THERMODYNAMICS. DEFINED And DISCUSSED. Thomas E. Eaton, CFI, PE, ScD EATON ENGINEERING CO. Harrodsburg, Kentucky

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2 THERMODYNAMICS DEFINED And DISCUSSED Thomas E. Eaton, CFI, PE, ScD EATON ENGINEERING CO. Harrodsburg, Kentucky Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.

3 THERMODYNAMICS WHAT??? IS??? THERMODYNAMICS???????????? Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.

4 WHAT IS THERMODYNAMICS DUUUUHHHHHH STRANGE MYSTICAL REMOTE WEIRD FUZZY??????????? GOLLY GEE

5 WHY IS THERMODYNAMICS OF INTEREST IN FIRE INVESTIGATION??? NFPA 921 [ A GUIDE ] NFPA 1033 [ A STANDARD ] Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.

6 THE TECHNICAL TOPICS OF NFPA 1033: Professional Qualifications for Fire Investigator FIRE SCIENCE FIRE CHEMISTRY FIRE INVESTIGATON FIRE ANALYSIS FIRE INVESTIGATION METHODOLOGY FIRE INVESTIGATION TECHNOLOGY HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS THERMODYANMICS THERMOMETRY FIRE DYNAMICS EXPLOSION DYNAMICS COMPUTER FIRE MODELING FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS FAILURE ANALYSIS AND ANALYTICAL TOOLS EVIDENCE DOCUMENTATION, COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.

7 NFPA : Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations NFPA : Standard for Professional Qualifications of Fire Investigator NFPA : THERMODYNAMICS: NOT DEFINED NFPA : THERMODYNAMICS: NOT DEFINED

8 The Dictionary of Thermodynamics

9 The Dictionary of Thermodynamics Dr. A.M. James, 1976, 262 pp. John Wiley & Sons Thermodynamics - NOT DEFINED

10 THE DICTIONARY (2009) SPECIFIED BY NFPA 921 AND NFPA 1033

11 WEBSTER S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY THERMODYNAMICS Defined

12 MERRIAM-WEBSTER S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY Eleventh Edition, 2009, p thermodynamics \ (1854) 1: physics that deals with the mechanical action or relations to heat. 2: thermodynamic processes and phenomenon.

13 THERMODYNAMICS Once Defined, It s NOT SO STRANGE THERMODYNAMICS IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO FIRE INVESTIGATION. THERMODYNAMICS APPLIES TO ANY PROCESS WHERE ENERGY CONVERSION IS INVOLVED. GENERALLY, ENERGY CONVERSION IS INVOLVED WHERE THERE IS CHANGE. WHEN SOMETHING HAPPENS, THERMODYNAMICS IS INVOLVED. CONSEQUENTLY, FIRE INVESTIGATORS ARE FAMILIAR WITH THERMODYNAMICS" Thermodynamics Defined, Copyright Eaton Engineering Co.

14 THERMODYNAMICS It s NOT SO STRANGE IGNITION INITIATES COMBUSTION IS A THERMODYNAMICS PROCESS Open Flames, Pilot Flames, Electrical Sparks (Transient Discharges), Electrical Arcs (Sustained Discharges), Electric Resistance Heating, Chemical Reactions, Friction, etc. COMBUSTION IS A PROCESS THAT CONVERTS CHEMICAL ENERGY IN FUELS TO THERMAL ENERGY, i.e., A THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS THERMODYNAMICS IS A SCIENTIFIC SUBJECT ROUTINELY UTILIZED IN FIRE INVESTIGATION FIRE INVESTIGATORS ARE ALREADY FAMILIAR WITH THERMODYNAMICS Note Also: FIRE INVESTIGATORS ARE FAMILIAR WITH FIRE DYNAMICS. THIS IS BECAUSE ORIGIN DETERMINATION IS THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE DYNAMIC DEVELOPMENT OF A FIRE FROM EXTINGUISHMENT (As Found) BACK TO IGNITION (First Fuel Ignited)

15 THERMODYNAMICS THE SCIENCE OF ENERGY CONVERSION

16 THERMODYNAMICS THE BRANCH OF THERMAL SCIENCE CONCERNING THE CONVERSION OF ENERGY FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER

17 THERMODYNAMICS DEFINED AND DISCUSSED WITHOUT EQUATIONS, MATHEMATICS, COMPUTIONS, AND OTHER CONFUSING ASPECTS

18 THERMODYNAMICS THE STUDY OF THE PRINCIPLE OF ENERGY CONSERVATION, THE INHERNET RESTRICTIONS REGARDING ENERGY CONVERSION, THE TEMPERATURE OF SUBSTANCES, AND THE THERMAL-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.

