC-mutual information. The equality can be achieved: K. Jacobs, PRA 80, (2009 J.. Horowitz & J.. R. Parrondo, EPL 95, (2011 D. Abreu & U. eifert, EPL 94, (2011 J.. Horowitz & J.. R. Parrondo, New J. Phys. 13, (2011 T. agawa &. Ueda, PRE 85, (2012. Bauer, D. Abreu & U. eifert, J. Phys. A: ath. Theor. 45, (2012

23 Information Heat Engine Conventional heat engine: Heat Wor TH QH Heat engine QL TL Heat efficiency e W Q ext H 1 T T L H Wext Carnot cycle Information heat engine: utual information Wor and Free energy W ext F B TI QC zilard engine

24 Outline Introduction Quantum entropy and information econd law with quantum feedbac Comprehensive framewor of quantum-information thermodynamics Paradox of axwell s demon

25 Entropy Production in Nonequilibrium Dynamics Wor W ystem Heat bath B (inverse temperature β Heat Q Entropy production in the total system: B Q Change in the von Neumann entropy of If the initial and the final states are canonical distributions: W F B Free-energy difference

26 econd Law of Thermodynamics B 0 Holds true for nonequilibrium initial and final states Entropy production in the whole universe is nonnegative! A lot of derivations have been nown (Positivity of the relative entropy, Its monotonicity, Fluctuation theorem & Jarzynsi equality, If the initial state is the canonical distribution: W F

27 ystem and emory ystem (Woring engine Information emory (Controller Feedbac Consider the role of memory explicitly

28 Entropy Change in ystem and emory ystem emory ( ( ( I:( I : I B : Q

29 emory tructure H H ( Total Hilbert space of memory is the direct sum of subspaces corresponding to outcome ymmetric memory 0 1 Asymmetric memory 0 1

30 easurement Process Initial state: (0 (0 is on (0 H CPTP map of measurement process: meas E Post-measurement state: ' E meas ( Assume ( ( ' ' p p : probability of obtaining outcome ( 1 ' :post-measurement state of p ( ' is on H ( (projection postulate

31 Entropy Change during easurement Before measurement: ( ( After measurement: ( ( ' ( ' ( ' I:( ' meas meas meas I ' :( Bac-action of measurement utual information: ( I ( ' ( ' ( ' :

32 econd Law for easurement meas meas meas B I : ' meas B 0 ( Q Assume: heat is absorbed only by memory during measurement meas Q meas I ' :( meas Q meas ( ' p ( ' ( QC-mutual information meas Q I QC

33 Energy Cost for easurement meas Q I QC W E B T meas B TI QC ame bound as that without measurement Additional energy cost to obtain information Information is not free! ΔF=0 (symmetric memory & H=I QC (classical and error-free measurement W 0 T and. Ueda, PRL 102, (2009; 106, (E (2011.

34 Feedbac Process Assume CPTP map of feedbac process: fb fb ( E E P ( Projection super-operator onto H ( Use only classical outcome for feedbac Post-feedbac state: ' ' E fb ( ' ( ( '' ' p Unchanged '' ( E fb ( ( [ ' ]

35 Entropy Change during Feedbac ' ( ' ( ' ( ' ( : I Before feedbac: '' ( ' ( : : fb fb I I I ' ( ' ( ' ( ( : After feedbac: '' ( ' ( '' ( '' ( : I Unchanged

36 econd law for Feedbac fb fb B I : ' I:( '' ( Q fb B 0 fb Q I : ( ' I:( '' Entropy decrease by feedbac fb Q I ' :(

37 Entire Entropy Change in Engine By adding meas to the both-hand sides of fb Q I ' :( During measurement and feedbac, Q meas I ' :( QC-mutual information Q I QC W ext F B TI QC

38 Generalized econd Law: ummary easurement and feedbac Heat bath B ystem emory Heat bath B Q I Q I QC QC

39 Duality between easurement and Feedbac Feedbac Correlation Time easurement Time-reversal transformation wap system and memory easurement becomes feedbac (and vice versa

40 Outline Introduction Quantum entropy and information econd law with quantum feedbac Comprehensive framewor of quantum-information thermodynamics Paradox of axwell s demon

41 Problem Heat bath ystem emory Heat bath What compensates for the entropy decrease here? For zilard engine, Q ln 2

42 Conventional Arguments easurement process! Brillouin Erasure process! (From Landauer principle Bennett & Landauer Widely accepted since 1980 s

43 Total Entropy Production Generalized second laws have been derived from the second law for the total system: B 0 I : Q 0 If the quantum mutual information is taen into account, the total entropy production is always nonnegative for each process of measurement or feedbac.

44 Revisit the Problem Heat bath ystem emory Heat bath What compensates for the entropy decrease here? The quantum mutual information compensates for it. For zilard engine, Q ln 2 B Q I ln 2 ln 2 0

45 Resolution of the Paradox axwell s demon is consistent with the second law for measurement and feedbac processes individually The quantum mutual information is the ey We don t need the Landauer principle to understanding the consistency

46 ummary Unified theory of quantum-information thermodynamics inimal energy cost for quantum information processing Paradox of axwell s demon Theory: T. agawa &. Ueda, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, (2008. T. agawa &. Ueda, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, (2009; 106, (E (2011. T. agawa &. Ueda, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, (2012. T. agawa &. Ueda, New Journal of Physics 15, (2013. Experiment:. Toyabe, T.agawa,. Ueda, E. uneyui, &. ano, Nature Physics 6, 988 (2010. J. V. Kosi, V. F. aisi, T. agawa, & J. P. Peola, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, (2014. Review: J.. R. Parrondo, J.. Horowitz, & T. agawa, Nature Physics, Coming soon! Than you for your attentions!

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