19 Definition Methodology Find and Quote Thermodynamics is in Engineering, Scientific, and Technical Literature (Textbooks, Treatises, Technical Papers, Handbooks, Encyclopedias, Journals, Publications, etc.)

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21 Discussion Methodology Describe What Thermodynamics is And the Laws of Thermodynamics Without Equations, Mathematics

22 WHAT IS THERMODYNAMICS??????? The DEFINITION is --- Surprisingly Elusive, Sometimes Confused, Sometimes Inaccurate, Often Not Mentioned Thermodynamics is...

23 THERMODYNAMICS SOME TEXTBOOK DEFINITIONS Thermodynamics is the science of the relationship between heat, work, and the properties of systems, Keenan, Thermodynamics, 1941 One very excellent definition of thermodynamics is that it is the science of energy and entropy. Van Wylen and Soontag, Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics, 1965

24 THERMODYNAMICS SOME SCIENTIST S DEFINITIONS The subject matter of thermodynamics is based essentially on two fundamental postulates (or laws) which summarize actual experience with regard to the interconversion of different forms of energy. These are called the first and second laws of Thermodynamics, Samuel Glasstone, Thermodynamics for Chemists, 1947

25 THERMODYNAMICS SOME SCIENTIST S DEFINITIONS THERMODYNAMICS is mainly concerned with the transformations of heat into mechanical work and the opposite transformations of mechanical work into heat. Only in comparatively recent times have physicists recognized that heat is a form of energy that can be changed into other forms of energy. Enrico Fermi, Thermodynamics, 1936

26 THERMODYNAMICS SOME SCIENTIST S DEFINITIONS Thermodynamics is the science of the relationship between heat, work, and other forms of energy in combination with the physical properties of the substances involved. - Clark S. Robinson, Thermodynamics of Firearms, 1943.

27 THERMODYNAMICS SOME SCIENTIST S DEFINITIONS As it has become apparent that thermodynamics goes much deeper than the consideration of steam engines associated with its historical beginnings, it has also become apparent that biology is at its roots is a profoundly thermodynamic subject. Harold J. Morowitz, Entropy for Biologists, 1970

28 FIELDS OF THERMODYNAMIC STUDY THERMAL PHYSICS METALLURGY BIOLOGY GEOLOGY MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ENERGY SYSTEMS CHEMISTRY MATERIALS MOLECULES HYDROCARBONS CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERING NATURAL SYSTEMS ASTRONOMY BIOMECHANICS ELECTRICITY MAGNETISM FIRE SCIENCE

29 THERMODYNAMICS ENGINEERING DEFINITION THERMODYNAMICS is the study of energy, its transformations, and its relation to the states of matter. --- Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles, Chapter 2, 2013 ASHRAE HANDBOOK: FUNDAMENTALS (ASHRAE, 2013), p. 2.1

30 APPLICATIONS OF THERMODYNAMICS OF INTEREST TO FIRE INVESTIGATORS COMBUSTION IGNITION PYROLYSIS PHASE CHANGE HYDRAULICS INSTRUMENTATION PHOTOGRAPHY WATER PUMPS GASOLINE / DIESEL ENGINES ELECTRICITY GENERATION TELECOMMUNICATIONS ELECTRONICS

31 THERMODYNAMICS SOME ENCYCLOPEDIA DEFINITIONS Thermodynamics is the science of the Transformation of Energy. McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Physics, 2005

32 THERME --- DYNAMIS (HEAT) --- (POWER)

33 In Lord Kelvin s Words Hence, Thermo-dynamics falls naturally into two Divisions, of which the subjects are respectively, the relation of heat to the forces acting between contiguous parts of bodies, and the relation of heat to electrical energy. * * Thompson, William (Lord Kelvin), Fundamental Principles of General Thermo- Dynamics Recapulated, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburg, Vol. XX1,Part I, 1856, pp

34 THERMODYNAMICS WHERE DOES IT COME FROM??? BASED ON EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION USING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

35 What is SCIENCE??? From the Latin: scientia KNOWLEDGE SCIENCE: knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts learned through experiments and observation. * *

36 Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford HEATING CAUSED BY BORING CANNON (A RISE IN COOLING WATER TEMPERATURE) Heat is a Form of Motion Philosophical Transactions, V88, 1798

37 THE RUMFORD FIREPLACE

38 HEAT TO WORK THE OBSESSION OF EARLY THERMODYNAMICS Common Examples GASOLINE ENGINES DIESEL ENGINES STEAM ENGINES STEAM TURBINES GAS TURBINES FIREARMS ARTILLERY EXPLOSIVES ROCKETS BOMBS

39 THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES OF INTEREST TO FIRE INVESTIGATORS Combustion / Fire Chemical to Thermal Explosion Chemical to Thermal/Mechanical Pyrolysis Thermal to Chemical Ignition Source Flames, Sparks, Arcs, Resistance Heating, etc. Radiation Thermal to Electromagnetic Pumping Mechanical to Kinetic (Fluid Flow) Braking Kinetic to Mechanical Power Generation Mechanical to Electric Communication Electrical to Electromagnetic Corrosion Chemical to Chemical Control Electrical to Electrical Phase Change Thermal to Physical State Arcs & Sparks Electrical to Thermal Illumination Electrical to Electromagnetic

40 THERMODYNAMICS Some Historical Observations The Conversion of Heat Produced by burning wood or coal in a boiler into mechanical work using a steam engine was of much interest. Into the early nineteenth century, heat was thought to be a substance called Caloric. Thermodynamics was primarily concerned with Heat and Work for well over a century. In many fields, it still is today. In the early Twentieth Century, Statistical thermodynamics develops In the mid-twentieth Century, Non-Linear Thermodynamics is proposed. In the mid-twentieth Century, thermodynamics expands into numerous scientific fields beyond heat and power of interest to engineers Classical Thermodynamics accomplishes great advances based on systems in equilibrium --- which restricts thermodynamic analysis to only energy conversion and deliberately ignores energy transport --- in order to simplify the analysis. Today, non-equilibrium thermodynamics addresses complex energy conversion and energy transport processes simultaneously: Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Combined

41 LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS ZEROTH --- TEMPERATURE (of Energy) FIRST --- CONSERVATION OF ENERGY SECOND --- LIMITATIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION

42 TEMPERATURE IS A QUANTITATIVE MEASURE OF ENERGY INTENSITY

43 TEMPERATURE The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics ENERGY INTENSITY CREATED BY THE KINETIC MOTION OF MATTER: ATOMS, MOLECULES, PARTICLES

44 TEMPERATURE ENERGY INTENSITY CREATED BY THE KINETIC MOTION OF MATTER OR PARTICLES

45 ROOM TEMPERATURE: 70-F 70 degrees F = 21 degrees C, Celsius 294 degrees K, Kelvin 530 degrees R, Rankine ev, electron-volts

46 TEMPERATURE 1 ev, electron Volt = 11,604.5 degrees Kelvin 20,428 degrees Fahrenheit

47 ABSOLUTE ZERO = F ---- Fahrenheit C --- Celsius 0.0 K Kelvin 0.0 R Rankine 0.0 ev electron-volts

48 TEMPERATURE The Electron Volt - ev 1 electron Volt, 1 ev = 11,604 Kelvin, degrees K 11,331 Celsius, degrees C 20,888 Rankine, degrees R 20,428 Fahrenheit, degrees F

49 TEMPERATURE CONSTANT TEMPERATURE INDICATES EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS ( UNIFORM THROUGHOUT )

50 WHAT IS ENERGY!!! --- ENERGY --- THE ABILITY TO CAUSE CHANGE

51 ENERGY IN GENERAL KINETIC (Motion) POTENTIAL (Stored)

52 TYPES OF ENERGY THERMAL CHEMICAL MECHANICAL GRAVITATIONAL KINETIC VIBRATIONAL* ROTATIONAL* ELECTRICAL MAGNETIC ELECTROMAGNETIC NUCLEAR MASS

53 TEMPERATURE IS ENERGY!!! --- THERMAL ENERGY --- KINETIC ENERGY OF ATOMS, MOLECULES, PARTICLES

54 TEMPERATURE IS ENERGY!!! KE = ½ mv² = 3/2 kt KE - mean particle energy T -- temperature equates to E -- energy

55 TEMPERATURE IS ENERGY!!! ---THERMAL ENERGY--- TEMPERATURE = INTENSITY HEAT = QUANTITY

56 PRESSURE IS ALSO ENERGY ---Example: Pneumatic Tire --- PRESSURE = ENERGY INTENSITY VOLUME OF AIR = ENERGY QUANTITY PRESSURIZED

57 ELECTRICITY IS ENERGY ---ELECTRICAL ENERGY--- VOLTAGE = INTENSITY CHARGE = QUANTITY

58 THERMODYNAMIC METHODS CLASSICAL STATISTICAL NON-EQUILIBRIUM

59 THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS BEGIN WITH SYSTEM SELECTION SYSTEM BOUNDARY SURROUNDINGS THERMODYANMIC SYSTEM

60 THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS A THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM IS AN OBJECT SELECTED TO APPLY THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS - The Subject of Thermodynamic Investigation Examples: room, molecule, atom, battery, boiler, lamp, planet, nozzle, planet, engine, heater, etc. CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS DEFINES THE STATE (PHYSICAL) CONDITIONS THROUGHOUT THE THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM TO BE IN EQUILIBRIUM, I.E., UNIFORM AT ANY GIVEN TIME Transfer processes driven by non-equilibrium conditions are not considered

61 THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS THE FUNDAMENTAL BASIS OF THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS --- SYSTEM SELECTION THE THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM IS SELECTED FOR THE TASK AT HAND SELECT THE SYSTEM WISELY --- THE THERMODYANMICS SYSTEM IS USER SELECTED THE THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM IS TYPICALLY THE OBJECT, REGION, ITEM, ETC. BEING STUDIED e.g.: A Match, A Room, An Engine, A Cigarette, A Couch, A Container, A Heater, A Switch, An Arc, A Chimney, A Lamp, A Cardboard Box, Roll of Hay, A Trash Can, Cook Top, Oven, etc. Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.

62 THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS DEFINE THE CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM APPLY THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS EXAMINE THE CONDITIONS OF STATE AT DIFFERENT CONDITIONS REQUIRE MATERIALS, SUBSTANCES, e.g., CONTENTS, OF THE THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM BE IN EQUILBRIUM UNIFORM THROUGHOUT THE SYSTEM ANALYZE THE ENERGY CONVERTED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER EVALUATE THE LOST ENERGY, IRREVERSIBILITIES, ETC. Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.

63 THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS THERMODYNAMIC STATE CONDITION - The Physical Properties of the System Contents at a Given Point LIKE A PHOTOGRAPH!!! DOCUMENTING SPECIFIC CONDITIONS A SEQUENCE OF PHOTOGRAPHS IS LIKE A SERIES OF THERMODYNAMIC STATES THERMAL-PHYSICAL PROPERTY CHANGES BETWEEN THERMODYNAMIC STATES DETERMINE THE ENERGY CONVERSION Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.

64 THERMODYNAMICS AND FIRE ORIGIN AND CAUSE ANALYSIS ORIGIN AND CAUSE INVESTIGATION LIKE TWO PHOTOGRAPHS!!! DOCUMENTS SPECIFIC STATIC CONDITIONS A SEQUENCE OF PHOTOGRAPHS IS LIKE A SERIES OF THERMODYNAMIC STATES IN EQUILIBRIUM THE FIRE ORIGIN AND CAUSE INVESTIGATION BEGINS WITH A PHOTOGRAPH OF THE FIRE SCENE, AS FOUND THE OBJECTIVE OF FIRE ORIGIN AND CAUSE ANALYSIS IS TO CREATE THE PHOTOGRAPH OF THE IGNITION OF THE FIRE THERMAL-PHYSICAL PROPERTY CHANGES BETWEEN THERMODYNAMIC STATE CONDITIONS ( Photographs DETERMINE THE ENERGY CONVERSION Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.

65 THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM THE CONSERVATION LAWS APPLY MANDATES THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM BOUNDARY REQUIREMENTS WHAT GOES INSIDE, ENERGY MASS MOMENTUM Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co. COMES OUT, OR EITHER STAYS INSIDE

66 THERMODYNAMICS METHODOLOGIES CLASSICAL e.g.: Engineering STATISTICAL --- MODERN Non-Equilibrium Equilibrium Thermodynamics Energy Transport Ignored System Analysis Simplified but Powerful Not Heat Transfer Macroscopic (Real World) System Static Analysis (Thermostatics) Emphasis on Heat and Power Equilibrium Thermodynamics Microscopic (Atomic/Molecular) System Results Not Possible with Classical Thermodynamics Not Heat Transfer All Types of Energy Conversion Studied Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics Details of Energy Transport Considered HEAT TRANSFER INCLUDED Detailed Analysis inside Thermodynamic System in Non-equilibrium or quasi-equilibrium conditions

67 THERMODYNAMICS METHODOLOGIES EQUILIBRIUM Classical / Statistical - Engineering Method Commonly Utilized and Taught Energy Transport, Heat Transfer Ignored NON-EQUILIBRIUM Modern - Much More complex A Developing Field Includes Computational Fire Dynamics

68 THERMODYNAMICS METHODOLOGIES EQUILIBRIUM Internal Conditions ALL THE SAME Uniform Throughout No Differences in Physical Properties (T,P,v, etc.) No Mechanism for Energy Transport NON-EQUILIBRIUM PHYSICAL PROPERTIES VARY - P, T, v, V, E, C, etc. NON-EQUILIBRIUM STATE CONDITIONS Exist NON-Uniform Substance / Material Conditions within System Differences (Variations), Gradients in Properties are Present Driving Forces of Energy, Mass, and Momentum Transport Energy Transport, Heat Transfer, etc. can be included

69 PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF THERMODYNAMICS 1. Energy Conservation - The FIRST LAW 2. Energy Conversion Limitations - The SECOND LAW 3. Thermal Equilibrium The ZEROTH LAW 4. Thermal-Physical Properties of Substances Thermodynamic Data

70 Concepts of Thermodynamics Temperature Energy Irreversibility Availability Entropy Time

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72 VIDEO 1. Steam

73 VIDEO 2. Reversed Videos

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75 Consequences of Thermodynamics, i.e., ENERGY CONVERSION ENERGY TRANSPORT IRREVERSIBILITY CHANGE TIME

76 SPECIFIC AREAS OF THERMODYNAMIC STUDY: The Conversion of Energy from One Form to Another COMBUSTION IGNITION PROPULSION EXPLOSIONS FIRE DYNAMICS COMPRESSIBLE FLOW GAS DYNAMICS TURBOMACHINERY ELECTRONICS ELECTRICITY BATTERIES CLIMATE METALS MINERALS SOLIDS POLYMERS CORROSION

77 OTHER AREAS OF THERMODYNAMIC STUDY ATMOSPHERES OCEANS PLANETS BLACK HOLES IMAGING INSTRUMENTATION DETECTORS PIZZA COOKIES BAR-B-QUE SUGAR AND STARCH FAT

78 E N T R O P Y WHAT IS ENTROPY????? A CONCEPT REGARDING THE SECOND LAW 2 b : a process of degradation or running down or a trend to disorder. (Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 11 th Ed.)

79 E N T R O P Y WHAT IS ENTROPY??? IT IS A THERMAL-PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF MATTER Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.

80 E N T R O P Y WHAT IS ENTROPY??? A MEASURE OF ENERGY AVAILABILITY Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.

81 E N T R O P Y WHAT IS ENTROPY??? An Indication of the PREFERED DIRECTION of a Given Process * * Parker, S.P., ed., McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Physics, 1993 Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.

82 E N T R O P Y WHAT IS ENTROPY??? A MEASURE OF IRREVERSIBILITY --- THE ENERGY UTILIZED OR CONSUMED IN THE ENERGY CONVERSION PROCESS Referred to as LOST Work. Nevertheless, Energy cannot be Lost --- THE ENERGY YOU USE TO CONVERT ENERGY TO THE FORM YOU NEED ---- Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.

83 IRREVERSIBILITY YOU HAVE TO USE ENERGY TO CONVERT ENERGY

84 E N T R O P Y WHAT IS AVAILABILITY The AMOUNT OF ENERGY That Can Be CONVERTED In a Thermodynamic System Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.

85 AVAILABILITY FUELS HAVE CHEMICAL ENERGY AVAILABLE FOR CONVERSION INTO HEAT GIVEN AN IGNITION SEQUENCE COMBUSTION OR EXPLOSION OF THE FUEL RELEASES HEAT ENERGY Consider - Risk Assessment, Hazard Classification, Loss Prevention

86 IRREVERSIBILITY DECAY CORROSION DETERIORATION CRUMBLING LEAKAGE BURNING FLOWING COOLING MIXING CONSUMPTION TOPPLING DISCHARGE AGING FALLING DEFORMATION DIFFUSION CONDUCTION DISPERSION

87 IRREVERSIBILITY ENERGY MUST BE USED TO TRANSPORT ENERGY IN ORDER TO CONVERT ENERGY FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER

88 VIDEO 3 - Fires, Explosions, Etc.

89 Irreversibility Video here

90 THERMODYNAMICS The One Equation THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: A BALANCE SHEET of ENERGY HEAT = ENERGY + WORK dq = de + dw

91 THERMODYNAMICS The One Equation dq = de + dw Change in Heat Energy = Change in Internal Energy + Work Done d means a change in

92 THERMODYNAMICS The One Equation... Encompasses All Forms of Energy dq - A Change in Heat Energy dw - Work Done by System de - A Change in ANY OTHER ENERGY- - Electrical, Gravitational, Chemical, Magnetic, Nuclear, Electromagnetic, etc.

93 THERMODYNAMICS The One Equation... Encompasses All Forms of Energy dq - Heat Energy dw - Work de - ALL Other Forms of Energy Electrical, Gravitational, Chemical, Magnetic, Nuclear, Electromagnetic, etc.

94 THERMODYNAMICS The One Equation... de = ALL OTHER FORMS of Energy de = ALL OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY Electrical, Gravitational, Chemical, Magnetic, Nuclear, Electromagnetic, etc. EXCEPT NOT = HEAT NOT = WORK

95 Consequences of Thermodynamics CHANGE ENERGY - The Ability to Cause CHANGE

96 Consequences of Thermodynamics ENERGY CONVERSION, I.E., THERMODYNAMICS, CREATES CHANGE

97 Consequences of Thermodynamics TIME IS PART OF CHANGE!!!

98 Consequences of Thermodynamics CHANGE There always will be change!

99 DYNAMICS VS. STATICS!!! IS IT THERMODYNAMICS OR IS IT REALLY THERMOSTATICS???????????

100 THERMOSTATICS!!! 1. THERMODYNAMIC LAWS DO NOT INVOLVE RATES 2. ENERGY MUST BE TRANSFERRED TO CONVERT ENERGY BUT ENERGY DYNAMICS IS NOT A THERMODYNAMIC SUBJECT 3. THERMODYNAMICS DOES NOT ADDRESS THE RATE OR PATH OF A PROCESS 4. TIME IS NOT A THERMODYNAMIC VARIABLE

101 DYNAMICS VS. STATICS!!! IS IT FIRE DYNAMICS OR IS IT FIRE STATICS???????????

102 DYNAMICS VS. STATICS!!! FIRE STATICS THE PHOTOGRAPHS OF FIRE INVESTIGATION

103 DYNAMICS VS. STATICS!!! FIRE DYNAMICS THE VIDEO OF FIRE INVESTIGATION